• Title/Summary/Keyword: 생물학적 고도 처리

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Effects of Ammonia Loading on Nitrification and Nitrite Build-up in an Activated Carbon Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (암모니아 부하가 활성탄 유동상에서의 질산화 및 아질산 축적에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, In-Cheol;Park, Soo-Young;Lee, Kwan-Yong;Bae, Jae-Ho;Cho, Kwang-Myeung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.53-60
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    • 2000
  • The effects of ammonia loading on nitrification, especially on nitrite build-up, in an activated carbon fluidized bed reactor were investigated by increasing the ammonia loading rate stepwise from 0.1 to $7.5kg\;NH_3-N/m^3{\cdot}day$. Although effluent nitrite concentration and nitrification efficiency fluctuated at the loading rates above $1.8kg\;NH_3-N/m^3{\cdot}day$, an average nitrification efficiency of 90% was achieved. Nitrite build-up began at an ammonia loading rate of $l.8kg\;NH_3-N/m^3{\cdot}day$, at which the free ammonia concentration was estimated to be above 1 mg/L. During the nitrite build-up, the ratio of influent $NH_3-N$ concentration to the DO concentration of the reactor liquor and the ratio of effluent $NH_3-N$ concentration to the DO concentration of the reactor liquor was measured to be above 100 and 2, respectively. Considering the advantages of nitritation/denitrification, a fluidized bed reactor could be an effective means for biological nitrification of wastewaters with high ammonia concentration.

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Studies on the Biological Effects of Chemosterilant, Hempa, on the Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae 1.) and Transmission of Sterility (화학적 불임유기물질 Hempa가 쌀바구미(Sitophilus oryzae L.)에 미치는 생물학적 영향 및 불임성의 전달에 관한 연구)

  • Shim Jai Wook
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.1-21
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    • 1973
  • Some experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the chemosterilant, hempa, on the biology of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L., and the transmission of the lethal factors in the progeny. One to three days old adult males were fed on the wheat grains treated with concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and $0.5\%$ of hempa water solution. The effects of the treatment on the mortality, longevity, and the performance of oviposition were examined for the Pl generation, and the hatchability and mortality in the postembryonic development were also tested in the $F_1,\;F_2,\;BC_1,\;F_3,\;and\;BC_2$ generations to analyze the inheritance of the lethal factors. The results obtained were summarized as follows. (1) The average longevity of the treated males were ranged from 26.6 to 30.4 days, and indicated no statistical differences. (2) The mortality of the treated males were ranged between $3.3\%\;and\;13.3\%$ and showed no statistical significance. (3) The overall mean number of eggs laid by a female mated to a treated male with concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.26 and $0.5\%$ were 3.78, 4.05, 3.75 and 3.61 for the respective treatments, and they were not differ significantly from those of control which were 3.60 per female per 3 day period. The unmated female laid 1.91 in the same period, and significantly differ from those in other experimental groups. (4) The overall mean