• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2011

To characterize the polysaccharides which exist as soluble forms in Korean traditional alcoholic beverages, the polysaccharides were isolated from Korean pear wine and their anti-complementary activities were examined. The main polysaccharide, PW-1 was purified to homogeneity from the crude polysaccharide (PW-0) in pear wine by size exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-75. Molecular mass of PW-1 was estimated to be 150 kDa and it contained significant proportion of mannose (81.8%) and 5 different minor component sugars such as arabinose (1.2%), galactose (2.7%), glucose (8.5%), galacturonic acid (5.3%) and glucuronic acid (0.5%). These analyses indicated that the main polysaccharide in pear wine was mainly present as a mannan which had originated from the cell walls of fermenting yeasts. On the other hand, PW-1 showed potent anti-complementary activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Identification of C3 activation products by the crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3 and anti-complementary activity of PW-1 in $Ca^{++}$-free condition suggested complement activations by PW-1 from Korean pear wine occur via both classical and alternative pathways.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.244-250
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• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the change in freezing tolerance of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. penkinensis). Four-week old seedlings grown in a greenhouse at $25^{\circ}C$$\pm$0.5 were transferred to 5, 10 or 15$^{\circ}C$ condition for acclimation for one day, and then transferred to a lethal temperature of -3$^{\circ}C$ condition. Optimal acclimation temperatures were 5$^{\circ}C$ and 1$0^{\circ}C$. Freezing tolerance of leaf tissues was investigated during a week-long cold stress. Development of freezing tolerance was shown by survival ratio, and amounts of total RNA, soluble protein and soluble sugar. LT$_{50}$ value increased from -3 to -4$^{\circ}C$ after 5 days acclimation at 5 or 1$0^{\circ}C$, and this was considered to be the first indication of enhanced freezing tolerance. Plants, cold acclimated for five days, reached to a survival ratio of 60%. This increase in freezing tolerance was found to be associated with the increased levels of total RNA, soluble sugar and soluble protein. These metabolic changes imply the association of adjustment of growth and cell metabolism with low temperatures at the beginning of cold acclimation in chinese cabbage.e.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.17
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• pp.135-142
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• 1974

A study on the metabolism of the chemical companents of endosperm and enbryonic othans of ginseng seeds during their germination were inverstigated and the results of the changes in the contents of nitrogen conponds, carbohydrates, lipids and phosphorus conpounds are summarized as follow; 1. When a seeding grows to 5cm the fresh weight of the embryonic organ incerases 13 times compared with that of its ripened embryo veore germination and its dry weight increases 4.5 times. On the other hand, about 65% of the dry weight of the endosperm is lost. 2. During germinarion the total nitrogen content of a sedding (endosperm+embryonic organ) decreases and when the seeding grows to 5cm there is a loss of 10% of total nitrogen content. At this time, soluble nitrogen content amounts to 40~50% of the total nitrogen, a comparatively high content. 3. When theseeding grows to 5cm, the total phosphorus content decreases by 15%. During the germination period 70~75% of the total phosphorus is distributed in the embryonic orang and 25% of it is in endosperm.In the embryonic organ 35~50% of the acid soluble phosphorus is inorganic phosphorus and in the endisperm, 20~25% of the acid soluble phosphorus is inorganic phosphorus,75~80% of the organic phosphorus is contained in the endosperm. 4.One the seedling grew to 2~3cm, carbohydrates such as soluble sugars,reducong sugars,nonreducong sugars, and crude starch interconverted remarkably. 5.After stratification (just before germination) the lipid content of the endosperm is about 54% of the total weight and lipid content of the embryo is about 61%. During germination 6.81mg of the fat contained in the endosperm per seed decreases to 4.13mg while the change of fat content in the embryonic organ is not so great.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.298-303
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• 2005

