• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical features and risk factors of invasive infections caused by Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces spp., components of commercially available probiotics. Methods: We analyzed demographic and clinical data from children ${\leq}18$ years of age with an invasive infection caused by Lactobacillus spp. or Saccharomyces spp. at the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital from January 1998 to June 2016. Probiotic consumption data were also analyzed. Results: During the study period, a total of 24 episodes of invasive infections were caused by Lactobacillus spp. (n=16) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (n=8). Along with the increase of probiotic use (755,594 [days/1,000 patient-admission days] in 2001 to 2005, 1,444,066 in 2006 to 2010, and 6,904,736 in 2011 to 2016), the incidence of probiotic-associated invasive infection increased ($R^2=0.70$). The median age of the patients was 1.8 years (range, 2 months to 17 years), and most of them had underlying medical conditions. The 30-day mortality rate was 20.8% (5/24), and 11 (45.8%) of these patients resulted from a severe invasive infection. We determined the risk factors for invasive infection to be: previous intensive care unit stay (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 6.1] and the presence of a central venous catheter (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.3). Conclusions: Although the probiotic-associated invasive infections rarely occurred in children, the incidence has increased along with probiotic pressure. Judicious use of probiotics is mandatory, especially in young children with underlying medical conditions and continuous surveillance will be needed to minimize the safety concerns.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.71-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to Prove that the medial edge epithelial cells covering the secondary palatal shelves were removed by apoptosis during palatal fusion. 12 mature female rats (Suprague-Dawley) were mated overnight with male rats and sacrificed on days 15.0, 16.5, 16.75, 17.0 of pregnancy. The embryos were removed from the uterus and the heads were embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were sectioned and the sections were undergone H-E staining for general histologic feature and TdT staining for detection of apoptotic cells. The obtained results were as follows. k. In the section of 16.0 and 16.5 day embryos, the palatal shelves were prior to contact and no apoptotic cells wereobserved in the medial edge epithelium. At the initial contact of Palatal shelves, there was a few apoptotic cells in the fusing epithelium. 2. In the 16.75 day embryos, the samples that epithelial seams did not lost there continuity, apoptotic cells were rarely seen at the midline epithelial seam. In contrast, a lot of apoptotic cells were observed at epithelial triangles and the junction between palatal shelves and nasal septum. 3. In the 16,75 day embryos, the samples that epithelial seams lost their continuity and disrupted to epithelial islands, large number, of apoptotic cells were observed at epithelial islands and epithelial triangles. Some apoptotic cells were also observed at the oral, nasal epithelium near the midline. 4. In the 17.0 day embryos, most of epithelial islands were disappeared and mesenchymal confluence was achieved. Apoptotic cells were rarely observed in the mesenchymal tissue which replaced epithelial islands, but there were some apoptotic cells at the epithelial triangles, oral and nasal epithelium. From the results of the study, it was revealed that medial edge epithelial cells of fusing palate were removed by apoptosis. Apoptotic cells were found mainly in the disappearing midline epithelial seam and the oral and nasal epithelial triangles at some late stages of palatal fusion.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.39-50
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• 2001

In proceeding with orthodontic treatment, the prediction for the shape, growth rate and growth direction of mandible plays a major role to set up the treatment plan and determine its period and prognosis. Various approaches being made so far have shown that the linear and angular measurement using lateral cephalograms are relatively accurate to estimate them. This study was purposed to find the shape of mandible more clearly by preventing the overlap of the Condyle head area which appears in lateral cephalogram, and to estimate its growth rate by comparing the growth quantity and ratio via lateral area measurement. This experimental was performed against 40 patients total, of which Class I of 14, Class II of 9 and Class III of 17 consist. Wide open lateral cephalograms of 40 patients were taken over average period of 4 Year 3 Months, then the linear and angular measurements were carried out with 11 itemized lists. Autocad Rl4 application program was utilized to draw their appearance, measure and compare their lateral area. As a result of study, conclusions were made as follows; 1. Mandibular body length (gonion-menton) tended to increase in order of CIII, CI and CII, and Mandibular body length of CIII group had a tendency to grow twice faster than that of CII group. 