hatchability of the eggs laid by the females mated with males that had been treated with various concentrations of hempa were 86.82, 64.77, 53.47, 40.33 and $24.78\%$ for the respective concentrations of 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25 and $0.5\%$. The hatchability decreased with the increasing concentrations. (5) The minimum hatchabilities were obtained from the eggs laid in the period of 10-12 days after treatment, then the hatchability increased showing some recovery. The recovery seemed to be very much delayed for the males which had been treated with the greater concentrations. Such a difference in hatchability might be related with the sensitivity of the developmental stages of the sperms, and broader spectrum in the stages and severer effects seemed to be associated with the increased concentrations. (6) The overall mean of larval mortality in the $F_l$ generation were 6.55, 17.89, 27.40, 35.42 and $52.17\%$ for the respective concentrations of 0,0.0625, 0.125,0.25 and $0.5\%$. And there was a tendency to increase in the mortality with the increase of concentrations. (7) The correlation coefficients between per cent sterile eggs and larval mortality for the experimental plots of 0.125, 0.25 and $0.5\%$ treatments showed r=+0.83 and +0.85, respectively, and it seemed to be close correlation between the lethal effects on the embryonic and post-embryonic developments. (8) Since the $SC_{50}$ of the sterile eggs was $0.133\%$ and $SC_{50}$ of the larval mortality was $0.565\%$, it was considered that tile lethal factors expressed more in the egg stages than the larval stages. (9) The ratio of female to male in the $F_l$ adults showed 100 : 125, 100 : 108 and 100 : 124 for the plots of 0.125, 0.25 and $0.5\%$ treatments, respectively. And it n·as considered that the sex ratio distortions might occur with the higher concentrations. (10) When the F, males originated 1.on the eggs had been laid by p, in the period of 16-18 days after treatment, were crossed to normal females $(BC_1)$ and made sib matings $(F_2)$, the per cent sterile eggs of the $BC_1$ generation were 13.88 and $33.04\%$ , and were 31.01 and $38.73\%$ for the $F_2$generation with the plots of 0.0625 and $0.125\%$ treatment, respectively. And these seemed to be a results of the $F_1$ individuals are carrying some chromosomal aberrations (11) The larval mortality was the highest in the $F_2$ plot and followed the female backcross plot, and the least in the male backcrosses. (12) The proportions of 1st and 2nd instar larvae among the larval development at tile 17th day after oviposition were 10.98, 27.26, 32.98 and $15.73\%$ in the normal female $\times$ normal male, $F_1$ female$\times$normal male, normal $female \;\times F_1$ male and $female \;\times F_1$ male plots, respectively. It was considered that the larval development might be delayed by the treatment in the 2nd generation. (13) Per cent larval mortality and sterile eggs were greater in the $F_2$ sib mating plots $(F_3)$ than both of $F_2$ backcrosses. Therefore, it seemed that some of the recessive lethal mutations might affect in the further generations. (14) The sterility, induced by the treatment of chemosterilant, hempa, was considered as the result of the dominant lethal mutations due to chromosomal aberrations such as translocation and/or deletion. The effects of these lethal factors seemed to be inherited tip to 3rd generation after treatment.

