• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Perpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of death between Korean and Chinese nursing students. And it will help develop curriculum for preparing death, the quality of hospice care, as well as nursing education and practice. Methods: Data was collected from 492 nursing students participated(248 Korean and 244 Chinese) by questionnaire designed for examining Death Orientation (Thorson & Powell, 1988). They were analyzed using Cronbach's Alpha coefficients, factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis (SPSS; win 12.0 version) Results: More than half of the Korean nursing students followed a religion (58.5%) while the majority of Chinese nursing students did not follow a religion (93.9%). In the view of the afterlife, nursing students in China had two views. 'I really don't know what happens after a person dies (30.3%)' and ‘There is no afterlife and death is the end (29.5%)’. On the other hand the Korean nursing students’ answer were, 'After dying, a person goes to heaven or hell (27.3%)' and 'I really don't know what happens after a person dies. (22.9%)' The study also found that the average of 25 items in Death Orientation is 2.36points of nursing students in Korea and 2.50points of nursing students in China. This means that the concern, anxiety and fear were of the middle level for the Chinese Students and were higher than Korean students (t=3.51, p=.000). In the low factor of death orientation, those in Korea had higher 'anxiety of burden to family' than those in China (t=-3.50, p=.001). The nursing students in China had higher 'anxiety of the unknown (t=4.96, p=.000)', 'fear of suffering (t=6.88, p=.000), 'fear of extinction body and life (t=5.20, p=.000), 'fear of lost self-control(t=2.12, p=.034)', and 'anxiety of future existence and nonexistence (t=2.33, p=.020)' than those in Korea. There was no statistically significant difference for the 'concern of body and fear of identity lost' category. The death orientation of Korean nursing students had statistically significant differences according to age (t=3.20, p=.002), religion (t=2.56, p=.011), and afterlife (F=4.64, p=.000). The contribution of Death Orientation had a statistically significant difference, the afterlife variable (0.735, p=0.001). The death orientation of Chinese nursing students did not have any statistically significant differences. Conclusion: In conclusion, there were differences in death orientation between Korean and Chinese nursing students. In particular, those who believed in afterlife showed acceptance of death. The results of this study suggest that nursing curricula should include education program on death and spiritual nursing. Additional studies are needed to establish death education in China with careful considerations on Chinese policies, cultures and social systems.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.231-245
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• 2023

In the cosmetics industry, it is important to develop new materials for functional cosmetics such as whitening, wrinkles, anti-oxidation, and anti-aging, as well as technology to increase absorption when applied to the skin. Therefore, in this study, we tried to optimize the nanoemulsion formulation by utilizing response surface methodology (RSM), an experimental design method. A nanoemulsion was prepared by a high-pressure emulsification method using Glabridin as an active ingredient, and finally, the optimized skin absorption rate of the nanoemulsion was evaluated. Nanoemulsions were prepared by varying the surfactant content, cholesterol content, oil content, polyol content, high-pressure homogenization pressure, and cycling number of high-pressure homogenization as RSM factors. Among them, surfactant content, oil content, high-pressure homogenization pressure, and cycling number of high-pressure homogenization, which are factors that have the greatest influence on particle size, were used as independent variables, and particle size and skin absorption rate of nanoemulsion were used as response variables. A total of 29 experiments were conducted at random, including 5 repetitions of the center point, and the particle size and skin absorption of the prepared nanoemulsion were measured. Based on the results, the formulation with the minimum particle size and maximum skin absorption was optimized, and the surfactant content of 5.0 wt%, oil content of 2.0 wt%, high-pressure homogenization pressure of 1,000 bar, and the cycling number of high-pressure homogenization of 4 pass were derived as the optimal conditions. As the physical properties of the nanoemulsion prepared under optimal conditions, the particle size was 111.6 ± 0.2 nm, the PDI was 0.247 ± 0.014, and the zeta potential was -56.7 ± 1.2 mV. The skin absorption rate of the nanoemulsion was compared with emulsion as a control. As a result of the nanoemulsion and general emulsion skin absorption test, the cumulative absorption of the nanoemulsion was 79.53 ± 0.23%, and the cumulative absorption of the emulsion as a control was 66.54 ± 1.45% after 24 h, which was 13% higher than the emulsion.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 2024