2. In lateral items such as Go-Me, A-Cd, B-Cp, E-F and G-H, CIII showed a significant increase on the year-average quantity and rate of the growth, and especially apparent difference was observed in CIII group rather than CII group. 3. For the 4 Year 3 Months period, the year-average growth quantity of lateral area of the mandible was $1.0cm^2$ for Class I, $0.8cm^2$ for Class II and $1.4cm^2$ for Class III, which corresponds to $11.9\%,\;11.8\%\;and\;20.3\%$ of growth ratio respectively. Thus, growth ratio almost 2 times more than other groups was observed in group CIII while growth ratio between group CI and CII has little difference. 4. Considering the results as above, it can be proposed that the difference in size of the mandible between groups is caused by the difference in the growth rate and growth quantity of the mandible, which generated in the middle of growth, rather than the difference in size of congenital Jaw-bone.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.10-10
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• 1981

The thyroglossal duct cyst is relatively rare disease that derived congenitally from the remnant of thyroglossal duct and that was found anywhere from the foramen cecum to pyramidal lobe of thyroid. We studied the 62 cases of above disease who admitted and operated at E.N.T. dept. of N.M.C. for 20 years since 1961 to 1980 on the clinical and histopathological aspect, and we concluded following results. 1. In the age distribution, 45 cases(72.6%) were under 20 years, and in the age distribution of the known on-set of symptoms, 26 cases(58.0%) were under 10 years. In the duration, 23 cases(37.0%) were under 1 year. The sex ratio of male to female revealed 1.2:1. 2. The palpable mass were complained at 48 cases(77.4%) and 14 cases(22.6%) complained of the discharge from sinus tracts and the other complaints were dysphagia and odynophagia, etc. 3. In location 55 cases (88.7%) were at midline, 1 case(1.6%) was at right and 6 cases(9.7%) were left sided. And 47 cases(75.8%) were situated at infrahyoid region, 11 cases(17.7%) at suprahyoid, 3 cases(4.8%) at suprasternal, only 1 case(1.6%) at intralingual region. 4. In 27 cases formed fistulae, spontaneous occurrance were 7 cases and artificial occurrance were 20 cases. 5. In histopathologically among 41 cases preserving available slides, 5 cases(12.2%) had single duct and 20 cases(48.8%) had multiple accessory ducts, but 16 cases were impossible to detect the ducts. The lining epithelium composed of chiefly respiratory and squamous epithelium. 15 cases had inflammatory reaction at periductal area and 7 cases had around the cysts. The ectopic thyroid tissue was found on 6 cases(14.6%) and 1 case had the follicular adenoma. 6. In the recurrance rate among 43 cases performed sistrunk type operation, 2 cases (4.6%) recurred, and among 19 cases performed simple removal of cysts, 4 cases (21.1%) recurred.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.43
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• pp.67-102
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze the human rights found in the North Korean Constitution and their core problem by focusing on elements of human rights suggested by Daesoon Jinrihoe's doctrine of Haewon-sangsaeng (解冤相生 the Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence). Haewon-sangsaeng is seemingly the only natural law that could resolve human resentment lingering from the Mutual Contention of the Former World while leading humans work for the betterment of one another. Haewon-sangsaeng, as a natural law, includes the right to life, the right to autonomous decision-making, and duty to act according to human dignity (physical freedom, the freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, etc.), the right to equal treatment in one's social environment, and the right to ensure the highest level of health through treatment. The North Korean Constitution does not have a character as an institutional device to guarantee natural human rights, the fundamental principle of the Constitution, and stipulates the right of revolutionary warriors to defend dictators and dictatorships. The right to life is specified so that an individual's life belongs to the life of the group according to their socio-political theory of life. Rights to freedom are stipulated to prioritize group interests over individual interests in accordance with the principle of collectivism. The right to equality and the right to health justify discrimination through class discrimination. The right to life provided to North Koreans is not guaranteed due to the death penalty system found within the North Korean Criminal Code and the Criminal Code Supplementary Provisions. The North Korean regime deprives North Koreans of their right to die with dignity through public executions. The North Korean regime places due process under the direction of the Korea Worker's Party, recognizes religion as superstition or opium, and the Korea Worker's Party acknowledge the freedoms of bodily autonomy, religion, media, or press. North Koreans are classified according to their status, and their rights to equality are not guaranteed because they are forced to live a pre-modern lifestyle according to the patriarchal order. In addition, health rights are not guaranteed due biased availability selection and accessibility in the medical field as well as the frequent shortages of free treatments.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.28