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기능성 식이섬유 소재의 생산기술

  • 김종태
    • Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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    • 2000.05a
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    • pp.5-7
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    • 2000
  • 국내에서의 식이섬유의 이용은 대부분 저분자량의 수용성 식이섬유를 이용한 음료형태가 주류를 이루고 있으며, 밀기울, 귀리, 옥수수 껍질 등으로 부터 얻는 불용성 식이섬유는 제과 및 제빵등에 이용되어 오고 있다. 수용성 식이섬유는 혈중 콜레스테롤을 저하시키며, 불용성 식이섬유는 변비예방과 장기능 증진효과가 탁월한 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러므로, 대장암과 변비같은 장질환 환자가 날로 증가하고 있는 상황에서 국내산 미이용 자원으로부터 불용성 식이섬유의 기능성 향상과 활용기술을 개발하는 것은 식품산업적 가치가 크다고 할 수 있다. 또한, 국내에서 소비되고 있는 폴리덱스트로스와 올리고당과 같은 기능성 당류의 대부분이 외국에서 수입하여 국내에 보급되고 있기 때문에 큰 외화지출이 되고 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 국내산 미곡 부산물인 밀기울 식이섬유 세포벽의 불용성 구조를 수용성으로 변화시킬 수 있는 변형기술과 얻어진 수용성 식이섬유 소재의 특성을 소개하고자 한다. 즉, 밀기울 세포벽의 수용화를 위한 가공처리는 압출성형 공정에 의하여 실시하였으며, 수용화가 수반되는 압출성형 조건에 따른 식이섬유 소재의 이화학적 특성과 수용화가 일어난 세포벽 성분의 분해기작에 대한 연구결과를 정리하였다. 그리고, 현행 올리고당과 식이섬유의 산업적 생산공정에서 문제점으로 대두되고 있는 효소처리, 산성하에서의 감압가열, 고점도 원료물질의 이송, 생물공학적 공정제어, 반응시간, 잔여 효소의 불활성화 및 재활용, 제조원가 상승 등과 같은 것을 해결하거나 개선할 수 있는 효율적인 압출반응공정의 조건과 생산된 소재 glucooligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide 등의 특성에 대하여 논하여 보기로 한다.경우가 많지 않다. 또한 그 발생 경위나 원인요소에 대해서는 일반에게 공개되지 않고 있어, 우리가 실천하여 식중독을 예방할 수 있는 정보가 함께 제시되지 못하는 형편이다. 따라서 본 고에서는 최근 수년간 외국에서 학교급식을 비롯한 집단급식 등에서 발생한 식중독 사례를 중심으로 고찰, 분석하였다. 이로부터 식중독 발생에 기여한 주요 원인을 찾아내고 여기서 얻어지는 교훈을 토대로 식중독 발생을 예방 및 최소화할 수 있는 실천적 대처 방안을 모색해 보고자 한다.중의 E. coli O157:H7이 연관되어있다는 보고도 있다. 목장 방문시 원유를 마신 어린이에서 HUS가 유발하였고, 균분리 결과, 농장의 소와 어린이에서 유사한 E. coli O157:H7이 분리된 바 있다. 본 연자들은 베로톡신 유형, plasmid profiles, RFLP 분석, phage type을 기초로하여 소에서 분리된 E. coli O157:H7이 사람유래주와 매우 유사함을 확인하였다.mm 및 2-6mm 난포에서의 101개(67.8%) 및 47개(50.0%) 보다 매우 낮게 나타났다. 전체 회수 난포란수도 4등급이 59.1%(149/252)로써 1, 2, 3등급의 0.4% (1/252), 7.6%(19/252) 및 32.9%(83/252)보다 높게 나타났다. 1회 평균 회수 난포란은 $\leq$2mm 난포에서 4.8$\pm$3.7개로써 2-6mm(3.0$\pm$3.4개) 및 $\geq$6mm (0.3$\pm$0.6개)보다 높았으며, 1회당 평균 8.1$\pm$5.1개의 난포란을 회수하였다. investigation can be separated into sa

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Anaerobic Biodegradability of Leachates Generated at Landfill Age (매립년한에 따른 침출수의 혐기성 생분해 특성)

  • Shin, Hang-Sik;Lee, Chae-young;Kang, Ki-hoon
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.90-96
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    • 2000
  • The composition of leachates varies depending on the waste characteristics, landfill age and landfilling method. Generally, leachates contain high dissolved organic substance and ammonia nitrogen whereas phosphorus concentration was very low. Leachate A produced from young landfill is characterized by high BOD5/COD ratio (0.8) whereas leachate C produced from old landfill has lower BOD5/COD ratio (0.1). Maximum biochemical methane potential of leachate A, B (from medium landfill) and C were 271,106 and 4 ml CH4/g-COD, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum biodegradability of leachate A, B, and C were 75,30, and 1%, respectively. These results indicated that anaerobic treatment of leachate from young landfill was effective in removing organic pollutants. In case of leachate C, carbon might reside in the form of large molecular weight organic compounds such as lignins, humic acids and other polymerized compounds of soils, which are resistant to biodegradation. The lag-phase period increased with the increasing organic concentration in leachate. In case of leachate A of concentration greater than 25%, the lag-phase period increased sharply. This implied that the start-up period of anaerobic process using an unacclimated inoculum could be extended due to the higher concentration of leachate. This relatively long lag-phase is probably related to the fact that most of the inhibitory compounds have been diluted beyond their inhibitory concentrations of less than 50%. Furthermore, the ultimate methane yield and methane production rate decreased as leachate concentration increased. It was anticipated the potential inhibition was related with the steady-state inhibition as well as the initial shock load.

