• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.493-504
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• 1997

Background : Non-small cell lung cancer is one of the most frequent cause of death due to cancer in men, and its incidence among women is rapidly increasing. Although there has been a recent surge of interest in combined modality therapy for stageIII non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC), the optimal treatment is still not well established. Thoracic irradiation has long been the gold standard for locally advanced unresectable NSCLC. However, although conventional radiotherapy(XRT) can palliate symptom and improve local control of disease, it has at most only a modest effect on survival. Recently, cisplatin(cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) has been reported to enhance the cell-killing effect of radiation For patients with unresectable NSCLC, cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CCRT) had the advantage of therapeutic response over XRT alone and therapeutic side effect more commonly occurred in CCRT group in EORTC(European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) and other trials. Objectives : We compared therapeutic response, compliance, and side effects between CCRT and XRT in patients with advanced NSCLC. Patients and Method : Thirty patients with biopsy-proven inoperable NSCLC were randomized to one of two treatment arms. Arm A consisted of XRT, radiotherapy for 4~6 weeks(1.8 Gy given 20~33 times, in five fractions a week), and arm B consisted of CCRT, radiotherapy for 2 weeks(3 Gy given to times, in five fractions a week), followed by 3 week rest period and then radiotherapy 2 more weeks(2.5 Gy given 10 times, in five fractions a week), combined with 6mg cisplatin per square meter, given daily before radiotherapy. We evaluate therapeutic response, compliance, change of performance status, side effects, and radiation pneumonitis by using the author's made scoring system. Results : There was no significant difference in therapeutic response and compliance. But there was a significantly lower laboratory complication and radiation pneumonitis in CCRT group (p < 0.05). There's significant negative correlation between stage and therapeutic response score in both groups(R=0.353, p < 0.05) In both groups, patients with squamous cell carcinoma had a tendency to higher therapeutic response score than those with adenocarcinoma. Conclusion : There was no difference between CCRT and XRT in respect to therapeutic response and compliance. But CCRT had a advantage of decreased side effects.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2000

Purpose: Microsatellite instability(MSI) is frequently used as an indicator of microsatellite mutator phenotype(MMP) tumors. MSI has been observed in a percentage of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). However, its role in tumorigenesis of NSCLC remains unknown. The frequency and pattern of MSI in NSCLC were evaluated and clinical parameters of MSI-positive tumors with those of MSS(microsatellite stable) tumors were compared. Materials and Methods: Twenty surgically resected NSCLCs were analyzed for 15 microsatellite markers located at chromosomes 3p and 9p. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients were used as the source of the normal DNA. Results: 1) Of 20 cases, 8(40%) demonstrated MSI. 2) Instability was observed more frequently in tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeats than in dinucleotide repeats. In all cases, instability appeared as a shift of individual allelic bands. 3) LDH was observed in 10(50%) of 20 tumors analyzed. 4) Of 20 cases, MSI-H tumor(showing MSI in the majority of markers) was absent. There were 5 MSI-L tumors(showing MSI in a greater than 10% of markers). 5) No significant difference was observed between MSI-L tumors and MSI-negative tumors in terms of clinicopathologic features such as pack-year history of smoking, histologic subtype, and(delete) stage of disease. There was also no significant difference in the incidence of LDH in relation to the status of MSI. Conclusion: These data strongly suggest that MSI plays different roles in lung and colon cancer. MMP pathway appears to be far less important in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC, caused mainly by cigarette smoke, with little familial tendency.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.267-279
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• 2003

Background : The purpose of this study was to analyze the smoking habits in patients with lung cancer and identify any difference of prevalence according to histologic types of lung cancer. Methods : The data were calculated by total amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled during the whole lifetime according to variation of smoking habit. This study was to investigated any difference of prevalence in lung cancer according to smoking habits. The subjects comprised 150 lung cancer cases and 300 hospital control cases that were matched by age and sex. Smoking habits during the whole lifetime were surveyed by standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results : There were 104 male and 34 female lung cancer cases. By histologic type, there were 53 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 67 of adenocarcinoma and 30 of small cell lung carcinoma. The differences between lung cancer cases and controls according to smoking habits were total duration of smoking, total pack years of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years. The odds ratio were higher in Kreyberg I, but not in Kreyberg II, for the longer duration of smoking, the greater total pack years of cigarettes consumed, the more cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years, the longer duration on non-filter smoking, the earlier life cases who began to smoke, and the higher amounts of calculated total tar and nicotine inhaled over the whole lifetime. When we added grade of inhalation to calculation of amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled over the lifetime, the odds ratios of total inhalation amounts of tar and nicotine were as high as those the without them. Conclusions : This study reconfirmed that smoking habits were strongly associated with lung cancer and that there were different associations between smoking habits and histologic types of lung cancer. In particular, calculations of total tar and nicotine amounts inhaled over the whole lifetime were calculated for the first time in trials from lung cancer epidemiologic studies.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.9.1-10
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• 1981