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• pp.1-34
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• 2017

This paper aims to understand the Daesoon Jinrihoe's view of human beings within the context of Korean religious history. Here, the context of Korean religious history refers to the view that every religion, including its doctrine, ritual, and organization is created in a specific historical context. In accordance with the purpose of this research, this paper consists of three main parts: firstly, chapter 2, 'An approach to the preceding research,' focuses on the previous studies on Daesoon Jinrihoe's view of human beings. In this part, I have divided the previous studies into psychological, philosophical, educational, and comparative approaches. These prior studies show that studies on the view of human beings started with approaches based on psychology and scriptural interpretations which were later extended to philosophical, educational, and comparative fields of study. However, these studies suggest that there are more suitable explanatory factors to explain the view of human beings. Secondly, chapter 3 (Daesoon Jinrihoe's view of human beings) explains the view of human beings through the utilization of six factors. This six factors are as follows: the origin of human beings, components of human beings, the final judgment after death, the independence and subjectivity of human beings, the purpose(s) of life, and the practices of life. In comparison with previous studies, these explanatory factors may contribute to a more specific explanation of the view of human beings. Thirdly, chapter 4 ('Remaining problems') focuses on future research tasks based on the six factors mentioned above. In this part, I pointed out various research tasks that have to be considered in future studies of Daesoon Jinrihoe's view of human beings, especially in connection to other religions. Finally, in the conclusion, I present two tasks for active research on the Daesoon Jinrihoe's view of human beings. One is the task of incorporating the terms related to humanity into Daesoon Jinrihoe's dictionary of scriptural terms. The other is the task of establishing a department to discuss doctrine and related issues.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.65-96
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• 2012

Brand has received much attention from considerable marketing research. When consumers consume product or services, they are exposed to a lot of brand related stimuli. These contain brand personality, brand experience, brand identity, brand communications and so on. A special kind of new crisis occasionally confronting companies' brand management today is the brand related rumor. An important influence on consumers' purchase decision making is the word-of-mouth spread by other consumers and most decisions are influenced by other's recommendations. In light of this influence, firms have reasonable reason to study and understand consumer-to-consumer communication such as brand rumor. The importance of brand rumor to marketers is increasing as the number of internet user and SNS(social network service) site grows. Due to the development of internet technology, people can spread rumors without the limitation of time, space and place. However relatively few studies have been published in marketing journals and little is known about brand rumors in the marketplace. The study of rumor has a long history in all major social science. But very few studies have dealt with the antecedents and consequences of any kind of brand rumor. Rumor has been generally described as a story or statement in general circulation without proper confirmation or certainty as to fact. And it also can be defined as an unconfirmed proposition, passed along from people to people. Rosnow(1991) claimed that rumors were transmitted because people needed to explain ambiguous and uncertain events and talking about them reduced associated anxiety. Especially negative rumors are believed to have the potential to devastate a company's reputation and relations with customers. From the perspective of marketer, negative rumors are considered harmful and extremely difficult to control in general. It is becoming a threat to a company's sustainability and sometimes leads to negative brand image and loss of customers. Thus there is a growing concern that these negative rumors can damage brands' reputations and lead them to financial disaster too. In this study we aimed to distinguish antecedents of brand rumor transmission and investigate the effects of brand rumor characteristics on rumor spread intention. We also