• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.24
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2008

In order to assess antifungal activity of a wooden storage box, which was made of Paulownia tomentosa and used for keeping ancient documents, antifungal activity of volatile organic compounds emitted from the box was investigated along with qualitative analysis on major substances of the compounds. After collecting floating microorganisms inside air tester, the fungal activity was assessed by counting the number of colonies growing on TSA media. Compared to the control which collected 85 colonies from outdoor, 72 colonies were observed showing reduction rate of 14.82%. Through GC/MS and TDS system analysis, limonene was detected from the volatile organic compounds as characteristic features. When the fungal activity was assessed through fumigation by adding natural biocide BI and BII containing eugenol and anethole as major substances, both biocides showed a strong fungal activity with respectively 92.6%(inside the box) and 99.9%(outdoor) of reduction rate. Although these results didn't clarify antifungal activity of the volatile organic compounds emitted from the Paulownia-wood storage box and their functional components, it was at least confirmed that there is application possibility of natural biocide to use for preservation of ancient documents with increased efficiency in controlling pests of wooden storage boxes.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.304-311
• /
• 2021

This Experiment was conducted to determine the effects of light shield materials when melon grown inside a plastic greenhouse in summer season. The average temperatures were 36.6℃, 34.5℃ and 34.0℃ respectively for the control(non-shield), coating agent, and the white net. The light transmittances were 69% and 75%, respectively inside the greenhouse treated with the coating agent and white net immediately after applicants, compared with that inside the control greenhouse. At the 40 and 80 days after treatment, the light transmittances for the coating agent were 92% and 98%, respectively, indicating it was slowly decomposed and removed, but there was no change in the transmittance for the white net. While the leaf number did not differ among the treatments, the plant height was higher in the white net and shading agent than in control. The weight of the leaves, fresh-weight and dry-weight were no different from that of shading, but it became heavier in the later stages. The marketable fruit yield was increased by 6% for white nets and 5% for the coating agent compared to control, there was no statistical significance. Therefore, coating agent is considered as an effective method to lower temperature during high temperature period, but it is preferable to use it in consideration of cultivation period, because the coating agent is gradually removed.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2010

An infrared heating system, installed in a small venlo-type glasshouse ($280m^2$) in Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea, was used to investigate its heating effect with potted Phalaenopsis, Schefflera arboricola 'Hongkong', Ficus elastica 'Variegata', and Rosa hybrida 'Yellow King' as the test plants. Temperature changes in test plants with the system turned 'On' and 'Off' were measured by using an infrared camera and the consumption of electricity by this infrared heating system was measured and analyzed. In potted Phalaenopsis, when the set air temperature of the greenhouse was $18^{\circ}C$, temperature of leaves and the growing medium were $22.8{\sim}27^{\circ}C$ and $21.3{\sim}24.3^{\circ}C$, respectively. In such tall plants as Schefflera arboricola 'Hongkong' and Ficus elastica 'Variegata', the upper part showed the highest temperature of 24.0 and $26.9^{\circ}C$, respectively. From the results of temperature change measurements, the plant temperatures were near or above the set point temperatures with some fluctuations depending on the position or distance from the infrared heating system. When air temperature between night and dawn dropped sharply, plant temperatures were maintained close to the set temperature ($18^{\circ}C$). There was a significant difference between 'On' and 'Off' states of the infrared heating system in average temperatures of root zone and leaf: 21.8 and $17.8^{\circ}C$ with the system 'On' and 20.4 and $15.5^{\circ}C$ with the system 'Off', respectively, in a cut rose Rosa hybrida 'Yellow King'. The heating load was about $24,850{\sim}35,830kcal{\cdot}h^{-1}$, which comes to about 27,000~40,000 won in Korean currency when calculated in terms of the cost of heating by a hot water heating system heated by petroleum. The cost for heating by the infrared heating system was about 35% of that of a hot water heating system. With the infrared heating system, the air temperature during the night was maintained slightly lower than the set point air temperature, probably due to the lack of air tightness of the glasshouse. Therefore, glasshouses with an infrared heating system requires further investigation including the installation space of the heat-emitting units, temperature sensor positions, and convection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.49-59
• /
• 2002

