• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1102-1107
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• 2003

To study the effects of substances in paeonia seeds (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) on lipid metabolism, crude methanol extract and secondary ether-soluble fraction out of defatted methanol extract and trans-resveratrol were prepared from the seeds and added to 0.5% (w/w) cholesterol diets for rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 120$\pm$11 g were divided into six experimental groups: control group with no extra supplement, 0.1% (MP1) and 0.2% methanol extract (MP2) supplemented groups, 0.05% (EP1) and 0.1% ether-soluble fraction (EP2) supplemented groups and 0.02% resveratrol supplemented group. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum to the rats for 3 weeks. Body weight gains and food efficiencies were not different among the six experimental groups. Relative liver weights were lower in EP2 group compared to those in control group, but serum GOT and GPT levels of paeonia seed groups including trans-resveratrol group were not different from those of the control group. Serum total cholesterol levels reduced in EP2 and resveratrol groups but HDL-/total cholesterol ratios significantly increased in the four paeonia groups except EP1 group compared with the control group and serum triglyceride level lowered only in EP2 group than that of the control. However, liver cholesterol levels lowered in the five paeonia groups but triglyceride level lowered in MP2, EP1, EP2 groups than that of the control group. Fecal cholesterol excretion significantly increased in MP2, EP1, and EP2 groups than that of the control group, but bile acid excretions were not changed except that a reduction in EP2 group. These results suggest that paeonia seeds contain substances improving serum lipid status mostly via HDL pathway and resveratrol as monomer is one of the effective components but others including resveratrol oligmer are involved in the lipid improving effect.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.441-448
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the seeding dates and growth periods on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield and feed value of corn for silage in paddy field. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of five seeding dates, 1 May (T1), 8 May (T2), 15 May (T3), 22 May (T4) and 29 May (T5). And harvesting time homologized by August 24. Therefore, growing periods were 115 days (T1), 108 days (T2), 101 days (T3), 94 days (T4) and 87 days (T5), respectively. In maturities at harvest time, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were full dent, early dent, late dough, dough and early dough stage, respectively. Plant height and numbers of root system were highest in T5 (p<0.01), but leaf length was higher in T4 than others (p<0.05). Dead leaf, tip filling degree and ear circle were higher in T1 than others (p<0.05, 0.01). Leaf width, ear height, leaf number, ear length, stem diameter, stem hardness and brix were not significantly different among the treatments. Dry matter yield and TDN yield were higher in the order of T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > T5 (p<0.01). Crude protein, crude ash, NDF, ADF and crude fiber were significantly higher in T4 (p<0.05, 0.01). But crude fat was the highest in T1, T3 was the lowest as compared to other treatments (p<0.01). Total EAA(essential amino acids) were higher in order of T4 > T3 > T1 > T2 > T5, and total NEAA (nonessential amino acids) were higher in order of T1 > T4 > T2 > T3 > T5, and total amino acids were higher in order of T4 > T1 > T3 > T2 > T5. But no significant differences were found among the treatments. TUFA (total unsaturated fatty acid) and TSFA (total saturated fatty acid) were in order of T1 > T2 > T3 > T5 > T4 (p<0.01). Minerals were the highest in T4 (4,721.25 mg/kg), and T2 (2,970.80 mg/kg) was the lowest as compared to other treatments (p<0.05). Based on the above results, seeding dates could be recommended as early May, and harvest times is yellow ripe stage for qualitative and quantitative production of corn for silage in rice paddy field soil.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.120-124
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• 2020

This study was conducted to provide basic data for setting a standard medium for winter mushroom cultivation. Investigation of medium composition in winter mushroom farms in Korea revealed that the types of medium used for each farm were slightly different and that the mixing ratio of the medium also varied. All farmers used corncob, rice bran, and beet pulp as the main media, and calcium carbonate and ground oyster shells were used at 1.0~3.8% to adjust the pH of the medium. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of the mixed media showed nitrogen content of 1.28~1.52%, carbon content of 45.7~48.5%, and C/N ratio of 30.7~37.9. The content of inorganic components was significantly different in each farm, depending on the type and amount of minerals in the mixed medium. Mycelial growth was the fastest at Farm 2, reaching 6.5 cm within 34 days of culture, followed by Farm 4 at 5.7 cm, whereas Farm 1, 3, and 5 showed similar growth. Mycelial density was high without any significant difference between farms. Survey of yield according to medium composition in each farm showed the highest yield in Farm 2 at 173.4 g/bottle, followed by Farm 1 at 168.4 g/bottle, whereas Farm 3 and 4 showed similar yield. However, Farm 4 had the lowest yield at 145.4 g/bottle. Therefore, mushroom yield was different depending on the medium composition in the farm, and thus selection of a medium that can be used universally in multiple mushroom farms was considered possible.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2001

