• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.115-130
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• 2011

As Korean society was changed from the traditional into the modern and once again is transforming into high modern society, meanings of leisure also are changing. However there were not many researches on changes of the two and even those were rarely found that leisure studies are based on theories in Korean academic context. The study provides changes of meanings of leisure from the theory of civilizing process and a detailed and critical examination of crises of Korean national identities in globalising society. As such reminds us that at a time changing structure of psyche and society delivers a new approach to our evaluation and appreciation of leisure. During the modernizing of Korean society work was a top priority and leisure could not take any priority over all other social institutions. However in a globalising world leisure has been taking as a vital sources of Korean dynamics.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.725-734
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• 2024

The rapidly growing metaverse environment has received widespread attention across various fields such as health and medicine, culture and gaming, as well as politics. However, the excessive collection of personal data by the diverse sensors and devices used in the metaverse environment poses a substantial threat to user privacy. In this paper, we investigate existing cases of secure Multi-Party Computation(MPC) applications, examine the services anticipated to be necessary for the expansion of the metaverse environment, and analyze the privacy issues present in the metaverse environment as well as the limitations of current real-world services. Based on these findings, we propose application scenarios that utilize MPC to preserve user privacy in the metaverse environment. These proposed MPC application scenarios present a new perspective in metaverse security research. In the future, they are expected to be utilized in the development of secure metaverse services.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.43-70
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to analyze the locational characteristics and viabilities of township enterprises in Yan bian korean ethnic autonomous district. From the late of 1970s, Chinese township enterprises have heavily contributed to the rapid economic development in China, to alleviating the rural, surplus labor, and to reducing the dispa rity between urban and rural in term of socio-economic condition. From the late 1980s Chinese township enterprises in Yan bian korean ethnic autonomous district have rapidly developed in urban areas and also in the places that were easily accessed into main cities. The locational characteristics implied the management characteristics that attempted to solve the lack of capital and technique, and marketing difficulties through the existed firms in urban areas rather than the accessibility of the market. Chinese township enterprises in Yan bian korean ethnic autonomous district utilized locally available low wage labors of legal agrarian(nung-min-gung) to compete the large firms in urban areas. Township governments positively affected the development of the enterprise in the early stage: while, in the latter stage, they limited the autonomous management. If the economic ,system in China would be changed into the capital in the future, the institution should at low to the maximum autonomous management of township enterprises.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.145-181
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• 2013

General aviation is an integral part of civil aviation and involves the widest range of aviation segments except commercial aviation. Featured with different operational procedures and practices to satisfy the economic needs and safety requirements of a sovereign state, general aviation tends to be regulated by an individual state. The last three decades have seen exponential growth of commercial air transport in China, but its general aviation sector has remained disproportionally underdeveloped. With the deepening of the reform of low-altitude airspace, the sector is poised for a radical change and rapid growth. However, legislation governing general aviation activities in China is distorted causing inconsistency and confusions in their application and implementation. This paper aims to analyse China's prevailing legislation regulating general aviation activities. It first discusses the various definitions adopted by ICAO and its member states and reviews the development of general aviation in the US, EU, Australia and China. It then examines the sources of China's general aviation laws, e.g. Chicago Convention and its annexes, and Chinese domestic legislature which covers legislation, laws, directives, rules and procedures. The paper continues to analyse and establish the deficiencies of its prevailing legal framework by pointing out the following: variation of definitions in different regulations, inconsistency of principles in existing laws and regulations, legal vacuum concerning government subsidy, environment protection, safety and security, and other operational areas such as aerial club, sightseeing, and search and rescue. In this process, the paper argues that a coherent, consistent and systematic legal framework is required in order to ensure fair competition and safety for a healthy, progressive and sustainable general aviation growth. Suggestions for rectification and improvement are proposed.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Mycorrhiza refers to the association between a plant and a fungus colonizing the cortical tissue of the plant's roots during periods of active plant growth. The benefits afforded by plants from mycorrhizal symbioses can be characterized either agronomically, based on increased growth and yield, or ecologically, based on improved fitness (i.e., reproductive ability). In either case, the benefit accrues primarily because mycorrhizal fungi form a critical linkage between plant roots and the soil. The soilborne or extramatrical hyphae take up nutrients from the soil solution and transport them to the root. This mycorrhizae-mediated mechanism increases the effective absorptive surface area of the plant. There are seven major types of mycorrhizae along with mycoheterotrophy: endomycorrhizae (arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM), ectomycorrhizae (EM), ectendomycorrhizae, monotropoid, arbutoid, orchid, and ericoid. Endomycorrhizal fungi form arbuscules or highly branched structures within root cortical cells, giving rise to arbuscular mycorrhiza, which may produce extensive extramatrical hyphae and significantly increase phosphorus inflow rates in the plants they colonize. Ectomycorrhizal fungi may produce large quantities of hyphae on the root and in the soil; these hyphae play a role in absorption and translocation of inorganic nutrients and water, and also release nutrients from litter layers by producing enzymes involved in mineralization of organic matters. Over 4,000 fungal species, primarily belonging to Basidiomycotina and to a lesser extent Ascomycotina, are able to form ectomycorrhizae. Many of these fungi produce various mushrooms on the forest floor that are traded at a high price. In this paper, we discuss the benefits, nutrient cycles, and artificial cultivation of mycorrhizae in Korea.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-24
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• 2021

