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Are you a Machine or Human?: The Effects of Human-likeness on Consumer Anthropomorphism Depending on Construal Level (Are you a Machine or Human?: 소셜 로봇의 인간 유사성과 소비자 해석수준이 의인화에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Junsik;Park, Do-Hyung
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.129-149
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    • 2021
  • Recently, interest in social robots that can socially interact with humans is increasing. Thanks to the development of ICT technology, social robots have become easier to provide personalized services and emotional connection to individuals, and the role of social robots is drawing attention as a means to solve modern social problems and the resulting decline in the quality of individual lives. Along with the interest in social robots, the spread of social robots is also increasing significantly. Many companies are introducing robot products to the market to target various target markets, but so far there is no clear trend leading the market. Accordingly, there are more and more attempts to differentiate robots through the design of social robots. In particular, anthropomorphism has been studied importantly in social robot design, and many approaches have been attempted to anthropomorphize social robots to produce positive effects. However, there is a lack of research that systematically describes the mechanism by which anthropomorphism for social robots is formed. Most of the existing studies have focused on verifying the positive effects of the anthropomorphism of social robots on consumers. In addition, the formation of anthropomorphism of social robots may vary depending on the individual's motivation or temperament, but there are not many studies examining this. A vague understanding of anthropomorphism makes it difficult to derive design optimal points for shaping the anthropomorphism of social robots. The purpose of this study is to verify the mechanism by which the anthropomorphism of social robots is formed. This study confirmed the effect of the human-likeness of social robots(Within-subjects) and the construal level of consumers(Between-subjects) on the formation of anthropomorphism through an experimental study of 3×2 mixed design. Research hypotheses on the mechanism by which anthropomorphism is formed were presented, and the hypotheses were verified by analyzing data from a sample of 206 people. The first hypothesis in this study is that the higher the human-likeness of the robot, the higher the level of anthropomorphism for the robot. Hypothesis 1 was supported by a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and a post hoc test. The second hypothesis in this study is that depending on the construal level of consumers, the effect of human-likeness on the level of anthropomorphism will be different. First, this study predicts that the difference in the level of anthropomorphism as human-likeness increases will be greater under high construal condition than under low construal condition.Second, If the robot has no human-likeness, there will be no difference in the level of anthropomorphism according to the construal level. Thirdly,If the robot has low human-likeness, the low construal level condition will make the robot more anthropomorphic than the high construal level condition. Finally, If the robot has high human-likeness, the high construal levelcondition will make the robot more anthropomorphic than the low construal level condition. We performed two-way repeated measures ANOVA to test these hypotheses, and confirmed that the interaction effect of human-likeness and construal level was significant. Further analysis to specifically confirm interaction effect has also provided results in support of our hypotheses. The analysis shows that the human-likeness of the robot increases the level of anthropomorphism of social robots, and the effect of human-likeness on anthropomorphism varies depending on the construal level of consumers. This study has implications in that it explains the mechanism by which anthropomorphism is formed by considering the human-likeness, which is the design attribute of social robots, and the construal level of consumers, which is the way of thinking of individuals. We expect to use the findings of this study as the basis for design optimization for the formation of anthropomorphism in social robots.

Parents' Opinions on Foodservices in Daycare Centers of Korea's Compensation and Welfare Service Institute (근로복지공단 보육시설의 급식 운영현황과 학부모대상 품질 만족도)

  • Kim, Ji Hyeon;Lee, Young Eun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.102-113
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this study was to examine parental perceptions on the importance, performance level, and satisfaction with foodservice quality at daycare centers in the Compensation and Welfare Service institute. The questionnaire was developed to measure thirty-two attributes of foodservice operations are administered to 598 parents and 23 foodservice supervisors from June 22, 2009 to July 10, 2009. The parents placed a high importance on the need for foodservices, earning 4.70 points out of 5 points. Their perceptions of foodservice quality menu, foodservice ingredients and effects, facilities, sanitation, and service scored even higher than performance. The overall satisfaction level for foodservice compared to performance was 4.33 and 4.03 points out of 5 points, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 98.6% of the variance in parents' overall satisfaction scores was explained by six dimensions.

