• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.3 s.21
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• pp.47-54
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• 2004

The performance of road-pavement system is closely related to the constituent materials and their susceptibility to mechanical as well as physicochemical stresses. However, the influence of physical and chemical effects on the road-pavement system due to pollution intrusion has not been investigated fully. To study this topic, thu.;, the interaction of a road-pavement system with pollution sources and environments are identified and discussed preliminarily in this paper. Pollution intrusion to road-pavement system occurs by three basic mechanisms; 1) direct intrusion into pavement surface, 2) intrusion from the Right of way, and 3) physical-chemical-biological alterations. Pollution intrusion potential is closely related to material type, particle size, and climatological and topographical features. Stability and performance of road-pavement system is also directly affected by pollution intrusion. Based on these features, thus, engineers working in related to the road design, construction, and maintenance should be seriously considered this topic.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.193-203
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between rice yield and climate elements in Daegu (southern plain area) and Andong (inland mountainous area) regions. Over the past 20 years, rice yield has increased in both regions. The rice yield of middle and mid-late maturing cultivars in the recent 5 years increased by about 10% and 18%, respectively, compared to that produced in the early 2000s in the Daegu region. In the Andong region, the rice yield of mid-late maturing rice cultivars in the recent 5 years was higher by about 7% than that of the early 2000s. The number of panicles per hill and grain ripening rate significantly affected rice yield in mid-late maturing cultivars. In addition, the grain weight and grain ripening rate significantly affected rice production in middle maturing cultivars grown in the Daegu region. With regard to the middle maturing cultivars, the relationship between grain weight and rice yield had a positive significant correlation in both regions. To understand the effect of climate factors on rice yield, the milled rice yield of several rice cultivars produced over the past 20 years (1999-2018) at both locations, Daegu and Andong, were evaluated. The rice yields increased owing to long sunshine duration during the grain filling stage in the Daegu region. In Andong, rising maximum temperature during the vegetative stage increased rice yield of early and mid-late maturing cultivars. Long sunshine hours increased yield of mid-late maturing cultivars in both regions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate forest site productivity and productive areas of Quercus acutissima and Quercus mongolica using environmental factors including climatic variables. Using the data set from digital forest site map and forest climatic map, a total of 42 environmental variables were regressed on site index for developing the best site index equations for Quercus acutissima and Quercus mongolica. Five to six environmental factors by species were selected as independent variables in the best site index equations. For the site index equations, three evaluation statistics (i.e., mean difference, standard deviation of difference, and standard error of difference) were applied to the test data set for the validation of the results, The site index equations fitted well to the test data set with relatively low bias and variation. As a result, it was concluded that the site index equations by species were well capable of estimating site quality. Finally, based on the site index equations, the productive areas by species were estimated by applying GIS technique to the digital forest maps. In addition, the distribution of productive areas by species was illustrated.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.413-413
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• 2019

하천과 호수에서 남조류의 이상 과잉증식 문제(이하 녹조문제)는 담수생태계의 생물다양성을 감소시키며, 음용수의 이취미 원인물질을 발생시켜 물 이용에 장해가 된다. 또한 독소를 생산하는 유해남조류가 대량 증식할 경우에는 가축이나 인간의 건강에 치명적 해를 끼치기도 한다. 그 동안 국내에서 녹조문제는 댐 저수지와 하구호와 같은 정체수역에서 간헐적으로 문제를 일으켰으나, 4대강사업(2010-2011)으로 16개의 보가 설치된 이후 낙동강, 금강, 영산강 등 대하천에서도 광범위하게 발생되고 있어 중요한 사회적 환경적 이슈로 대두되었다. 한편, 대하천에 설치된 보 구간에서 빈번히 발생하는 녹조현상의 원인에 대해서는 전 지구적 기온상승에 따른 기후변화의 영향이라는 주장과 유역으로부터 영양염류의 과도한 유입, 가뭄에 따른 유량감소, 보 설치에 따른 체류시간 증가 등 다양한 의견이 제시되고 있으나, 대상 유역과 수체의 특성에 따라 녹조 발생의 원인이 상이하거나 또는 다양한 요인이 복합적으로 작용하기 때문에 보편적 해석(universal interpretation)이 어려운 것이 현실이다. 따라서 각 수계별, 보별 녹조현상에 대한 정확한 원인분석과 효과적인 대책 마련을 위해서는 집중된 실험자료와 데이터마이닝 기법에 근거로 한 보다 과학적이고 객관적인 접근이 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구에서는 2012년 보 설치 이후 남조류에 의한 녹조현상이 빈번히 발생하고 있는 낙동강 4개보(강정고령보, 달성보, 합천창녕보, 창녕함안보)를 대상으로 집중적인 현장조사와 실험분석을 수행하고, 수집된 기상, 수문, 수질, 조류 자료에 대해 통계분석과 다양한 데이터모델링 기법을 적용하여 보별 남조류 우점 환경조건과 이를 제어하기 위한 주요 조절변수를 규명하는데 있다. 연구대상 보 별 수질과 식물플랑크톤의 정성 및 정량 실험은 2017년 5월부터 2018년 11월까지 2년에 걸쳐 실시하였으며, 남조류 세포수 밀도와 환경요인과의 상관성 분석을 실시하고, 단계적 다중회귀모델(Step-wise Multiple Linear Regressions, SMLR), 랜덤포레스트(Random Forests, RF) 모델과 재귀적 변수 제거 기법(Recursive Feature Elimination using Random Forest, RFE-RF)을 이용한 변수중요도 평가, 의사결정나무(Decision Tree, DT), 주성분분석(Principal Component Analysis, PCA) 기법 등 다양한 모수적 및 비모수적 데이터마이닝 결과를 바탕으로 각 보별 남 조류 우점 환경요인을 종합적으로 해석하였다.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.376-384
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• 2017

