• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.3 s.151
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• pp.436-446
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the influences of men's and women's sex role identities and sex role discrepancies on their appearance satisfaction and self esteem. Congruency theory, androgyny theory, masculinity theory and self discrepancy theory were used to explore the influence of sex roles on appearance satisfaction and self esteem. Theories suggest that the influence would be different by gender. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 125 men and 197 women aged between 20 and 40 years living in the Seoul metropolitan area. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. For men, both appearance satisfaction and self esteem were influenced only by their perceived masculinity. For women, however, perceived femininity, femininity discrepancy and masculinity discrepancy had an influence on appearance satisfaction. All the four sex role variables had an influence on women's self esteem. BMI had a negative effect on self esteem for women, but no effect for men. According to the results, unlike men, whose appearance satisfaction and self esteem are only determined by how masculine they are, the women's levels of appearance satisfaction and self esteem are influenced not only by how feminine they are, but also by how masculine and feminine they want to be. The results of this study have implications for body image counselors or practitioners who try to help young women increase their self esteem and satisfaction to their appearance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.353-360
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was to identify the relationship between sexual attitude, sexual identity, sexual permissiveness in girls in junior high school, Method: The participants were 587 female students in Chungnam Province. Data were collected by questionnaire surveys using convenience sampling. The instruments were the Sexual Attitude Scale by Kim (1997), the Sexual Identity Scale by Jung (1990), and the Sexual Permissiveness Scale developed by Reiss (1964). Data were analyzed by the SPSS 11.0 program. using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison. Results: The relationship between sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness had a positive correlation (r=.440, p-0.000). Sexual identity was positively correlated (r=.180, p=.036; r=.222, p=.014) with both sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness, but maleness was the only positive correlation (r=.258, p=.014) with sexual permissiveness, no sexual specialization was the only characteristic that had a positive correlation (r=.188, p=.046) with sexual attitude. Conclusion: These results suggest assessment of these factors and treatment fitted to individual needs are important for correct sexual culture. There should be repeated research on various population groups. Moreover, it is considered necessary to carry out factor-related theoretical researches on several variables related to sex through multilateral literature reviews.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.4 s.163
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• pp.551-562
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of sex role identities on male consumers' appearance management behavior. Recently, heavy marketing efforts have been made by the cosmetics and apparel industries to cater to male consumers who seem to be increasingly interested in their appearances. This study intended to identify the relationship between male consumers' appearance management tendencies and their sex role identities and benefits sought in clothing. A survey data was collected from 321 men aged between 20 and 40 and was analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that not only the male consumers' perceived masculinity and femininity but also the discrepancies between their ideal and perceived masculinity/femininity were related to the benefit they sought in clothing. Also, individuals who identify themselves as masculine (rather than feminine) were more likely to be engaged in appearance management practices. However, a greater portion of their appearance management behavior was explainable by their pursuit of fashionability, conformity, and individuality in clothing. This seems to indicate these male consumers consider appearance management primarily as a fashion trend.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.450-458
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the relationship between the type of gender role identity and home environmental variables. Method: This study used a descriptive survey design and convenience sampling. Data were collected through self report questionnaires from 1,497 female high school students in Seoul. The data were analyzed by the SPSS 10.0 program, which included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi square test, ANOVA, and Duncan test. Results: The androgyny gender role identity was most common (33.9%). The type of gender role identity had a significant correlation with home environmental variables (economic status, relationship with parents, father's education level, mother's education level. noninterference, reasonable guidance, affection, overprotection, achievement, active involvement, limit setting). Conclusion: It is necessary to provide parent education programs to help female adolescents develop gender role identity toward androgyny.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.117-133
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• 2009

This study researched differences in friendship among children of the same and/or opposite sex and their gender-role identities. Friendship and gender-role identities among 423 children in the 5th and 6th grades were examined. Data was analyzed by MANOVA and ANOVA. Findings were : (1) there were some differences between boys and girls in rank order of the distribution of gender-role identity types : androgynous type was most common in girls; undifferentiated was most common among boys. (2) Results of friendship based on sex and gender-role identity showed that boys and girls with androgynous gender-roles were friendly with both boys and girls. Among boys, masculine types were particularly friendly with boys; among girls, masculine types were particularly friendly with girls.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.560-569
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• 2017