This study was carried out to examine the quality stability of powdered soup using powder from oyster wash water (PSW). To compare the quality stability, powdered soup from oyster hot-water extracts (PSE) was also prepared by mixing hot-water extract powder (15 g), table salt (5 g), cream powder (19 g), milk replacer (12 g), wheat flour (20 g), corn flour (15 g), starch (5 g), glucose (7.5 g), and onion powder (1.5 g). In preparing PSW, powder from oyster wash water, instead of powder from oyster hot-water extracts, was added and other additives were the same proportion as PSE. The PSW and PSE were packed with laminated film bag (OPP,$20\;{\mu}m$; PE, $20{\mu}m$; paper, $45\;g/m^3$; PE, $20\;{\mu}m$; Al, $7\;{\mu}m$; PE, $20\;{\mu}m$), and then stored at ambient temperature for 12 months. The moisture content, water activity, peroxide value, and fatty acid composition showed little changes during storage of the PSW, The pH, volatile basic nitrogen content, and brown pigment formation increased slightly, while white index decreased slightly during storage of PSW. No significant difference was observed in the changes of food components between PSW and PSE during storage. According to a sensory evaluation, the change in quality of PSW was negligible during 12 months of storage. From the results of the chemical experiment and sensory evaluation, PSW packed with laminated film bag (OPP, $20\;{\mu}m$; PE, $20\;{\mu}m$; paper, $45\;g/{\mu}m$; PE, $20\;{\mu}m$) was revealed to be preserved in good quality during 12 months of storage.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean natural Juglans mandshurica using as functional plants. Total nitrogen and carbon source of J. mandshurica was 0.21% and 46.0%, respectively and C/N ratio was 219. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrate mixed with J. mandshurica was 2.3~2.9 and 5.0, respectively. The contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$ at J. mandshurica media were higher at harvest media than inoculation media. Mycelial growth was the fastest at J. mandshurica 20%, and slower by increase of J. mandshurica substrate. Yields of fruiting body show the highest to 163 g/850 mL of medium which are addition 10% of J. mandshurica sawdust, and diameter and thick of pileus were the highest, too. The L value of pileus and stipes were increased by increase of J. mandshurica substrate, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value. The contents of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ of fruiting body were increased at J. mandshurica substrate, but there was no significant difference in contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$. The contents of Cu of fruiting body was decreased by increase of J. mandshurica substrate, but Fe, Mn and Zn were increased.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.643-658
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• 1994

The sedimentary records of anthropogenic metal loads in the Suyeong Bay, Pusan were determined by combining the Pb-210 dating technique with the measurements of heavy metals in the sediment cores. The sedimentation rates of sediment particles ranged from $0.12\;to\;0.20\;g/m^2/yr\;or\;2.4{\sim}4.0\;mm/yr$ in accumulation rates. The lowest sedimentation rate was observed at station S3 which was characterized by a bottom with relatively low organic matter contents(e.g. TIL and TOC). Heavy metals showed generally higher concentrations at station S1 and S2 near the mouth of the Suyeong River than at station S3 and the outmost station S4. The contents of copper, lead and zinc in the sediment cores especially from station S1 and S2 began to increase around 1930, and were at their highest levels in the $1960{\sim}1970$ period as a result of increasing industrial activities. Concentrations of these heavy metals have slightly decreased since 1970, probably due to regulation of pollution discharge. The natural background levels of copper, lead and zinc in the sediments of this bay ranged $18{\pm}4ppm,\;28{\pm}6ppm\;and\;74{\pm}9ppm$, respectively, by averaging the contents in the sediment depths corresponding to periods between about 1900 and 1920 at the four stations. The total amounts of anthropogenic loads deposited in the sediments since about 1930 were estimated to be $9{\sim}291{mu}g/cm^2$ for lead, $165{\sim}1122{mu}g/cm^2$ for zinc and $20{\sim}208{mu}g/cm^2$ for copper. These values were remarkably high at stations S1 and S2 relative to the other two stations. At stations S1 and S2, the anthropogenic loads of lead, copper and zinc constituted $29{\sim}30\%,\;32{\sim}42\%\;and\;28{\sim}35\%$ of the total sedimentary inventories at the present day, respectively. These metal contents have a good correlation(r>0.7) with each other and cadmium measurements also show a positive linear relation with nickel or total organic nitrogen.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 1996