The clinical study of 183 cases of laryngeal mass was observed and 88 cases of vocal nodule and polyp which is confirmed histopathologically, were clinically classified into 30 cases of vocal nodule, 48 cases of localized vocal polyp, 10 cases of diffuse vocal polyp, and the following results of microscopic examination were obtained. I. The clinical study of laryngeal mass 1. Among total cases of 183, vocal nodule is 82(45%) vocal polyp 53(29%) postintubation granuloma 3(1%) laryngeal papilloma 18(10%) tuberculosis 2(1%) cancer 25(14%). 2. The sex ratio of male to female is 3:4 in vocal nodule, 1:1 in vocal polyp, 1:2 in postintubation granuloma, 3:2 in laryngeal papilloma, 11:1 in cancer. 3. The age distribution is third-fourth decade in vocal nodule, fourth-fifth decade in vocal polyp, third decade in postintubation granuloma, second and fifth decade in laryngeal tuberculosis, sixth decade in laryngeal cancer. 4. The distribution of symptoms is 5 month. -1 year in vocal nodule and polyp, less than 1 year in laryngeal papilloma and postintubation granuloma, 1 year-3 year in laryngeal tuberculosis and cancer. 5. The location of the lesion is between the anterior 1/3 and middle 1/3 in vocal nodule and polyp and papilloma, middle 1/3 and posterior 1/3 in postintubation granuloma, and is diffusely spread on the entire vocal cord in laryngeal tuberculosis and cancer. 6. The side of the lesion is bilateral in vocal nodule and papilloma and the ratio of right to left is 5:3 in vocal polyp, 2:1 in postintubation granuloma. 7. The size is 1~2mm(67%) in vocal nodule, 3~5mm(42%) in vocal polyp, 6~10mm (67%) in postintubation granuloma, 1~2mm (39%) in papilloma, more than 10mm in tuberculosis and cancer. 8. Among the symptoms, the hoarseness is in more than 90% of disease entity, the sore-throat in tuberculosis and cancer, the dyspnea in postintubation granuloma and papilloma and tuberculosis and cancer. 9. In the past history, certain relationship with smoking is noted in cancer (40%) and tuberculosis(50%) and the history of frequent attack of URI is in papilloma(33%). 10. In occupation, certain statistical significance was not noted. II. The histopathological study of vocal nodule and polyp. 1. Most polyps and nodules were covered with stratified squamous epithelium, but focal hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis and atrophy were rather frequently observed. Hyperkeratosis and acanthosis was most frequently seen.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1033-1041
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• 2016

In this study, we evaluated antioxidant and antiproliferating effects of Setaria italica extract (SIE), Panicum miliaceum extract (PME) and Sorghum bicolor extract (SBE). Antioxidant effects of these extracts were determined by assessing DPPH radical scavenging activity, $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity, reducing power and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. From high concentrations ($1,000{\mu}g/mL$) of each extract at DPPH radical scavenging activities of SIE, PME and SBE were 10.5%, 5.5% and 86.8% respectively, $ABTS^+$ radical activities were 4.92%, 5.9% and 62.3% respectively, reducing powers (OD 700) were 0.15, 0.18 and 1.7 respectively, and SOD-like activities were 17.0%, 15.9% and 38.6% respectively. In addition, SBE significantly decreased the cell viability of androgen-sensitive lymph node metastasis type of prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells in a dose-dependent manner. Morphological study of SBE-treated LNCaP cells revealed distorted and shrunken cell masses. SBE-induced cell death was confirmed by observation of nuclear condensation and increased formation of apoptotic bodies. The antiproliferative effect of SBE seems to be associated with the antioxidant activity of its polyphenol content. The results of this study indicate that SBE can exert antioxidant and antiproliferative effects and may be as a useful food material.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.210-216
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• 2008