found key components in personal acceptance of brand rumor. In contextualist perspective, we tried to unify the traditional psychological and sociological views. In this unified research approach we defined brand rumor's characteristics based on five major variables that had been found to influence the process of rumor spread intention. The five factors of usefulness, source credibility, message credibility, worry, and vividness, encompass multi level elements of brand rumor. We also selected product involvement as a control variable. To perform the empirical research, imaginary Korean 'Kimch' brand and related contamination rumor was created and proposed. Questionnaires were collected from 178 Korean samples. Data were collected from college students who have been experienced the focal product. College students were regarded as good subjects because they have a tendency to express their opinions in detail. PLS(partial least square) method was adopted to analyze the relations between variables in the equation model. The most widely adopted causal modeling method is LISREL. However it is poorly suited to deal with relatively small data samples and can yield not proper solutions in some cases. PLS has been developed to avoid some of these limitations and provide more reliable results. To test the reliability using SPSS 16 s/w, Cronbach alpha was examined and all the values were appropriate showing alpha values between .802 and .953. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted successfully. And structural equation modeling has been used to analyze the research model using smartPLS(ver. 2.0) s/w. Overall, R² of adoption of rumor is .476 and R² of intention of rumor transmission is .218. The overall model showed a satisfactory fit. The empirical results can be summarized as follows. According to the results, the variables of brand rumor characteristic such as source credibility, message credibility, worry, and vividness affect argument strength of rumor. And argument strength of rumor also affects rumor intention. On the other hand, the relationship between perceived usefulness and argument strength of rumor is not significant. The moderating effect of product involvement on the relations between argument strength of rumor and rumor W.O.M intention is not supported neither. Consequently this study suggests some managerial and academic implications. We consider some implications for corporate crisis management planning, PR and brand management. This results show marketers that rumor is a critical factor for managing strong brand assets. Also for researchers, brand rumor should become an important thesis of their interests to understand the relationship between consumer and brand. Recently many brand managers and marketers have focused on the short-term view. They just focused on strengthen the positive brand image. According to this study we suggested that effective brand management requires managing negative brand rumors with a long-term view of marketing decisions.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.1 s.30
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• pp.13-19
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• 1977

The smaller brown planthopper overwinters mostly as the fourth instar nymph. The emerged adult disperses to winter barley or wheat plants. The adult of the first generation disperses into the rice field, and spends three generations in the rice field. The population densities of the adults of the first generation and the overall density of the second generations are the most important in relation to the incidents of the rice stripe disease which is transmitted by this insects. This study was intended to analyse the population increases in these important generations in relation to the kind and the different growing stage of the host plants. The insects were reared on potted host plants of different growing stage in the insect cages. The population increases of the insects in the cages were compared with those on the rice seedlings in the laboratory. The results are as follows: 1. The average longevities of the adults of the generations were 13.4 days for the overwintered, 12.9 days for the first, and 10.2 days for the second generation, and showed no significant differences between the generations even they seemed to be shorter than normal condition probably caused by the frequent disturbance at the time of food renewal in 2 or 3 days. 2. When they were reared on the rice seedling, the average numbers of the eggs per female were 131.2 for the overwintered generation, 124.9 for the first generation grown on the barley, and 142.3 for the second generation grown on rice, and shelved no significant differences between the generations. More than $90\%$ of the eggs were laid within 3 weeks. 3. The hatchabilities of the eggs laid on the rice seedling in laboratory were $77.4\%$ for the first generation, $93.1\%$ for the second generation and $62.1\%$ for the third generation. The estimated hatchabilities of the eggs were $67.5\%$ for the first generation, $84.1\%$for the second generation, and $21.9\%$ for the third generation with the growing plants on the plots. The hatchability on the eggs laid by the adults infested on the barley on May 17 was $13.5\%$ compared with $67.5\%$ for the eggs laid by those infested on barley in late April. 