• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2013

Purpose: This study is reviewed of the available literature to identify the evidence of the value of Kegel exercise programs as an intervention to decrease urinary incontinence and the improvement of the quality of life following a radical prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer. Methods: We searched studies of randomized controlled trials that utilized the Kegel exercise programs with patient with a radical prostatectomy. The review was conducted electronic bibliographic database of Ovid-Medline, Embase, Scopus, KoreaMed and NDSL, etc. Of 630 publications identified, seven studies that met the inclusion criteria, and all studies analyzed by meta-analysis. To ensure the quality of the studies, we used Cochrane's Risk of Bias. Results: Kegel exercise helped patient to achieve continence more quickly (after 1, 3, 6, 12 months) than men not using Kegel exercises. Especially, Kegel exercise significantly reduced the development of urinary incontinence at one month after prostatectomy. The effectiveness of Kegel exercise after prostatectomy was found to improve the quality of life at a significant level. Conclusion: Based on available evidence, Kegel exercise that nurses can teach improved the return to continence more than usual care in men with prostatectomy urinary incontinence.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.62
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• pp.113-132
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• 2014

Judicial decisions make it clear that in all CIF, CFR and FOB contracts, incorporation of charter party into sale contracts is the only effective way for recovery of demurrage in the context of sale contracts. The case law would appear to clarify a number of important issues: The words of incorporation in the sale contract play a vital role in determining the extent of the influence of the charter party principles over the sale contract. Hence, unless it is expressly provided otherwise, the courts tend to apply the charter party principles to the incorporated charter party provisions to the extent that they make sense in the context of sale contract, and that they do not undermine the underlying foundations of international trade law. In this respect the courts also take into account the factual background of the case with a view to objectively ascertaining the intention of the parties. The law is, however, less clear on the effects of the incorporated charter party provisions in sale contracts. There is still no straightforward answer to the question of to what extent the charter party law is applied to the incorporated charter party provisions in the context of sale contracts. The case law on this matter merely provides piecemeal solutions, and it is not possible to extract a general rule which will help interpretation of those charter party provisions which have not yet been subject to litigation or arbitration. Therefore, it should be noted that the parties would prepare Incorporation Clause in their sale contracts in reliance of the rules to achieve the desired results.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.503-509
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• 2010

Remarshaling is referred to a preparatory task of rearranging containers piled up in a stacking yard to improve the efficiency of loading. Selective remarshaling is required because the time for remarshaling known as large time-consuming task is not enough to remarshal all containers. In this research, we compare two previous researches in more objectively way: heuristic and genetic algorithm based approaches. In addition, we prove the effect of iterative reselection method on dwindling the gap between plan and execution due to the uncertainty of crane operation during execution. Simulation experiments under realistic uncertainty model show that heuristic approaches which have few computational complexity can cope with the uncertainty well when reselection interval is short, but genetic algorithm based approach has advantages when reselection interval that can ensure appropriate number of evolutions is given because of computational complexity for search.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.555-562
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• 2009

At container terminals, a major measurement of productivity can be work-efficiency in quay-side. At the apron, containers are loaded onto the ship and unloaded to apron by Q/C(Quay Crane). For improving the productivity of quay crane, the more efficient Y/T(Yard Tractor) operation method is necessary in container terminals. Between quay-side and yard area, current transferring methods is single-cycling which doesn't start loading unless it finishes unloading. Dual-cycling is a technique that can be used to improve the productivity of quay-side and utility of yard tractor by ship loading and unloading simultaneously. Using the dual-cycling at terminals only necessitates an operational change without purchasing extra equipment. Exactly, Y/T operation method has to be changed the dedicate system to pooling system. This paper presents an efficient ship loading and unloading plan in container terminals, which use the dual-cycling. We propose genetic and tabu search algorithm for this problem.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 1996

Superresolution optics, employing Gaussian apodization, is rigorously treated at the soft X-ray wave-length(λ=0.013 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) region. In the diffraction integral, the line integral along the imaginary axis is found small, and it is ignored, so that the diffraction integral consists of the integration along the real axis. The resolution of the diffracted image is not effected by the pupil angular frequency bandwidth $2{\omega}_0$, which is one of the most important the characteristic features of Gaussian apodization ($e^{-o^2x^2}$ optics. The superresolution optics has resolution ($\frac{1}{2}{\times}FWHM)$=$\Delta$x=0.008 $\mu$m which is smaller than the Rayleigh criterion of 2λ=0.026 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ for NA=0.25. The optical system has ${\omega}_0{\ge}\frac{1}{2}{\sigma}$, which gives the peak intensity of the diffracted image larger than $e^{-2}$ times intensity obtainable by the infinite sperture.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.283-290
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• 2022