The main function of plastic materials in food packaging is to preserve a food for safe transportation and storage. The interactions between food and plastic materials in food packaging have become increasingly important for food quality and safety because monomer, low molecular weight components, or additives of plastic packaging materials can migrate into a food. The use of antioxidants in plastic materials can help protect the degradation of film itself and retard the oxidation of a packaged food containing lipid, through the migration of antioxidant from the packaging to a product via an evaporation / sorption mechanism. Nowadays, antioxidant (BHT) impregnated plastic materials are used for commercial food packaging application with the intention of achieving an extended shelf life of food in USA. Alpha tocopherol, as one of the most important free radical scavengers, has been well known in biological systems. Moreover, the potential use of alpha tocopherol as an additive for polymers used in the packaging industry may offer the most positive perception from both consumers and manufacturers. Alpha tocopherol has been used as an antioxidant for polyolefin resins fabricated to both bottles and film and has applications in the food packaging industry as a replacement for BHT. Today, alpha tocopherol offers an attractive choice for use as an antioxidant in polymers. This paper provides an overview of antioxidant effectiveness and applications for its use by the food packaging industry based on the evaporation-sorption mechanism of a packaging model product, where quality is associated with lipid oxidation. Important analytical techniques for predicting antioxidant interaction between the package system and product are discussed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.791-799
• /
• 2015

This study focuses on the algae growth restraining. Many researches on a critical damage from algae growth are published, but it is hard to find how th restrain. Abnormal algae increasing is a problem, because it makes red tides, biodeterioration, etc. Therefore this study aims to decrease the damage from algae growth. Some metal ions have been used microorganism killing materials from old times. Especially, Cu ions are highly effective. Based on these uses of the metal ions, a functional mortar which restrains algae growth is developed. The mortar contains soluble glass which dissolve in water. The soluble glass was made of Cu ions and phosphates. When the soluble glass is dissolved, Cu ions are soaked out stably from the soluble glass. Culture mediums which incubate algae were made to evaluate the developed mortar specimens. Culture mediums were filled with fresh water and sea water. Algae were incubated for fourteen days in culture mediums. The evaluating methods are measuring volume of the dissolved organic carbon and the chlorophyll. Using these two measurements, the mortar specimens are judged that can restrain algae or not. According to the result, the functional mortars of culture medium filled with fresh and sea water shows similar trend. The functional mortar for restraining algae growth performs that's role well.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.304-310
• /
• 2015

The moisture content of sawdust must be measured accurately and controlled appropriately during storage and transportation because biological degradation could be caused by improper moisture. In this study, to measure the moisture contents of Larix kaempferi sawdust, the near-infrared reflectance spectra (Wavelength 1000-2400 nm) of sawdust were used as detection parameter. After acquiring the NIR reflection spectrum of specimens which were humidified at each relative humidity condition ($25^{\circ}C$, RH 30~99%), moisture content prediction model was developed using mathematical preprocessings (e.g. smoothing, standard normal variate) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis with the acquired spectrum data. High reliability of the MC regression model with NIR spectroscopy was verified by cross validation test ($R^2$ = 0.94, RMSEP = 1.544). The results of this study show that NIR spectroscopy could be used as a convenient and accurate method for the nondestructive determination of moisture content of sawdust, which could lead to optimize wood utilization.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.121-132
• /
• 2017