4. The average total nymphal periods were 19.4 days for the first generation, and 13.3 days for the second generation in the laboratory and the mortalities of the nymphs seemed to related with the growing stages of the host plants. 5. With the pot experiments, the average per cents of the emerged adults were $37.2\%$ for the first generation, $55.3\%$ for the second generation, and $11.6\%$, for the third generation. The average numbers of the emerged adults were $7.4\%$ for the pots infested on the barley on May 17, instead of $37.2\%$ adults for those infested in late April. 6. From above results, it may suggest that the innate qualities of the insect are not significantly different between generations, and the differences in the increase of the population for the generations might effected considerably by the differences in the physiological conditions of tile host plant, besides the differences in physical and other biological factors.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.225-238
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• 2007

In this study, the effects of dietary krill meal levels on cellular immunity in LPS-injected broiler chicks was evaluated. One day-old male broiler chicks(Ross) were fed on the experimental basal meal(0.0% krill meal), or diets containing 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% krill for 3 weeks, and the acute phase response was activated by intraperitoneally injection of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide(LPS) 3 times at 9, 11, and 13 days of age. 1. Acute phase response induced a significant reduction in(p<0.05) daily weight gain and feed intake, and increases in liver and spleen weight. However, it was not affected by dietary krill meal levels. 2. The krill meal diets reduced TNF-α activity as compared to the basal diet after 24 hours (acute phase response) and 1 week(recovery from the acute phase response) following LPS injection (p<0.05). The acute phase response induced a significant increase(p<0.05) in TNF-α activity relative to the control in chicks fed on a basal diet, but this was also unaffected by dietary krill meal levels. 3. Acute phase response-mediated ovotransferrin levels(relative to what was measured in the control bird) were increased in birds fed on the basal, 1.0% and 2.0% krill diets, and were reduced in birds fed on the 0.5 % krill diet. 4. In LPS-injected chicks, 1.0% and 2.0% krill meal diets induced a significant reduction in(p<0.05) the Con A-induced proliferation of PBMC and splenocytes relative to what was observed in the chicks fed on a 0.5% krill diet, whereas the splenocytes proliferated in a linear fashion with the krill levels in the diets of the control birds. The results showed that the dietary levels of krill meal reduced TNF-α activity in the blood and also influenced blood ovotransferrin levels and the proliferation of PBMC and splenocytes, and krill meal is considered to be associated with both innate and cellular immunity in broiler chicks.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 2006

Purpose : The isolated microscopic hematuria is the most common abnormality detected by school urinary screening, but there is no consensus about the range of investigations and long-term outcomes of isolated hematuria in children yet. This study aims to elucidate the prognosis of hematuria and the range of diagnostic studies by follow-up results. Methods : Students with isolated hematuria who were referred to the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center from Aug. 1990 to Feb. 2004 were analysed retrospectively. Cases that presented Through significant proteinuria(>250 mg/day), other symptoms of nephritis or renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <85 mL/min/$1.73m^2$) were excluded. Follow-up was done every six months with checking urinalysis, serum creatinine, protein and albumin. When albuminuria was detected, 24 hour urine protein was checked. Renal biopsy was done when urine protein was over 500 mg/day. Results : A total of 331 students were enrolled in this study. There were 157 males and 174 females. The mean age at presentation was $9.9{\pm}2.3$ years(7-15 years) and mean follow-up period was $2.2{\pm}1.6$ years(1-10 years). Seventy five(22.7 percent) patients showed the resolution of microscopic hematuria. The mean resolution period was $2.6{\pm}1.7$ years(1-8 years). Eight(2.4 percent) patients developed significant proteinuria and renal biopsy was done in four of them. Two cases of mild IgA nephropathy and two of minimal change were detected. None of them developed hypertension. At the end of the follow-up, renal function had remained stable in all subsets of patients. Conclusion : The prognosis of isolated microscopic hematuria was good. This study suggests that invasive studies including renal biopsy are not necessary and a regular follow-up of urinalysis is enough for children with isolated microscopic hematuria.