Blockchain is a technology that secures integrity and transparency by distributing and storing transaction details within multiple node networks. Recently, research is being conducted to secure integrity by applying blockchain to Bill of Lading (B/L documents) of monetary value. In this paper, we study a blockchain-based bill of lading system to improve usability. The shippers register the issued bill of lading on the blockchain, and banks in each country read it to conduct L/C transactions. The consignees receive the goods after completing certification with a quick response code (QR) containing the bill of lading information. Through this, shippers enjoy merits in that they can shorten the time and cost of sending shipping documents by mail and prove the integrity of the documents. The consignees have the advantage of being able to check the documents at the same time as they are registered and trust the transaction. Finally, on the bank side, the security of shipping documents is ensured and verification can be done quickly.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.498-504
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes, and the complications of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) using a fixed bearing prosthesis after 5-year follow-up. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six knees (25 patients) that underwent fixed bearing UKA between May 2003 and August 2011 were included. The subjects were 3 males (3 knees) and 22 females (23 knees), and the average age was 63.5 years. The preoperative diagnosis was osteoarthritis (23 knees) and osteonecrosis (3 knees). The mean follow-up duration was 67 months (from 60 to 149 months). The clinical evaluation included pre- and postoperative American knee society knee and function score, and range of motion. The radiology evaluation included standing antero-posterior, lateral view, and fluoroscopic film to analyze the postoperative alignment and osteolysis. Results: The mean American Knee Society knee score and function score were improved from 42.0 and 57.5 to 87.9 and 85.0, respectively (p<0.001). The mean preoperative and postoperative range of motion was $132.9^{\circ}$ and $132.5^{\circ}$, respectively. The mean femorotibial angle were varus $0.5^{\circ}$ preoperatively and valgus $2.2^{\circ}$ postoperatively. A radiolucent line was observed in 2 knees; one knee had a stable implant, while in the other knee, patellofemoral arthritis was identified during UKA. Diffuse pain of the knee joint with tenderness of the medial joint line was identified at the follow-up, so conversion to total knee arthroplasty was recommended. No other complications, such as osteolysis, infections, postoperative stiffness, and dislocation, were encountered. Conclusion: The midterm results of fixed bearing UKA were clinically and radiologically satisfactory.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2019

Purpose: Several radiologic reference lines have been used to evaluate individuals with a clubfoot but there is no consensus as to which is most reliable. The aim of this study was to identify which radiologic parameters have relevance to the predictability of additional surgery after Ponseti casting on clubfoot and the effect of clubfoot treatments that contain Ponseti casting and additional surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 102 clubfeet (65 patients, 37 bilateral) were reviewed from 2005 to 2013. The patients were divided into two groups (Group A, those for whom the result of the Ponseti method was successful and did not require additional surgery; and Group B, those for whom the result of the Ponseti method was unsuccessful and required additional surgery), and the following parameters were measured on the plain radiographs: i) talo-calcaneal angle on the anteroposterior and lateral view, ii) talo-1st metatarsal angle on the anteroposterior view, and iii) Tibio-calcaneal angle on the lateral view with the ankle full-dorsiflexion state. Each radiograph was reviewed on two separate occasions by one orthopedic doctor to characterize the intra-observer reliability, and the averages were analyzed. Next, 20 cases were chosen using a random number table, and two orthopedic doctors measured the angle separately to characterize the interobserver reliability. Results: Groups A and B included 73 clubfeet (71.6%) and 29 clubfeet (28.4%), respectively. The initial talo-calcaneal angle and tibiocalcaneal angle in the lateral view were significantly different among the groups. In addition, inter- and intra-observer biases were not detected. The talo-1st metatarsal angle on the anteroposterior view and tibio-calcaneal angle on the lateral view were significantly different after treatment in both groups. Conclusion: Congenital clubfeet treated with the Ponseti method showed successful results in more than 70% of patients. The initial talocalcaneal angle and tibio-calcaneal angle on the lateral view were the radiologic parameters that could predict the need for additional surgical treatments. The talo-1st metatarsal angle on the anteroposterior view and tibio-calcaneal angle on the lateral view could effectively evaluate the changes in clubfoot after treatment.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.23-41
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• 2023

The seller and the buyer write down the agreed details in the trade contract as trade contract clauses. In the case where a letter of credit is agreed to be the payment condition, the buyer shall open a letter of credit to the seller with the shipping date specified in the trade contract through its bank. In this case, the legal relationship between the performance date of the trade contract and the shipment date of the letter of credit, the change of the performance date of the trade contract due to the change of the trade contract and the change of the shipment date specified in the letter of credit, the seller's letter of credit A problem arises in the legal interpretation of the approval period and the change request period. Therefore, this paper analyzed the precedents of the Seongnam Branch of the Suwon District Court and the Seoul High Court related to these legal issues. The performance date of a trade contract is the seller's delivery date and the buyer's payment date. In the letter of credit transaction, the date of performance of the trade contract is regarded as the date of shipment and the date of negotiation of documents specified in the letter of credit. The seller must decide whether to accept the letter of credit within 5 banking days after receiving the letter of credit from the buyer. After this period has elapsed, the seller cannot refuse the letter of credit. However, if the buyer is unable to decide whether to accept the letter of credit within 5 banking days due to reasons attributable to the buyer, the delivery date specified in the letter of credit will be extended. If the seller requests an amendment to the letter of credit, the buyer must accept it and open the letter of credit the seller desires to the seller. If the buyer refuses the seller's request to change the letter of credit, company A has the obligation to change and reopen the letter of credit as requested by company B. Expect by agreeing on the quotation As it is a fundamental breach of contract stipulated in Article 25 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, company B can cancel the trade contract and claim damages from company A. Compensation for damages caused by Company A's breach of the trade contract shall be an amount equal to the loss suffered by Company B as a result of the breach, including loss of profits.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.95-112
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• 2005

This paper will look into the Main Substance and Some Problems of 24 hours Advance Cargo Manifest Declaration Rule, focuses on the Policy implication of Korea's and counter measures of our parties concerned about 24-hour advance vessel manifest rule. The 24-hour rule requires cargo owners to submit cargo manifest information to U.S. Customs 24 hours before vessel sailing from the final foreign port to a U.S. port. Cargo manifest information must be complete, accurate, and timely. As of February 2, 2003 manifest information can be submitted by paper or electronically. Cargo descriptions must be at a level of detail consistent with Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) codes used by U.S. Customs. HTS codes are 10 digits. Electronic submissions are made via the Automated Manifest System (AMS) run by U.S. Customs.