Purpose: Siewert's classification of adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) has been widely adopted, but there is a wide discrepancy of the clinicopathological features of AEG of the Asian patients as compared to that of the Western patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of AEG according to the Siewert classification. Materials and Methods: Among the patients who underwent surgery for gastric carcinoma in our institution between May 2004 and February 2008, the AEG patients were selected based on their operation records and the photographs according to Siewert's classification. Results: There were 70 AEG patients (3.9%) among the total of 1,778 patients. There were 3 patients (4.3%) with type I, 30 patients (42.8%) with type II and 37 patients (52.8%) with type III. Curative resection (R0) was achieved in 68 cases (97.1%). No significant differences in gender, stage, Barrett's esophagus and the proximal margin were found between the patients with type II and type III AEG. The patients with type III were younger than the patients with type II (59 vs 64 years, respectively, P=0.049). Well differentiated histology (P=0.045) and the intestinal type (P=0.055) were significantly more frequent in the patients with type II as compared with that in the patients with type III. Conclusion: There was a striking difference of the Asian patients from the Western patients for the incidence of AEG (and especially type I). Some of the differences between type II and type III patients were similar to those of the previous Western studies. A large study is needed to investigate whether these features are typical in the Korean population.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.362-368
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• 1998

The aim of this study was to evaluate a usefulness of serum SCC antigen in diagnosis or evaluation of therapeutic effect of lung cancer by investigation of the differences of SCC antigen concentration in lung mass according to TNM staging, and mass size of lung cancer. And the other aim was to know whether SCC antigen plays a role in infiltrative growth of lung cancer or not, comparing with concentration of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFr) in tissue which is related with growth and differentiation of tumor cell. The results of this study were as follows. The concentration of SCC antigen in squamous cell carcinoma of lung(69${\pm}$25ng/ml) was higher than in unaffected lung tissue(34${\pm}$7ng /ml).(p＜0.05). The concentration of SCC antigen was higher in squamous cell carcinoma (69${\pm}$25ng/ml) than in adenocarcinoma (35${\pm}$25ng/ml) (p＜0.05), but the concentration of EGFr showed no any significant difference in both histological types. In small sized mass(＜3cm in diameter) the concentration of SCC antigen in central portion of tumor was higher than that of peripheral portion, whereas in large sized mass($\geq$5cm in diameter), the concentration of SCC antigen in peripheral portion of tumor was higher than that of central portion.(p＜0.05). The concentration of EGFr according to tumor size was not significantly different in central and peripheral portion of tumor. The concentration of SCC antigen according to TNM staging of lung cancer was that from central portion was higher in stage I, II, but that from peripheral portion was higher in stage III, IV (p＜0.05). The concentration of EGFr from central portion was higher in higher TNM stage(not significant) but that from peripheral portion shows no significant changes. In conclusion, the concentration of SCC antigen in tissue was higher in squamous cell carcinoma than in unaffected lung tissue or adenocarcinoma, and the concentration of SCC antigen increased according to tumor size or TNM staging like in serum level. so, serum SCC antigen is a useful tumor marker to diagnose or evaluate therapeutic effect of squamous cell carcinoma of lung. But further studies are necessary to confirm the relation of infiltrative growth in lung cancer and concentration of SCC antigen because there was a different pattern of regional tissue concentration of SCC antigen and EGFr

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.732-737
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• 2009