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Identification and Cultural Optimization of the Fenitrothion-degrading Microorganism, Bacillus sphaericus NFo1 (Fenitrothion 분해미생물 Bacillus sphaericus NFo1의 동정 및 분해 최적조건)

  • Choi, Hyuek;Lee, Young-Deuk;Kang, Sun-Chul
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.21-27
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    • 2009
  • A study was carried out to find out the methodology of biological treatment for wastes and wastewater caused by an organophosporus insecticide, fenitrothion, using fenitrothion-degrading microorganism. A fenitrothion-degrading microorganism was isolated by using a selective nutrient broth (NB) medium including fenitrothion, and identified to Bacillus sphaericus NFol based on its morphological and biochemical characteristics. Further, investigation was processed to determine the optimal culture conditions degrading fenitrothion in NB medium by using the NFo1 strain. As results, the cultural conditions determined for temperature, initial pH and inoculum for the optimum growth of the strain and degradation of fenitrothion, which has a exact co-relationship between both of them, were $35^{\circ}C$, 7.5 and 1.5 at $OD_{660}$ value, respectively. In this conditions, fenitrothion could be degraded within 5 days over 90% at the high concentrations of fenitrothion, upto 200 mg/L.

Effects of Environmental Factors on Nitrite Accumulation in a Strong Nitrogen Removal System (고농도 질소폐수 처리 공정에서 환경인자가 아질산염 축적에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Noh-Back;Choi, Woo-Yung;Yoon, Ae-Hwa;Jun, Hang-Bae;Park, Sang-Min
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.51-62
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    • 2010
  • The high concentration of N in the wastewater from livestock farming generally renders the efficiency of the wastewater treatment. Therefore, removal of N in livestock wastewater is crucial for successful treatment. The current study was conducted to investigate the optimum conditions for partial nitrification under anaerobic condition following nitritation in TPAD-BNR(two-phase anaerobic digestion-biological nitrogen removal) operating system. Sequential operating test to stimulate partial nitrification in reactor showed that partial nitrification occurred at a ratio of 1.24 in $NO_2{^-}$-N:$NH_4{^+}$-N. With this result, a wide range of factors affecting stable nitritation were examined through regression analysis. In the livestock wastewater treatment procedure, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and pH range for optimum nitrite accumulation in the reactor were 1-1.5 days and 7-8, respectively. It was appeared that accumulation of $NO_2{^-}$-N in the reactor is due to inhibition of the $NO_2{^-}$-N oxidizer by free ammonia (FA) while the effect of free nitrous acid was minimal. Nitrification was not influenced by DO concentration at a range of 2.0-3.0 mg/L and the difference in the growth rate between $NH_4{^+}$-N oxidizer and $NO_2{^-}$-N oxidizer was dependent on the temperature in the reactor.

Effects of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Fruit Extract on Ultraviolet-induced Apoptosis of Skin Fibroblasts (UV조사에 의해 유도된 피부섬유아세포의 세포사에 미치는 Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) 열매추출물의 영향)

  • Hwang, In Sik;Koh, Eun Kyoung;Kim, Ji Eun;Lee, Young Ju;Kwak, Moon Hwa;Go, Jun;Sung, Ji Eun;Song, Sung Hwa;Hwang, Dae Youn
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.24 no.5
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    • pp.467-475
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    • 2014
  • Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a well-known and rich source of biologically active compounds, such as flavonoids, carotenoids, steroids, vitamins, tannins, and oleic acid. The effects of sea buckthorn fruit extract (SBFE) on ultraviolet (UV)-induced cell death was investigated in SK-MEL-2 cells cotreated with UV and a low concentration (LoC), medium concentration (MeC), or high concentration (HiC) of SBFE. Cell viability gradually decreased in accordance with an increase in the UV dose. The cell viability of the UV+SBFE cotreated cells increased significantly compared to that of UV+vehicle-treated cells during the application of an appropriate UV radiation dose (400 mJ). In addition, the number of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), propidium iodine (PI)-, and annexin V-stained apoptotic cells was higher in the UV+vehicle-treated cells than in the UV untreated cells. The decrease of apoptotic cell numbers varied in each treated group, but it was most significant in the SBFE-treated group. The number of PI-stained cells dramatically decreased in accordance with the concentration of SBFE, and the maximum decrease was detected in the UV+HiC-treated group. In addition, Bax expression increased and Bcl-2 expression decreased in the SBFE-treated group compared with the UV-only treated group. The level of caspase-3 remained constant in all the groups. These results suggest that SBFE may contribute to a recovery from UV-induced cell death through the regulation of apoptotic protein expression and that it may have potential therapeutic utility in ameliorating UV-induced skin ageing.