The Korean government is currently expanding the business startup incubator support program and funds for new ventures with innovative technology in order to spread the second venture boom. However, despite the fact that entrepreneurial education and mentoring that entrepreneurs should have are important parts for the sustainable growth of the startup, some companies selected for government support programs are reluctant to participate in programs such as entrepreneurship education and mentoring for the sole purpose of funding commercialization. This research addressed the effects of entrepreneurial alertness with opportunity awareness as its medium and the small business mentoring service along with the number of times the mentoring has taken place, on the corporate performances. The results of empirical research are as follow: the first one is that scanning-search and evaluation-judgment can influence a company's performance (financial, non-financial) through opportunity recognition, with the exception of association-connection, which is a sub-factor of entrepreneurial alertness. Secondly, it was found to affect a company's financial and non-financial performance through opportunity recognition for financing mentoring, technical support mentoring, and management support mentoring. Thirdly, it was found that the number of mentoring also affects the financial and non-financial performance of a company through opportunity recognition. The implications of this study are that it should be revisited that program managers consider rooms that do not violate the startup founder's strategic decision-making opportunities when designing and operating the program as entrepreneurial alertness sub-factor association-connection does not affect corporate performance through opportunity recognition. This study also emphasizes the need for customized mentoring to meet the outcome goals of each startup, as it has been empirically clarified that the mentoring provided to the startup by the government's support is important. The contribution of this research is that entrepreneurial alertness and opportunity recognition that are treated as important components in research for entrepreneurship, and the factors of mentoring and mentoring frequency that are recognized as important elements in the practical aspect of startup business are clarified theoretically and empirically as an influential factor in corporate performance. And this study also provide a rationale for the startup business support agency supplying mentoring.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2017

In order to confirm European packaging waste statistics, this study was investigated annual variability of packaging waste generated, target of recovery and recycling rate for packaging waste and recycling rate of European countries based on Eurostat database. Eurostat is regional society statistics organization designated by European community to distribute development, production and European statistics. From 2005 to 2013, paper and paperboard packaging were generated the largest amount among the total amount of packaging waste generated during the period and the share of main packaging materials were generally constant among the packaging materials. In addition, European Union member countries have established target for the recycling rate and recycling rate for packaging waste which has been well maintained by most EU countries since the 2008 directive was enacted. The recycling rate for whole packaging waste such as glass, paper and paperboard, metal, plastic, wood continues to increase in Europe. In this study, Europe packaging waste statistics were organized and analyzed as yearly transformation of Europe packaging waste occurrence and disposal, recycling rate and recovery rate target value of Europe countries and recycling rate of each country in Europe base on centralized Eurostat database. Moreover GDP reduction were also confirmed due to trend changes and indirect impacts such as economic slump by packaging waste and recycling.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.117-126
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• 2019

Historically, the United Nations supported the establishment of the government of the Republic of Korea after liberation and played a decisive role in defending liberal democracy and peace by sending peacekeepers during the Korean War. With the political and military support of the United Nations, the Republic of Korea was able to grow into the world's 10th largest economy today, and now it is time to fulfill its responsibilities and roles to contribute to peace and prosperity in the international community as a middle power. The international peace operations of the United Nations are comprehensive concepts encompassing conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace enforcement, peacekeeping, and peace building, and are implemented in accordance with the Security Council resolutions based on the UN Charter. In order to effectively respond to changes in the international security environment and conflict factors after the post-Cold War, the UN promoted a paradigm shift in international peace operations through the 2000 Brahim Report and the 2015 High-Level Panel Report on UN Peace Activities. Therefore, this study aims to assess the Korean military's international peace operations at a limited level, such as reconstruction assistance and humanitarian assistance, and to present development measures for more active participation as a middle power in the future. To this end, we reviewed the history and specificities of conflict, the conflicting factors after the post-Cold War, and the new paradigm of UN peace operations, focusing on the African region where a number of UN peacekeeping missions are stationed. And it also suggested ways to develop international peace operations that the Korean military should pursue in the future.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2013

Metal prices are rapidly rising due to increasing demand of metals and limited available resources according to the industrial requirement. As a result, securing a stable supply of these metal resources has been recognized as a core element of national competitiveness and sustained economic growth. In the case of magnesium and its alloys which are entirely depending on import, low-grade magnesium scraps from end-of-life vehicles and 3C(Camera, Computer, Communication) parts and magnesium wastes such as sludge and dross generated during melting process are hardly recycled. Accordingly, the development and commercialization of recycling technology of low-grade magnesium scrap is desperately needed to improve efficiency of resource circulation and to establish the required proprietary of resource metal supply and demand. In this study, papers and patents on recycling technologies of waste magnesium were analyzed. The range of search was limited in the open patents of USA (US), European Union (EP), Japan (JP), Korea (KR) and SCI journals from 1974 to 2012. Patents and journals were collected using key-words searching and filtered by filtering criteria. The trends of the patents and journals was analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.455-464
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• 2008

This paper examines the situation and tasks of competitive systems of EU transport market focusing on railways. Recently, the EU transport market has changed radically, thanks to an increasingly competitive rail market. The European Commission has stimulated the creation of a competitive environment that will enhance the position of rail. Some scholars have insisted that the rail market is more monopolistic than competitive. However, the case of UK rail privatization suggests this is not the case. Moreover, some countries have a rail market that is more competitive. We draw on a wide range of sources including statistics and analyses of recent phenomena. These demonstrate the emergence of competitive markets in EU rail and the difficulty of developing a competitive market. With regard to the adoption of the competitive market, we examine three things. First, we observe recent cases and trends in competitive markets. Second, we compare the result of competitive markets and non-competitive markets within EU nations. Third, we demonstrate factors of formation of competitive markets and the possible expansion. We identified differences within open market policies amongst EU nations. Although a competitive EU rail market may have some difficulties, it will steadily begin to overcome technological differences and a lack of funds, because EU countries have a common goal, which is to develop the railways, solving, wherever possible both environmental and energy problems. Through this analysis, we found that the free market in EU rail will be extended to deliver efficiency and quality service.