This study aimed increase the quality during ripening of Cheddar cheese made with proteinase-negative mutant of Streptococcus lactis KCTC 1913 selected by curing. The degradation of protein during cheese ripening were investigated by electrophoresis and chromatography. The results were summarized as follow ; 1. The number of lactic acid bacteria decreased with the ripening stage, and that of the control cheese decreased faster than that of the cheese made with mutant. 2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of cheese caseins revealed no difference between the cheese made with mutant and the control cheese, but differences along with the ripening stage were evident. 3. On Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, the extracts of bitter components from the green cheese and 3 month ripended cheese were fractionated into 3 fractions. With the progress of ripening, bitter peptides were degraded to rather small peptides or free amino acids. 4. Sensory evaluation of the 3 month ripended Cheddar cheese found no significant differences in color but the cheese made with mutant evidenced higher palatability in flavor and better texture than the control cheese. 5. The yields of the cheddar cheese made with mutant was 0.14% higher than that of the control cheese.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Most of the tailings have been left without any management in abandoned metalliferous mines and have become the main source of heavy metal contamination for agricultural soils and crops in the these areas. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was carried out to investigate the assessment of the heavy metal contamination in paddy soils located on downstream of the closed metalliferous mine. The average total concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in paddy soils were 8.88, 56.7, 809, 754, and 37.9 mg/kg, respectively. Specially, the average concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were higher than those of warning criteria for soil contamination(4 mg/kg for Cd, 200 mg/kg for Pb, and 300 mg/kg for Zn) in agricultural soil established by Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. The proportions of 0.1 M HCl extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As concentration to total concentration of these heavy metals in paddy soils were 27.7, 21.3, 35.1, 13.8 and 10.5%, respectively. The pollution index of these five metals in paddy soils ranged from 0.42 to 11.92. Also, the enrichment factor (EFc) of heavy metals in paddy soils were in the order as Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>As, and the enrichment factor in paddy soil varied considerably among the sampling sites. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of heavy metals in soils were in the order as Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>As, specially, the average geoaccumulation index of Cd, Pb, and Zn (Igeo 2.49~3.10) were relatively higher than that of other metals in paddy soils. CONCLUSION: Based on the pollution index, enrichment factor, and geoaccumulation index for heavy metal in paddy soils located on downstream of closed metalliferous mine, the main contaminants are mine waste materials and mine drainage including mine activity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2004

The most commonly used inorganic nutrient compositions such as Murashige & Skoog medium have been optimized for heterotrophic growth. Therefore, they may not be optimal for photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic growth of plantlets. In photomixotrophic micropropagation, emdium sugar level is often lowered, while light and $CO_2$ levels in vessel are raised, and chlorophyllous explants are used to facilitate photosynthetic carbon acquisition. In a factorial experiment effect of addition (+) and omission(_) of organic materials (OM, 0.5 g ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$ each of thiamine, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine and 100 ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$ myo-inositiol) combined with three sucrose levels (0, 15, and 30 kg ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$) was tested on the growth of potato plantlets. Each of nodal cuttings with a leaf was cultured on 0.1${\times}$$10^{-4}m^{-3}$) MS agar ( 8 kg ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$) medium (pH 5.80 before autoclave) in glass test tubes (100 mm${\times}$25mm) capped with a sheet of transparent film with a 6 mm diameter gas permeable filter (5.1 air exchanges ${\cdot}$$h^{-1}$). Cultures were maintained in a room for 27 days at $23^{\circ}C$, 50% RH, 350-450${\mu}mol\;{\codt}\;mol^{-1}CO_2$, 16 h ${\cdot}$ $d^{-1}$ photoperiod at 13${\mu}mol\;{\codt}\;m\;{\codt}\;s^{-1}$ PPFD provided by white cool fluorescent lamps. Growth of potato plantlet in the +OM and -OM treatments were similar, while medium pH was 0.2 scale lower in the latter. Dry weight, % dry matter, and stem diameter enhanced, while shoot to root dry weight ratio, leaf area, chlorophyll concentration per gram dry weight, and medium pH decreased with increasing initial sucrose level. Interaction between OM and sucrose levels was observed in shoot length and medium pH. Results indicate that OM can be omitted from the medium without detrimental effect while addition of sucrose was beneficial for the photomixotrophic growth of potato plantlets under raised light and $CO_2$.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2021

This study aimed to develop an alternative organic fertilizer to castor oil cake-based fertilizers. To assess the nutrient effect of the developed fermented mixed organic fertilizers, the yield of lettuce and soil characteristics after growth were analyzed and compared to those of a trial using a mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Two fermented mixed organic fertilizers, FA and FB, each containing 5.0% nitrogen, 2.6% phosphate, and 1.4% potassium, were produced by mixing different ratios of rice bran, dried distillers grains, sesame oil meal, and fish meal. This study was conducted with six trials: untreated, mixed expeller cake fertilizer, and the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB. Based on the amount of nitrogen fertilization (70 kg ha^-1) on the lettuce, the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB were applied at 100% and 150%, respectively, and the mixed oil cake was applied at 100%. As the amount of treatment increased, there was no significant difference except the number of leaves in FA treatment. The yields from the FA100 and FB100 treatments were 38.2 and 40.8 Mg ha^-1, respectively, which was not significantly different from that of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment at 38.3 Mg ha^-1. In addition, the nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of the lettuce were not significantly different between mixed expeller cake fertilizer and fermented mixed organic fertilizer treatments. Analysis of the chemical properties of the soil after the trial showed that he mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment showed the lowest pH. There were no significant differences in electrical conductivity, content of soil organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation among the fertilizer treatments. However, the bacterial and actinomyces density was higher in the soil from the fertilizer trials than in the non-fertilizer trials. These results indicated that the two tested fermented mixed organic fertilizers had nourishing effects and soil characteristics that were similar to those of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Thus, farmers can use these fermented mixed organic fertilizers as alternatives to castor oil cakes for the cultivation of organic lettuce.