This experiment was carried to investigate the optimum time and times of abscisic acid (ABA) treatment for the coloration in 'Kyoho' grapes. The L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activities were showed highly in both ABA treatments at veraison and 10 days after veraison. However, PAL enzyme was slightly higher in ABA treatment at 10 days after veraison than in that at veraison. Anthocyanin content showed a tendency that were increased during fruit development after veraison in all treatments, and was the highest in ABA treatment at 10 days after veraison. Fructose and glucose as soluble sugars were detected by HPLC and showed little differences in all treatments. In times of ABA treatment, PAL activity showed a tendency that decreased after increased in all treatments. PAL activity in 2 times treatment of ABA was higher than other treatments. Also, anthocyanin content was highest in 2 times treatment of ABA, as 5 folds of control and folds of 1 time treatment of ABA. Both fructose and glucose contents in all ABA treatments was slightly higher than control.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 1999

We have isolated two anticoagulant polysaccharides from an acidic extract of Codium fragile. The purification was conducted using three consecutive chromatographies of DEAE-Toyopearl 650C, Sephadex G-100 (G-75), and Sepharose CL-6B by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The two purified anticoagulant polysaccharides, CF-1-VIa-1 and CF-1-VIIa-1, were found to be nearly homogenous on HPLC using a gel permeation column and appeared to have molecular weights of about 80,000 Da and 40,000 Da, respectively. The polysaccharides consisted mainly of arabinose and galactose in a molar ratio of about 2 : 1, and also comprised 12-13% of sulfates at their constituent sugars. CF-1-VIa-1 and CF-1-VIIa-1 inhibited blood coagulation via both the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways. The polysaccharides unlike heparin showed an inhibitory activity on thrombin when a pure fibrinogen without antithrombin III was used as a substrate. Structural modifications using sulfation and desulfation affected the anticoagulant activities directly, suggesting that the content of sulfate plays an important role in the blood coagulation cascade. The polysaccharides may inhibit some proteases involved in the blood coagulation cascade, judging from the independence of calcium concentrations in their anticoagulant activity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.164-169
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to find the growth response and changes of nitrate and soluble sugar content in tomato leaves with salt stress. Tomato (Solanum lycopericum) seedlings were grown under different electrical conductivity (EC) levels adjusted with $CaCl_2$ as 1, 2, and $6dS\;m^{-1}$. The growth response and contents of nitrate and soluble sugar in tomato plants were examined at 7 and 14 days after salt treatment. Leaf area and dry weight ratio of shoot to root of tomato plants were decreased as EC level increased. Photosynthetic rate of leaves was reduced under high EC level due to the stomatal closure and the reduction of transpiration rate. The soluble sugar and starch content were lower in the tomato leaves grown under high EC level. Total nitrogen and nitrate contents were decreased in high EC level, whereas the ammonium content was increased. High-salt stress induced the accumulation of salt crystal in mesophyll cells of tomato leaf.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.375-383
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• 2013

The main results that can be drawn from the thematical analysis, based on 173 geographical names of Dong(洞) in Daegu city, are as follows. Firstly, the origin of the geographical name of Dong is divided into 10 groups such as natural landscape, human landscape, situation, and so on. Thematically, natural landscape is the most important factor among them. In particular, Dong-gu is such a case since Mt. Palgong and Geumho river are widely distributed around the area. Secondly, the origins of the geographical name of Dong in Jung-gu and Buk-gu are mainly concerned with human landscape and situation. Especially, Daegu-Eupseong(大邱邑城) has a great influence on the origin of the geographical name of Dong in Jung-gu. Thirdly, in 1914, the unification of administrative district established new Dongs(洞) and the geographical names of the new Dongs were made by borrowing each word from the existing geographical names of Dong. Fourthly, the geographical names of Dong in Suseong-gu and Dalseo-gu made after 1980s' were made in many cases by utilizing the existing natural landscapes. However, it is identified that Suseong field in Suseong-gu, Seongdang lake and Mt. waryong in Dalseo-gu have been recognized as the important natural landscapes. Lastly, the geographical name of Dong is commonly concerned with historical place names such as Gongsan battle in Dong-gu. It is judged that the geographical names of Dong based on Gongsan battle or a most intriguing piece of legend will make a great contribution on developing the regional tourism by storytelling.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.63-95
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• 2005