This study was a cross-sectional study done to determine the relevance and impact factors of gender role attitude and self-esteem on attitude toward homosexuality among college students. A survey was conducted 201 college students with self-report questionnaire in one university of Ulsan. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and linear multiple regression with SPSS/WIN(21.0). Factors affecting attitude toward homosexuality included gender, former middle${\cdot}$high schools. Attitude toward homosexuality had a negative correlation with gender role attitude. And gender and gender role attitude accounted for 31.0% of the variance in attitude toward homosexuality. The major factors influencing attitude toward homosexuality were gender and gender role attitude. The more males than females and the more traditional gender role attitude were more negative toward homosexuality. Therefore, it is necessary to provide education program and establish a service program according to gender in order to develope and accept healthy identity of college students for the positive view on homosexuality.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.9 s.211
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• pp.27-40
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between male consumers' clothing shopping orientation and sex role identity. Since shopping, especially clothing shopping has been traditionally considered a female job, it was expected that male consumers' sex role identity would influence how they approach the task of clothing shopping. Data were collected through an Internet survey firm from men aged between 20 and 40 years(N=199). The major results are as follows: 1. Based on the six clothing shopping orientation factors identified tv factor analysis, the respondents were categorized into 5 distinct groups: Self-Directed Shoppers, Planners, Brand-Oriented Shoppers, Convenience Shoppers, and Impulsive High-Involvers. 2. Five sex role factors were identified by factor analysis: two masculinity factors (strong and reticent) and three femininity factors(gentle, meticulous, and affable). Among these factors, 'gentle' was considered the most ideal, followed in order by 'strong,' 'meticdous,' 'affable,' and 'reticent.' 3. The results of MANOVA showed that the clothing shopping orientation groups statistically differed in their perceived sex role identity as well as in their ideal sex role identity. Overall, Self-Directed Shoppers and Impulsive High-Involvers scored higher in both perceived masculinity and femininity than the other groups. Convenience Shoppers and Planners were high in femininity but low in masculinity. The Brand-Oriented Shoppers were low in both masculinity and femininity. The results indicate that Korean males who are in their 20s and 30s consider androgyny as a desirable state. In addition, those who are high in androgyny are more likely to be highly involved in clothing shopping.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.309-318
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• 2003

Purpose : This investigation was carried out to understand how various gender role identity in adolescence affect sexual intercourse. In addition, it was done to support and encourage gender role identity which can protect themselves from physical, psychological, social sexuality. Method : From 2003 7.1 to 7.19, questionnaire made by Lee BS(2002) was distributed to 1172 girl high school students in Seoul. Its reliability was as high as 0.80 and it was analysed by SPSS. Result : In the 3 kinds of gender role identity, girls who had sexual relations showed higher feminity and masculinity and did not show any difference in social desirability. in the 4 kinds of gender role identity, girls with sexual experience showed higher frequency in oder of androgyny and undifferentiated. In 8kinds, bisexuality was higher and girls with experience showed undifferentiated of low social desirability. There were no difference between the gender role identity and the age of the first sexual experience. The factors that affected gender role identity were school, grade, economic standard and whether they have a girlfriend or boyfriend. Conclusion : Programs that focus on problem solving of sexual education for androgyny of sexually high experienced and undifferentiated of low social desirability, should be provided.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.41-50
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• 2020

Purpose : This descriptive research study aimed to identify the factors influencing nursing students' empathy and gender role identity and their effect on communication competence. Methods : Participants were 183 senior nursing students who had completed a clinical practice and simulation-based practical training course. Using the IBM SPSS/WIN 21.0 program, general characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent variables were compared with t-tests and 𝑥² tests, and influencing factors on each variable and communication underwent multiple linear regression analysis. Results : Communication competence showed significant correlations with empathy (r=.40, p<.001), gender role identity (r=.53, p<.001), major satisfaction (r=.18, p=.013), and peer relationships (r=.24, p<.001). When gender was entered as a covariate, empathy (t=4.41, p<.001) and gender role identity (t=6.97, p<.001) were identified as predictors affecting communication competence with 36% explanation power (R²=.36, p<.001). Conclusion : The findings of this study suggest that course subjects considering the gender identities of students should be developed through various programs to establish students' identity as nurses and improve their empathy and communication.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2010

This study conducted a survey with 300 male respondents in their 20s to 50s, in order to examine the influence of personal variables, identity of gender roles, self-esteem and social-cultural attitude towards appearance on metro-sexual consumption. The findings are as follows: First, the majority of respondents experienced metro-sexual consumption in passive ways, such as purchasing cosmetics or perfume. Second, self-esteem differed by classification of identity of gender roles and the self-esteem was the most highly rated in non-classified, followed by in femininity, masculinity and androgyny. On the other hand, the non-classified group appeared to have the most highly social and cultural attitude toward appearance. Lastly, when examining the effect of personal variables, identity of gender roles, self- esteem and social-cultural attitude toward appearance on metro-sexual consumption, the results showed that the younger respondents who spend the highest monthly expenses on appearance, belong to the androgynous group and have the social-cultural attitude, are more likely to have a greater tendency towards metro-sexual consumption.