Aviation Safety Regulation and ICAO's Response to Emerging Issues (항공안전규제와 새로운 이슈에 대한 ICAO의 대응)

  • Shin, Dong-Chun
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.207-244
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    • 2015
  • Aviation safety is the stage in which the risk of harm to persons or of property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management. Many accidents and incidents have been taking place since 2014, while there had been relatively safer skies before 2014. International civil aviation community has been exerting great efforts to deal with these emerging issues, thus enhancing and ensuring safety throughout the world over the years. The Preamble of the Chicago Convention emphasizes safety and order of international air transport, and so many Articles in the Convention are related to the safety. Furthermore, most of the Annexes to the Convention are International Standards and Recommended Practices pertaining to the safety. In particular, Annex 19, which was promulgated in Nov. 2013, dealing with safety management system. ICAO, as law-making body, has Air Navigation Commission, Council, Assembly to deliberate and make decisions regarding safety issues. It is also implementing USOAP and USAP to supervise safety functions of member States. After MH 370 disappeared in 2014, ICAO is developing Global Tracking System whereby there should be no loophole in tracking the location of aircraft anywhere in world with the information provided by many stakeholders concerned. MH 17 accident drove ICAO to install web-based repository where information relating to the operation in conflict zones is provided and shared. In addition, ICAO has been initiating various solutions to emerging issues such as ebola outbreak and operation under extreme meteorological conditions. Considering the necessity of protection and sharing of safety data and information to enhance safety level, ICAO is now suggesting enhanced provisions to do so, and getting feedback from member States. It has been observed that ICAO has been approaching issues towards problem-solving from four different dimensions. First regarding time, it analyses past experiences and best practices, and make solutions in short, mid and long terms. Second, from space perspective, ICAO covers States, region and the world as a whole. Third, regarding stakeholders it consults with and hear from as many entities as it could, including airlines, airports, community, consumers, manufacturers, air traffic control centers, air navigation service providers, industry and insurers. Last not but least, in terms of regulatory changes, it identifies best practices, guidance materials and provisions which could become standards and recommended practices.

우리나라의 모자보건사업 (여성과 어린이 건강문제와 증진방안)