Background: Research on the association between renal disease and periodontal conditions has yet to yield definitive results. In this study, we analyzed whether periodontal disease increases the risk of developing renal disease using Korean national cohort data over a period of 11 years. Methods: From 2002 to 2015, a retrospective follow-up investigation was conducted on the 203,538 Korean population using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. Periodontal disease and renal disease were identified through diagnoses using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. The assessment of periodontal status involved considering the number of dental visits related to periodontal disease during the baseline 3-year period. Results: During the 11-year follow-up period, renal disease occurred in 19,868 out of the total 203,538 individuals. After adjusting for age, gender, income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, ischemic heart disease, and advanced periodontal treatment, periodontal disease increased the risk of renal disease occurrence by 1.04 times (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.08). Additionally, a higher frequency of dental visits attributed to periodontal disease was associated with an increased risk of renal disease,exhibiting a dose-response trend (aHR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.06 for once; aHR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.13 for two times; aHR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.21 for three times). Conclusions: Our data confirmed that periodontal disease is associated witha higher incidence of renal disease.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 2024

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between physical activity and periodontitis based on depression status in a representative sample of Korean adults. Methods: A total of 12,689 subjects who participated in the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018) were examined. Depression was defined as a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10. Periodontal status was assessed using the community periodontal index, with periodontitis defined as a code ≥ 3. Physical activity categories were divided into a physical activity group and a non-physical activity group, considering the number of days and minutes spent on moderate and vigorous activities. Moderate activity was defined as causing slight breathlessness or a slightly elevated heart rate, while vigorous activity was defined as causing significant breathlessness or a rapid heart rate. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age, sex, education level, and household income), oral and general health behaviors (use of floss and interdental proximal brush, current smoking), and systemic health status (diabetes and hypertension). All analyses utilized a complex sampling design, and subgroup analysis was performed to estimate associations stratified by depression (PHQ-9 ≤ 9 and ≥ 10). Results: Multivariable regression analysis revealed that among participants with depression, those who did not engage in physical activity were 2.65 times more likely to have periodontitis (odds ratio = 2.65, 95% confidence interval = 1.17-6.01). Conclusion: The study findings suggest that individuals who participate in any form of physical activity may be significantly less likely to develop periodontitis, particularly within the group experiencing depression.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.41-51
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• 2014

In mobile content services like apps for smart mobile devices in specific, there has been a growing interest in evaluating UX quality to make sure that it provides better experience to users and consequently, secures competitiveness in a market. In that sense, usability testing has been considered as one method that enables designers and design managers to evaluate UI quality before they launch their service. However, those designers have been faced with a following fundamental question to be answere d : Is good UX design a good business? In other words, can well-designed service, which has good usability, actually satisfy target users and improve competitiveness in a market? There is no doubt that usability is one important factor perceived by users. However, it has a limit in terms of evaluating UX quality in macro level, as it mostly focuses on ease of use and efficiency of performing tasks, but does not cover other possible experiential factors, which also can be perceived by users, such as market situation and preexistence experience. Therefore, this research aims to identify key experiential factors in using mobile content services, and establish service UX index model that enables to measure perceived user satisfaction, and identify how UX design contributes to the satisfaction in quantitative way.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.17 no.5 s.78
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• pp.569-580
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• 2005

The postbeam joint connection of the existing steel structure moment flexible frame system did not produce sufficient seismic resistance during the earthquakes in Northridge and Kobe, and it sustained brittle fracturing on the joint connection. This study was performed to execute the high-tensile bolt share connection of H-beams web and the full-scale experiment as a parameter of the existing reinforcement of H-flange rib, by making the shape of the existing joint connection. This experiment was performed to determine the extent of the decrease of the number of high-tensile bolts and how to improve workability of the two-phase shear connection of web beam. In addition, this study was performed to enhance the seismic resistant capacity through the enforcement of rib plates. As a result of the experiment of two-phase shear connection of H-beam web and of joint connection to be reinforced by rib plates, the results of this study showed that the initial stiffness, energy-dissipation capacity, and rotational capacity of plasticity was higher than the existing joint connection. As to the rate of increasing the strength and deformation capacity, there were differences between the tension side and compression side because of the position of shear tap. However, as a whole, they have shown excellent seismic resistant capacity. Also, all the test subjects exceeded 4% (rate of delamination), about 0.029 rad (total plastic capacity), and about 130% (maximum strength of joint connection) of fully plastic moment for the original section. Accordingly, this study was considered as it would be available in the design more than the intermediate-level of moment flexible frame.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.16 no.6 s.73
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• pp.781-792
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• 2004