Background: Many video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomies are performed as a potential alternative to thoracotomy despite the controversy about the safety and the associated morbidity/mortality rates. Material and Method: Between November 2006 and August 2008, we performed 87 lobectomies (VATS 36, Thoracotomy 51) and we retrospectively reviewed the surgical treatment results. A VATS lobectomy was performed by a 4~5 cm thoracotomy without rib spreading and this included anatomic hilar dissection, individual vessel and bronchus stapling and lymph node dissection. Result: We studied 52 male and 35 female patients whose age ranged from 6 to 79 (average age: $59.8{\pm}15.0$ years). The cases were diagnosed with lung cancer (66) (SQC 24, ADC 38, others 4), pulmonary metastasis (2), carcinoid (2) and benign diseases (17). There was no intraoperative death. Postoperative complications were seen in 5 (15.6%) VATS and 33 (64.7%) thoracotomies, and perioperative death caused by adult respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 1 (2.8%) VATS and 3 (5.9%) thoracotomies. Three patients Underwent conversion to thoracotomy (8.3%). The mean time to chest tube removal was 6 days for VATS and 9.4 days for thoracotomy (p<0.001), and the mean length of the hospital stay was 8 days for VATS and 12.8 days for thoracotomy (p<0.001). Conclusion: VATS lobectomy can be performed safely with low morbidity/mortality rates. Furthermore, all the patients benefited from earlier postoperative rehabilitation and less pain and they were candidates for an earlier return to normal activities.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 1998

Purpose : Treatment of choice for uterine cervix cancer stage IIB is radiotherapy. We analyzed survivals, Prognostic factors, patterns of failure and complications. Materials and Methods : This is a retrospective analysis of 167 patients with stage IIB carcinoma of uterine cervix treated with curative external pelvic and high dose rate intracavitary radiotherapy at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital from August 1985 to August 1994. All the patients followed up from 3 to 141 months(mean 60 months) and age of patients ranged from 31 to 78 years at presentation(mean : 55 years). Results : Overall complete response rate was $84\%$. The response rate for squamous cell carcimoma and adenocarcinoma were $86\%$ and $60\%$, respectively. Overall 5-years survival rate and disease free survival rate was 62 and $59\%$, respectively Mass size and treatment response were significant Prognostic factors for survival Pathologic type and parametrial involvement were marginally significants Prognostic factors. Local failure was 43 cases, distant metastasis was 14 cases and local failure plus distant metastasis was 3 cases, and most of local failures occurred within 24 months, distant metastasis within 12 months after treatment Twenty eight($16.8\%$) patients developed late rectal and urinary complications There were tendency to increasing severity and frequency according to increased fractional dose and total(rectal and bladder) dose. Conclusions : Survival rate was significantly related to tumor size and radiotherapy response. Tumor size should be considered in the clinical s1aging. To increased survival and local control, clinical trials such as decreasing duration of radiotherapy or addition of chemotherapy is needed. To detect early recurrence, regular follow up after RT is important. Because total rectal and bladder dose affected late complications. meticulous vaginal packing is needed to optimize dose of normal tissues and to decrease late complications.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 1998

Purpose : This study evaluated the survival, local control, prognostic factor, and failure pattern of patients with esophageal cancer treated with operation and adjuvant radiation therapy to use as fundermental data of postoperative radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 82 patients who had locally advanced esophageal cancer treated with operation and adjuvant radiation therapy from January 1988 to December 1995. According to AJCC staging, stage IIA were in 26 patients, stage IIB in 4 patients, and stage III in 52 patients. Squamous cell carcinoma were in 77 patients, adenosquamous carcinoma in 3 patients, and adenocarcinoma in 2 patients. The patients received radiation therapy ranging from 41.0 Gy to 64.8 Gy. Five patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Results : Two-year survival and local control rates for all patients were 36.8$\%$ and 30.4$\%$ respectively. And they were 9.3$\%$ and 26.3$\%$ respectively at 5 years. According to stages, 2-year survival rates were 50.2$\%$ in IIA, 0$\%$ in IIB and 23.3$\%$ in III (p=0.004). Two-year local control rates were 49.2 $\%$ in IIA, 66.6$\%$ in IIB and 24.7$\%$ in III (p=0.01). Sixty patients developed recurrence, which were 3 tumor margin, 23 lymph node recurrence, 4 tumor margin and lymph node, 1 tumor margin and distant metastasis, 9 lymph node and distant metastasis, 17 distant metastasis and 3 unknown metastatic site. Prognostic factors affecting survival were smoking (p=0.02), T-staging (p=0.0092), N-staging (p=0.0045). Prognostic factors affecting local control were T-staging (p=0.019), N-staging (p=0.047). Conclusion : In spite of post-operative radiation therapy, predominant failure pattern was local failure. Especially regional lymph node failure was major cause of local failure. So strategy of aggresive adjuvant radiation therapy to regional lymph node area in post operative treatment should be proposed.