  • Park Jeong-Han
    • 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2002.07b
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    • pp.3-17
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    • 2002
  • 국민건강은 국가발전의 기본조건이다. 국민건강은 건강한 어린이의 출산에서 비롯되고, 건강한 어린이의 출산을 위하여 여성이 건강해야 한다 따라서 여성과 어린이 건강보호와 증진을 위한 모자보건사업은 국가보건사업 중 최우선 사업으로 추진되어야 한다. 우리나라의 모자보건사업은 1960대부터 보건소를 통하여 가족계획, 산전관리, 안전분만유도, 예방접종을 중심으로 하였다. 1980년대에 들어와 전국민의료보험의 실현과 국민생활수준의 향상 등으로 산전관리 수진율과 시설분만율이 급격히 증가하여 1990년대 후반에는 거의 100%에 도달하였고, 가족계획실천율도 1991년에 79.4%까지 증가하여 합계출산율이 1.6으로 감소하였고, 어린이 기본예방접종률도 90%이상이 되어 전염병 발생률이 현저히 감소하였다. 전통적인 모자보건사업 관련 지표들이 이렇게 향상되자 일선 보건요원에서부터 중앙정부의 정책결정권자에 이러기까지 모자보건사업에 대한 관심도가 떨어져 중앙부처의 모자보건업무 담당 부서도 축소되고, 모자보건 사업도 쇠퇴하였다. 그러나 어린이와 여성의 건강실태를 자세히 들여다보면 심각한 문제들이 대두되고 있다. 시설 분만율의 증가에 따라 제왕절개분만율이 40%대까지 급증하였고, 모유수유률은 10%대로 떨어졌다. 어린이의 체격은 커지고 있으나 체력은 떨어지고, 비만한 어린이가 급증하여 당뇨병과 같은 성인병 유병률이 어린이들에게 증가하고, 사고에 의한 어린이 사망과 장애가 늘고 있다. 또한 청소년들의 흡연율과 음주률이 증가하고, 성적 성숙이 빨라지고 사회의 개방풍조로 성(性)활동 연령이 낮아지고 성활동이 증가하여 혼전임신과 성폭력이 증가하고 있다. 여성들은 일찍 단산하고, 폐경 연령은 높아지고, 평균수명은 길어져 중년기와 장년기 그리고 노년기가 길어져 각종 만성질환에 이환될 기회가 늘어났다. 이러한 시기의 중요 건강문제들은 뇌혈관질환, 폐암, 유방암, 골다공증, 뇨실금 등과 같이 해결하기 어려운 것들이다. 이렇게 어린이와 여성들에게 새로운 건강문제들이 대두되고 있으나 이에 대한 대응정책이 없었고, 따라서 새로운 모자보건사업이 개발되지 않았으며 일선 보건요원의 훈련도 없었다. 그리고 이러한 건강실태를 파악하여 대책을 마련하고, 보건사업을 평가할 수 있는 보건정보체계가 없는 실정이다. 1990년대 중반에 소수의 학자들이 어린이와 여성건강문제의 심각성을 제기하고, 모자보건사업 활성화의 필요성을 주장하여 보건복지부가 '모자보건선도보건사업'이라는 이름으로 1999년부터 2001년까지 3년간 23개 보건소에서 시범사업을 시행하였다. 이 시범사업에서는 한정된 자원으로 여성과 어린이 보건문제를 효과적으로 해결하기 위해 새로운 보건사업의 개발과 효율적으로 수행하는 방법의 개발에 역점을 두어 많은 성과를 거두었다. 시범사업의 경험을 바탕으로 2002년에는 전국의 45개 보건소로 확대해나가고 있다. 모자보건선도보건사업에서는 임산부가 대상이었던 기존의 모자보건사업과는 달리 신생아, 영유아, 학동기 어린이, 청소년, 그리고 신혼부부에서부터 장년기 여성에 이르기까지 사업대상을 확대하고 생애주기에 따라 지역사회 건강문제해결을 목표로 한 보건사업을 수행하도록 하였다. 사업수행 과정에서 보건소는 지역내 대학과 협력체계를 구축하여 기술적 지원을 받고, 보건요원의 교육 훈련을 통해 사업기획 능력과 전문지식과 기술을 향상시켰고, 보건교육에 필요한 시설과 장비를 구입하였고, 민간의료기관과 연계하여 보건서비스의 질을 향상시켰다. 모자보건 선도보건소에서 제공하는 서비스는 취약계층 중심의 보건교육, 상담 및 지도, 고위험대상자 조기발견 및 민간기관 의뢰 및 주구관리, 질병 조기발견을 위한 검진 의뢰, 지역 보건통계 생산과 관리, 그리고 지역내 가용자원 안내 등이며, 저소득층에 대해서는 민간의료기관에 의뢰 또는 검진비용을 지원하였다. 이와 같이 지역사회 민간기관과 협력체계를 구축함에 따라 대상자를 지속적으로 관리할 수 있는 정보를 공유하게 되었고, 건강증진 및 질병예방, 치료, 사후관리를 포함한 지속적이고 포괄적인 서비스를 제공할 수 있게 되었다. 특히 고위험 및 건강의심 대상, 임부와 장년기 여성에 대해서는 건강검진서비스를 과감히 민간기관에 의뢰, 위탁하친 보건소는 상담자, 정보관리자로서의 역할로 전환할 수 있었다. 그러나 사업관리자의 양적 평가에 대한 고정관념과 질적 평가에 대한 인식부족, 기본 생정통계와 정보체계의 미비로 인한 부정확한 통계생산, 사업요원의 전문지식과 기술 부족, 그리고 인력부족 등이 문제점으로 대두되었다. 효율적인 사업확산과 조기 정착을 위해 중앙정부의 일관성 있는 정책과 재정적 지원이 필수적이며, 보건정보체계확립, 그리고 공공보건기관과 민간의료기관간의 공식적인 협력체계확립이 필요하다. 사업추진 모니터링 및 평가, 조정을 위하여 중앙에 '모자보건 선도사업 기술지원단'을 구성하여 운영하고, 프로그램 운영이 잘되는 보건소를 특성화 보건소로 지원 육성하고, 사업요원의 업무 적정화를 위한 보건소 조직과 기존 보건사업체계의 평가와 재편이 필요하다. 보건사업요원의 자질 향상을 위한 지속적인 교육 훈련 시스템과 보건통계생산 관리를 위한 정보체계의 구축이 요구된다. 모자보건사업관련 보건교육자료를 수집하고 개발하여 전국 보건소에 공급하는 중앙 보건교육자료 및 정보센터가 필요하다.

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A Theoretical Analysis of Probabilistic DDHV Estimation Models (확률적인 중방향 설계시간 교통량 산정 모형에 관한 이론적 해석)

  • Cho, Jun-Han;Kim, Seong-Ho;Rho, Jeong-Hyun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.199-209
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    • 2008
  • This paper is described the concepts and limitations for the traditional directional design hour volume estimation. The main objective of this paper is to establish an estimation method of probabilistic directional design hour volume in order to improve the limitation for the traditional approach method. To express the traffic congestion of specific road segment, this paper proposed the link travel time as the probability that the road capacity can accommodate a certain traffic demand at desired service level. Also, the link travel time threshold was derived from chance-constrained stochastic model. Such successive probabilistic process could determine optimal ranked design hour volume and directional design hour volume. Therefore, the probabilistic directional design hour volume can consider the traffic congestion and economic aspect in road planning and design stage. It is hoped that this study will provide a better understanding of various issues involved in the short term prediction of directional design hourly volume on different types of roads.