Bangladesh is a South Asian country with subtropical monsoonal climate between the intersection of the Indo-Himalayan and Indo-Chinese sub-regions, is known as biodiversity hotspot of the Asian region. The country has different types of forest like deciduous forest, evergreen forest, mixed forest, haor (wetlands) and mangrove forest. The natural beauty of the country is increased with the presence of so many rivers, longest sea beach of the world, green plants, critical hilly regions and green agricultural forest widely spread here and there. Sundarbans is the world largest mangrove forest and world natural heritage site declared by UNESCO in 1999 situated in Bangladesh and India. About 62 percent of this mangrove forest is situated in Bangladesh and there are so many plants and animals are found in this forest. To meet the increasing demand of the large population most of the natural ecosystem is now altered, deforestation rate is increased, natural habitat of the species is disturbed. Due to the imbalance of the climate and natural system many of the rare species of the world found this region is now endangered and some of the species are extinct. Directly or indirectly they are benefited from natural resources. At present time community, based ecotourism is also an important source of income for rural poor peoples. To protect the natural resources the government is now developed so many conservation acts and policy as well NGOs are also doing work for the conservation of ecosystem and biodiversity. At present transboundary pollutants and so many natural disasters also destruct the natural resources of Bangladesh.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2021

An ecological niche is defined as the specific role of a species influenced by time, space, and other resources. By investigating overlaps between ecological niches of different species, we could estimate the degrees of interspecific competition. Such studies often use geographic information systems (GIS) to discover niche overlaps between species. In this study, we used GIS to estimate the spatial niches of two Korean frog species(Pelophylax nigromaculatus and P. chosenicus). This enabled us to predict their geographic distributions in order to identify their coexistence regions and distribution patterns. The results confirmed that altitude was an important variable for predicting their distribution, with a correlation with their climatic range. Spatial distributions of the two frog species were highly overlapped, as the distribution range for P. nigromaculatus included most of the range of P. chosenicus, showing a sympatric distribution pattern. Within the coexisting regions, however, the presence sites for the two species did not overlap, implying weak competition. To confirm the principal factors influencing their competitive relationship and reasons for their sympatric distribution pattern, we need more detailed in-depth studies on the diverse environmental variables within the regions where the two species coexist. By doing so, we would be able to identify various mechanisms for avoiding competition in sympatric frog species.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2019