In the era of globalization, a significant number of young students go abroad to learn English. By reviewing the trends and characteristics of this phenomenon, this study will focus on the adjustment of young Korean students in Australia. During June and July 2002, two questionnaire surveys were conducted for year 7 to year 12 Korean students at the Saturday Schools in Sydney Australia and for the youth group at the Sydney Catholic Church. More data was collected from interviews with 31 Korean teachers at the Saturday Schools and Linfield Korean school, as well as observations of the students in the Sydney area. The study divided the students into four groups: 1) Korean immigrant students, whose parents immigrated to Australia; 2) Individual Korean students who went alone to Australia to study; 3) Students whom live in Australia with one parent (usually their mother), whilst the other parent (usually their father) who provides financial support by working in Korea; and 4) students who accompanied their parents whom were dispatched for temporary employment or study in Australia. Moreover the study focused on the following; their academic performance, school activities, motivation, social relations, and their overall satisfaction with their studies and their stay in Australia. The findings indicated that the temporary overseas Korean students, especially those that are not with their parents do not adjust as well as the Korean immigrant students. The students who were not accompanied by their parents to Australia had the most difficulties adjusting as they were more vulnerable and fell behind with their studies. Therefore, the results support the concerns of Korean teachers in Australia about parents sending young students alone abroad.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.220-227
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• 2008

In this study, polysaccharides were isolated from Korean persimmon vinegar to characterize the polysaccharides existing as soluble forms within traditional Korean fermented beverages, and their immuno-stimulating activities were examined. Three successive chromatographies were used to purify the main polysaccharide in the persimmon vinegar, PV-1b-I, to homogeneity from the crude polysaccharide (PV-0). The molecular mass of PV-1b-I was estimated as 110 kDa and it contained significant proportions of mannose (46.8%), galactose (28.5%) and arabinose (19.1%). PV-1b-I strongly reacted with ${\beta}$-glucosyl Yariv reagent, suggesting the presence of an arabino-3,6-galactan moiety. PV-1b-I also induced high levels of macrophage activation and mitogenicity on murine splenocytes in vitro. The intravenous administration of PV-1b-I significantly augmented NK cytotoxicity against YAC-1 tumor cells. PV-1b-I also showed potent anticomplementary activity in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, C3 activation products were identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3 and the anti-complementary activity of PV-1b-I under $Ca^{2+}$-free conditions, suggesting that this PV-1b-I causes complementary activations via both alternative and classical pathways. From these results, one can conclude that Korean persimmon vinegar contains select polysaccharides in addition to healthy components, and these polysaccharides appear to provide immuno-stimulating activities beneficial to human health.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.42
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• pp.419-449
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• 2016

The Russian icon and Korean tangwha (幀畵, altar portrait of Buddha) are based on the similarity of the divine Being. Each has the characteristic index that forms an existential connection with the object and at the same time, implies the symbolic meaning of the scriptures and doctrines of the Russian Orthodox and Buddhists. Russian icon and Korean tangwha with these attributes have origins in the Byzantine, India and China. Unlike most religious art, Russian icon and Korean tangwha clearly reveal profane orientation and mystical elements. This artistic phenomenon has evolved from the mystical religious culture in Russia and tantric rituals of the early Joseon period. Iconostasis, created from historical figures of the Old Testament, Jesus, the New Testament represent the principles of the macrocosm. Each icon of iconostasis has integrity, while each floor has another narrative and a meta-discourse on the entire composition. Three-Platforms of amrtakundalin can also have a huge epic that is directed from the Low-Platform to the High-Platform for the purpose of salvation. While the narrative of iconostasis has a time structure, from the beginning of the universe up to date in chronological time, amrtakundalin have pictorial transitions of time and space that rises from this life to a heavenly world. Despite the different world views of the Russian Orthodox and Buddhists, iconographical format and symbolism of heaven and hell in the Iconostasis, Last Judgment and amrtakundalin are similar. There is a constant antagonism between heaven and hell, light and darkness, water and flame. Iconographical contents include the water of life and nectar, the book of life and 'eoppu', and the scales and mirror of Karma that discriminate between the good and evil before judgment. The dualistic coordinate concept such as light and darkness, life and death, or heaven and hell that appears in the narrative structure of iconostasis, the Last Judgment and amrtakundalin leads the people to spiritual awakening.