Cable/Wireless Integrated Server for WiBro Contents (와이브로 컨텐츠를 위한 유/무선 통합 서버)

  • Kim, Bae-Hyun;Heo, Jin-Kyoung
    • The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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    • v.9 no.5
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    • pp.73-78
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    • 2009
  • We researched economic efficiency and possibility of game portal service based PDA/Smart phone by popularize of next generation portable internet WiBro. PDA/Smart phone are difficult to equal level content service with PC, because of it has low CPU and memory than PC. This paper are implemented paper of integrated server of Cable or Wireless for WiBro contents. In this research, we implemented and show test result of CP killer contents in PDA. It can apply to WiBro portable internet and has required many functions in integrated server for cable or wireless. CP Killer contents for WiBro portable internet is developed by PC server base on Window XP. It can accept next generation wireless LAN, portable internet and ubiquitous issues. We expect activation of commercial use that WiBro contents and server trading.

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The Role of R&D Center for Technology Commercialization : The Case and Implication to The Developing Country (기술사업화를 위한 연구개발센터의 역할 : 개발도상국의 사례 및 시사점)

  • Kim, Jong Jin;Choi, Jong In
    • Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.27-39
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    • 2014
  • The role of R&D center for technology commercialization can be categorized into three distinct stages: the first stage consists in developing industrial problem-solving capability; the second consists in catching up with industrialized economies developing creative imitations of imported technologies; and the third consists in acquiring advanced knowledge creation capability. Accordingly, the R&D center's organization should be aligned with this development strategy. This case study of Kazakhstan provide a managerial implication for the other developing countries. The first stage of development, which may be called the 'industrial problem solving stage,' the center will build the infrastructure in terms of both technology and human-resources. The second stage will involve building up 'knowledge capability' with a view to becoming a major industrial R&D hub in Central Eurasia. In the third stage, the center will create advanced knowledge as a 'world-class knowledge center'. In this regard, the evolution of the R&D center should be described according to the features of the center's services.

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A Study of Origin and Destination Decision for a Direct Bus Line in a City with Transit Mobility and Potential Demand (대중교통 이동성과 잠재수요를 이용한 도시 내 지역 간 직결노선버스 기종점 선정에 관한 연구)

  • Chang, Kyung Uk;Kim, Hwang Bae;Park, Hong Sik;Park, Seon Bok
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.31 no.4D
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    • pp.547-553
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    • 2011
  • This study has redefined the concepts of mobility indexes and potential demand, standards to evaluate areas with the worst public transportation system and applied the relevant indexes to select the areas with the worst public transportation mobility and present a method to set direct public transportation lines between these regions. The mobility indexes and indexes to evaluate potential demand were applied to select the regions with the worst public transportation systems in four metropolitan cities and case studies were carried out on direct lines provided between these regions. The analysis results showed that in public transportation mobility blind spots, public transportation takes much longer than driving an automobile or public transportation services are not provided. In addition, the analysis showed that a direct lines system to solve such worst off regions should be built to have public transportation take as much time as driving an automobile by establishing lines for automobiles only, minimize time lost from hopping up and down a bus and maximize connections.

Needs Analysis of Vocational Education and e-Learning for Foreign Workers in Korea (외국인근로자 직업능력개발을 위한 교육훈련 및 e-Learning 요구분석)

  • Lee, Soo-Kyoung;Byun, Sook-Young
    • Journal of Digital Contents Society
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.233-240
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    • 2011
  • In this study we analyzed the foreign workers' needs for pre-training and post support, and researched possibility of e-Learning as the effective methodology for foreign workers' vocational development. A total of 1872 people were participated in this study. The first contents of the survey were satisfaction and difficulties focusing on pre-training. The second contents were willingness to participate in post-training program, the expected difficulties related to post support. The third contents were preferences and needs of e-Learning, The results revealed various issues of the pre-training and post support. Foreign workers showed high expectation and needs on post training program, but the problems such as lack of time and workplace leave were pointed out to the greatest difficulties. Considering their high preferences for e-Learning, a possibility and necessity of e-Learning which can resolve difficulties of the workplace leave and give the customized service at different conditions and levels of training was anticipated.

Communication of Students in Nursing Simulation using Standard Patient (표준화 환자를 활용한 간호시뮬레이션 시 학생의 의사소통)

  • Son, Hae Kyoung;Kim, Dong Hee
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.267-276
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study was to identify the categories and frequencies of communication of students in nursing simulation using standard patient. Data were collected through questionnaires and video recording of communication process of 41 nursing students in simulation related to pediatric enteritis from March to June, 2017. The data were analyzed the contents and frequencies of completed communication forms by trained researcher based on Interaction Process Analysis. In result, students used communication skills in task area frequently. Communication skills, such as orientation, open question, identification, giving information, opinion, and suggestion, and eye contact, were used frequently. In an uncomfortable atmosphere such as listening to the nursing client's complaints, students showed tension and stiff appearance. Students used high quality communication skills such as empathic understanding and therapeutic touch restrictively. In conclusion, we need education strategies relating to therapeutic communication for nursing professionalism and qualitative improvement of nursing service.