The increase of greenhouse gases and the concern of global warming instigate the development and spread of renewable energy and hydrogen is considered one of the clean energy sources. Hydrogen is one of the most elements in the earth and exist in the form of fossil fuel, biomass and water. In order to use hydrogen for a clean energy source, the hydrogen production method should be eco-friendly and economic as well. There are two different hydrogen production methods: conventional thermal method using fossil fuel and renewable method using biomass and water. Steam reforming, autothermal reforming, partial oxidation, and gasification (using solid fuel) have been considered for hydrogen production from fossil fuel. When using fossil fuel, carbon dioxide should be separated from hydrogen and captured to be accepted as a clean energy. The amount of hydrogen from biomass is insignificant. In order to occupy noticeable portion in hydrogen industries, biomass conversion, especially, biological method should be sufficiently improved in a process efficiency and a microorganism cultivation. Electrolysis is a mature technology and hydrogen from water is considered the most eco-friendly method in terms of clean energy when the electric power is from renewable sources such as photovoltaic cell, solar heat, and wind power etc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.173-183
• /
• 2016

Fungi are a major cause of cultural and biological degradation in museum storages and archives libraries. In addition, fungi produce toxins and can cause skin allergies. In particular, fungi coming into contact with the skin through the hands of administrators dealing with cultural properties, archives, and books can lead to secondary infections. To prevent this, applying hand sanitizer, which is readily available in the market, is recommended. However, such hand sanitizer can effectively disinfect against bacteria but not fungi. As such, researching for an alternative is required. In this study, we developed a hand sanitizer composed of active ingredients - geranial, cineol, menthol, and Chamaecyparis obtusa - and performed a disinfection test, which targets 10 kinds of species (Alternaria citrimacularis, Alternaria consortialis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Coniothyrium aleurites, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium paneum, and Penicillium polonicum), of fungi investigated in museums and libraries. It was then confirmed to exhibit excellent disinfecting effects. Thus, this hand sanitizer is expected to prevent skin diseases and secondary infections in administrators dealing with cultural properties, archives, and books.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.27
• /
• pp.103-124
• /
• 2022

This study examined the properties of the materials used in the three-story pagoda at Jangha-ri, Buyeo. It was performed in order to identify the objective condition of the pagoda and establish an appropriate plan for the conservation treatment of the pagoda. According to the study, the average total magnetic susceptibility was 3.71 (10^-3 SI unit), and at least four types of granite with different origins were likely used in the production of the pagoda. The ultrasonic velocity averaged 1,519m/s, and the coefficient of weathering showed an average of grade 4. The thermal gradient between the cement (restoration materials) and original materials was identified through thermal imaging. In some areas, the cement restoration materials required replacement with new stone materials with properties similar to those of the original stone materials. Taking into account these results, a map of weathering damage was prepared and appropriate conservation treatment plans were established based on the findings of previous studies. Since the pagoda had suffered severe biological damage and discoloration, surface contaminants were removed through wet cleaning with distilled water and a brush. The exfoliated areas were reinforced on the site by mixing epoxy resin with powdered stone with the same properties as the original stone materials of the pagoda.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.100-116
• /
• 2023

The Sinamsa Temple was built in the late Goryeo Dynasty and a gilt-bronze seated Buddha is enshrined in Geungnakjeon hall in the precinct. Various damages occurred in the gilt layer of the Buddha, such as peeling of the gilt layer and deteriorating gloss. In the study, the conservation conditions of the inside and outside on the statue were accurately investigated, and the making technique was interpreted through the material characteristics and non-destructive diagnosis of the statue. As a result, it is estimated that gold-gilding layer is pure gold, coloration pigment of black is carbon, green is malachite, atacamite and verdigris, red is red lead and cinnabar, respectively. In the deterioration evaluation, peeling, cracking, break out and exfoliation of the gilt layer are confirmed as damages, but the conservation condition is relatively wholesome. However, the gloss of the gilt layer is calculated to be wider in the poorer part than the maintenance part. The ultrasonic velocity of the statue was calculated to be 1,230 to 3,987 (mean 2,608) m/s and showed a relatively wide range. In infrared thermography, peeling was not confirmed, and no special bonding marks were found. In endoscope, some biological damage and corrosion were observed on the surface of the internal metal, and sealed artifacts were identified. Manufacturing technique based on the study, it is considered that the gilt-bronze seated Buddha was cast at once, and the mold was inverted to inject molten metal.