Seasonal succession of zooplankton community and species composition was studied from 2003 to 2014 in a deep reservoir, Lake Soyang, in monsoon climate region, Korea. Annual precipitation was concentrated more than 70% between June and September and it showed remarkably that seasonal variation in water quality. Seasonal variation of water quality in Lake Soyang appeared to be more significant than annual variations, and the inflow of turbid water during the summer rainfall was the most important environmental factor. Zooplankton sepecies composition in Lake Soyang showed obvious tendency through two periods (May to June and August to October) every year. Small zooplankton (rotifer; Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra vulgaris) dominated in spring and mesozooplankton such as copepods and crustaceans were dominant in summer and fall. Zooplankton biomass showed the maximum in September after monsoon rainfall, and chlorophyll showed a similar seasonal variation and it showed a high correlation (r=0.45). The increase of zooplankton biomass is considered to be a bottom-up effect due to the increase of primary producers and inflow of nutrients and organic matter from rainfall. In this study, we found that the variation of zooplankton community was affected by rainfall in monsoon climate region and inflow of turbid water was an important environmental factor, which influenced the water quality, zooplankton seasonal succession in Lake Soyang. It was also considered to be influenced by hydrological characteristics of lake and environment of watershed. In conclusion, seasonal succession of zooplankton species composition was the same as the PEG model. But seasonal succession of zooplankton biomass differed not only in the temperate lake but also in the monsoon region.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.266-272
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• 2021

The aboveground biomass (AGB) was estimated in mixed dipterocarp forests (MDF), peat swamp forests (PSF), and heath forests (HF) in Brunei Darussalam. A total of 81 (20 m×20 m) plots were established for MDF, PSF, and HF in three regions. The diameter at breast height(DBH) of all live trees (DBH≥10 cm) was measured within the plots. The AGB was calculated using an allometric equation with the measured DBH. The AGB(Mg ha^-1) for MDF, PSF, and HF was 603.3±159.9, 305.9±23.4, and 284.3±19.3, respectively, and was significantly different among the forest types (p<0.05). The greater AGB in MDF than those in PSF and HF was due to the presence of emergent trees in MDF. The results showed that the number of emergent trees varied by forest type. Consequently, the appearance of the emergent trees could be one of the main factors affecting AGB in Southeast Asia's tropical rain forests.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient distribution and controlling factors in small stream estuaries. The seasonal variations of nutrient concentration (nitrate, ammonium and phosphate) were observed from 2010 to 2012 in the three streams located in Dang-hang (closed estuary: Go-seong, open estuary: Gu-man and Ma-am). The nutrient concentrations in Go-seong were significantly higher than other estuaries, because Go-seong is relatively large and has large nutrient load from the watershed. The dyke located at the estuary, also, caused the high nutrient concentration by reducing the dilution and increasing residence time. In all three streams, nitrate concentration was high at upstream and decreased toward the downstream, because high load of nutrient input were located at upstream. Dilution and biogeochemical removal toward the downstream also caused the trends. Especially, denitrification, a typical nitrogen removing process showed clear tendency of gradual decreasing from upstream to downstream. However, Ammonium and phosphate concentrations were high at upstream and decreased toward the downstream only when the nutrient loads from the rivers were high. Nutrient concentrations were low in summer and high in winter. Freshwater discharge in summer caused a decrease of the residence time and increase of the transport of nutrients to downstream and reduced the nutrient concentrations in the estuary. Nutrient removal by the biological production during high temperature periods also affected the low nutrient concentrations. Small stream estuaries showed distinct nutrient dynamics. It is necessary to understand these characteristics in order to properly manage the small stream estuary.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.378-401
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• 2019

This study generated a list of plants in eight sections from the Baekdansa ticket office (874m) to Cheonjedan (1,560m) divided in the interval of 100m above sea level to examine the species diversity patterns and distribution changes of the vascular plants at different altitudes in Taebaeksan National Park. Four site surveys found a total of 385 taxa: 89 families, 240 genera, 345 species, 5 subspecies, 34 varieties, and 1 form. A result of analyzing the change of species diversity along elevational gradients showed that it decreased with increasing elevation and then increased from a certain section. A result of analyzing habitat affinity types showed that the proportion of forest species increased with increasing elevation. On the other hand, the ruderal species appeared at a high rate in the artificial interference section. A result of comparing the proportion of woody and herb plants showed that the woody plants gradually increased with elevation and rapidly decreased in the artificial interference section. On the other hand, the herb plants showed the opposite trend. A result of analyzing the change of distribution of species according to altitude with the DCA technique showed that the vascular plants were divided into three groups according to the elevation in order on the I axis with the boundaries at 900m and 1,300m above sea level. The arrangement of each stand from right to left along the altitude on the I axis with a significant correlation with warmth index (WI) confirmed that the temperature change along the altitude could affect the distribution of vascular plants, composition, and diversity. Therefore, the continuous monitoring is necessary to confirm ecological and environmental characteristics of vegetation, distribution ranges, changes of habitat. We expect that the results of this study will be used as the basic data for establishing the measurement measures related to the preservation of biodiversity and climate change.