Experiments were performed to study the cyclic behavior of framed steel walls with thin web plates. Five specimens of single-bay and three-story steel plate walls were tested for cyclic lateral load. The parameters for the test specimens included the plate thickness and the column strength. Based on the test results, the strength, deformability, and energy dissipation capacity of the framed steel walls were studied. The test results showed that the behavioral characteristics of the framed steel walls with thin web plates were different in many aspects from those of the conventional braced frame, and the steel wall with a stiffened web plate exhibited cantilever action, high strength, and low ductility. With the framed steel plate walls, local plate buckling and tension-field action developed in the thin web plates, and plastic deformation was uniformly distributed along the wall's height. As a result, the framed steel plate walls exhibited combined flexural and shear deformation, but they also showed high strength and energy dissipation capacity. Moreover, such walls have high deformability, which was equivalent to that of the conventional moment frame. Frame members such as columns and beams, however, must be designed to resist the tension-field action of the thin web plates. If the column does not have sufficient strength, and if its sections are not compact enough, the overall strength of the framed steel wall might be significantly decreased by the development of the soft-story mechanism. The framed steel walls with thin web plates have advantages, such as high deformability and high strength. Therefore, they can be used as ductile elements in earthquake-resistant systems.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.127-148
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• 1996

Recently, foundations of heavy structures such as bridge abutments have been built on slopes or near the crest of slopes at an increasing rate. Because the bearing capacity of such foundations is considerably lower than the bearing capacity of the same soil on a level ground, deep footings such as piles and caissons are often used. However, the costs of such methods are generally very high. One of the new techniques to overcome the problem is to place reinforcing members such as geosynthetics or metal strips horizontally at some depths beneath the footings. Rational methods of analysis to predict the bearing capacity of footings in reinforced slopes are therefore needed. This paper proposes an analytical method for estimating the increase in bearing capacity gained from the included horizontal strips or ties of tensile reinforcing in the foundation soil below the footing built near the crest of a slope. A failure mechanism, including the concept of'wide slab effect', adopted in the present study for analyzing the bearing capacity of foundations in reinforced slopes, is established through the observed model test behaviors described by Binquet SE Lee and Huang et al, and the Boussinesq solutions. The analytical results are then compared with the experimental data described in the paper by Huang et al. Also in order to properly evaluate the soil reinforcement interaction, typical pullout test values of the apparent friction coefficient, which usually vary with depths owing to both the increase of the shearing volume and the increase in local stress caused by soil dilatancy, are analyzed and related functionally. Furthermore, analytical parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effect and significance of various pertinent parameters associated with design of reinforced slope foundations. Keywords : Bearing capacity, Reinforced slope, Slab effect, Friction coefficient.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.319-326
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• 2009

Two parallel wide flange built-up beams are widely used as struts in resisting lateral earth pressure because of the effectiveness in structure and construction. In a certain structural system, the reinforced concrete columns are to be placed at the intersection where two perpendicular beams cross each other, the square part of the joint being filled with concrete. In the punching shear mechanism of the beam-column joint, the radial deformation caused due to shear cracking will be constrained by the spring action of the squarely encompassed beam flanges. As a result, the punching shear strength of the joint concrete can be expected to be increased. To verify this phenomenon experiments have been performed for various constraining elements and distances between columns and constraints. Test results are compared with the approximation analysis formula which has been proposed in this study, based on the code formula. The results calculated by the proposed equation show comparatively close agreement with the punching shear strength detected from the test.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 2009

Differently from fly ash, the bottom ash produced from thermoelectric power plant has been treated as an industrial waste matter, and almost reclaimed a tract from the sea. If this waste material is applicable to foam concrete as an aggregate owing to its light-weight, however, it may be worthy of environmental preservation by recycling of waste material as well as reducing self-weight of high-rising structure and horizontal forces and deformations of retaining wall subject to soil pressure. This study has an objective of evaluating the effects of application of bottom ash on the mechanical properties of foam concrete. Thus, the ratio of bottom ash to cement was selected as a variable for experiment and the effect was measured in terms of unit weight of concrete, air content, water-cement ratio and compressive strength. It can be observed from experiments that the application ratios have different effects on the material parameters considered in this experiment, thus major relationships between application ratio and each material parameter were finally introduced. The result of this study can be applied to decide a mix design proportion of foam concrete while bottom ash is used as an aggregate of the concrete.