A Case Study on the Effective Liquid Manure Treatment System in Pig Farms (양돈농가의 돈분뇨 액비화 처리 우수사례 실태조사)

  • Kim, Soo-Ryang;Jeon, Sang-Joon;Hong, In-Gi;Kim, Dong-Kyun;Lee, Myung-Gyu
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.99-110
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of the study is to collect basis data for to establish standard administrative processes of liquid fertilizer treatment. From this survey we could make out the key point of each step through a case of effective liquid manure treatment system in pig house. It is divided into six step; 1. piggery slurry management step, 2. Solid-liquid separation step, 3. liquid fertilizer treatment (aeration) step, 4. liquid fertilizer treatment (microorganism, recirculation and internal return) step, 5. liquid fertilizer treatment (completion) step, 6. land application step. From now on, standardization process of liquid manure treatment technologies need to be develop based on the six steps process.

Evaluation of Agronomic Characteristics, Nutritional Contents, and Insect Response of the Transgenic Potato Resistant to Glufosinate Ammonium (제초제 저항성 형질전환 감자의 농업적 특성, 영양 성분 및 해충 반응성 평가)

  • Ahn, Soon-Young;Cho, Kwang-Soo;Seo, Hyeo-Won;Yi, Jeong-Yoon;Bae, Shin-Cheol;Cho, Ji-Hong;Park, Young-Eun;Kim, Ju-Il;Kim, Hyun-Jun;Cho, Hyun-Mook
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.247-254
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    • 2011
  • The agronomic characteristics, nutritional contents, and insect response of the potato clones transformed with a glufosinate ammonium resistance gene were evaluated. Among the 4 transgenic potato clones, the Bar 3 clone was selected as a promising one for commercialization. The Bar 3 clone showed similar tuber yield capacity but higher herbicide resistance as compared with the non-transgenic potato cv. Dejima. The herbicide resistance of the Bar 3 clone was more than 5 times higher when tested with the herbicide concentration recommended by the producer. The major agronomic characteristics of the Bar 3 clone were not different from those of the non-transgenic Dejima. The annual variation in yields and agronomic characteristics showed similar tendency for 2 years from the third to fourth generation after transformation. The tubers of the Bar 3 clone also showed low occurrence in common scab and physiological disorders such as cracking and secondary growth. But the reasons for such results are yet to be studied. Also, it was considered that the Bar 3 clone have a potential of reducing not only common scab occurrence but also soil erosion during potato cultivation in field. The nutritional contents (mineral compound, vitamin C and amino acid) and response to Spodoptera exigua of the transgenic potato clones were not significantly different.

The Functional Effects of Fermented Pine Needle Extract (솔잎착즙액의 발효에 따른 기능성 효과)

  • Park, Ga-Young;Li, Hongxian;Hwang, In-Deok;Cheong, Hyeon-Sook
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.376-383
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    • 2006
  • Pine needle(Pinus densiflora sieb, et zucc) extract has been used to improve cardiovascular disorders, detoxification of nicotine, the infirmities of age and curing diseases of unidentified symptoms. It has various useful components including amino acids, vitamin C, terpenoids and chlorophyll. In this study we have identified 8 different yeast strains that are developed spontaneously causing self fermentation in the extract. The self-fermented pine extract(SFPE) inhibited the growth of some bacterial strains like E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The SFPE($0.2{\mu}{\ell}/ml{\sim}0.3{\mu}{\ell}/ml$) showed 90% NBT superoxide scavenging activities which is similar for all tested samples of different ages. The 7 years old SFPE(0.15 mg/ml and 0.3 mg/ml) caused relaxation of spontaneous contraction and relaxation rhythm of thoracic arterial tissues from rat. Therefore, SFPE has useful effects such as antibacterial, antioxidant and improved blood circulation and could be a good source of functional food development.