• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.84-96
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• 2004

This study aims at developing an easily-applicable Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure(SSOP) program for Fresh raw-fish manufacturing. It compares the sanitation inspection results of SSOP-program-applied procedure and non-applied procedure. The samplings for bacteriological examination were collected from the touching surface of food and from the personal workers. The sanitation status was recorded in the check-up list. The results were statistically analyzed to ascertain the efficiency of the SSOP program. The present official KFDA check-up list for sanitation inspection is composed of 51 items. Each item is judged to be fit or unfit to the standards. When the unfit items are more than 6, the work-place is judged to be insanitary. But in this study, the results of sanitation inspection are scaled in points in the 70％ allotment, and the results of bacteriological examination are scaled in points in 30％, totaling 100％. Below 60 scores are judged to be insanitary and administratively punished; 61-75 scores are judged to be average; 76-85 good; above 86 excellent. The sanitation inspection scores by the improved check-up list went up by two grades from 71.8 (before SSOP program) to 88.6 (after SSOP program). The results of bacteriological examination also improved from 57.5 to 98.2. The total scores of both results converted in the allotment of 70％ and 30％ also showed an improvement by two grades from 66.4 (before SSOP program) to 93.4 (after SSOP program). The above results show that the manufacturers participated in this study are following the 8 essential sanitary procedures which are needed to anchor the HACCP system.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2004

Using geo-statistical method, yield data of different fields were analyzed to examine their field variability according to examining year, analysis method. Semivariogram and Kriged maps of geo-statistical analysis were used to examine their spatial dependence within a filed. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Descriptive statistical results of the yield showed that the yield and the difference of yield ranged from 100 to 946kg/10a and from 272 to 653kg/10a, respectively within a field. The coefficient of variation also ranged from 5.9 to 22.4 %. 2) More than 90% of yield data were placed between 350 to 850kg/10a. e results indicated that the gram mass flow sensor should have the measuring range from 0.34 to 0.82kg/s considering the yields when 4 rows head-feeding combine with 0.8 m/s of working speed was utilized. 3) A high spatial dependence was found within paddy field. The Q values ranged from 0.20 to 0.97, and the range of spatial dependence was from 6.9 to 53.3m. From this result, the rational sampling interval for yield investigation was estimated 6.9m. 4) Yields within a field between observation years showed considerable variability even if the field was evenly cultivated and managed. To apply precision agriculture in a paddy field, the field test should be continued to build a solid data-base including meteorological data, blight damage and insect damage.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 2004

For geotechnical applications, engineers use data obtained from a site investigation to interpret the structure and potential behavior of the subsurface. In most cases, these data consist of samples that represent 1/100,000 or less of the total volume of soil. These samples and associated field and lab testing provide the information used to estimate soil parameter values. The resulting values are estimated ones and there exists some likelihood that actual soil conditions are significantly different from the estimates. This may be the case even if the sampling and interpretation procedures are performed in accordance with standard practice. Although these efforts have been made to characterize the uncertainty associated with geotechnical parameters, there is no commonly accepted method to evaluate quantitatively the quality of an investigation plan as a whole or the relative significance of individual sampling points or potential sampling points.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.109-134
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of socio-demographic characteristics, communication ability and cultural identity on marital satisfaction among Kosian housewives living in rural areas. The findings of this study are summarized as follows; First, most Kosian housewives' motivation for international marriage is to seek economic advancement, but 30% of the respondents are below the minimum standard of living. Second, the mean score of Korean cultural identity(KCid) fell into the medium level of the scale, and it was higher than that of original cultural identity(OCid) Third, OCid showed statistically significant relations with age, nationality, occupation in their country, religion, number of children, period of marriage, and motivation for marriage. Fourth, more than half of them fell into the low level communication ability group. The high level communication ability group marked higher scores of KCid than the low level group. Fifth, the high level KCid group marked higher scores in marriage satisfaction than the low group. However, no statistical differences between high and low groups were found in OCid. Fifth, KCid is found to have the most strong impact on marriage satisfaction. The higher the score of KCid and of yearly mean income, the scores of marriage satisfaction were higher. And the lower the score of OCid and of education level, the scores of marriage satisfaction were lower.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.543-559
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• 2019

Data often include missing values due to various reasons. If the missing data mechanism is not MCAR, analysis based on fully observed cases may an estimation cause bias and decrease the precision of the estimate since partially observed cases are excluded. Especially when data include many variables, missing values cause more serious problems. Many imputation techniques are suggested to overcome this difficulty. However, imputation methods using parametric models may not fit well with real data which do not satisfy model assumptions. In this study, we review imputation methods using nonlinear models such as kernel, resampling, and spline methods which are robust on model assumptions. In addition, we suggest utilizing imputation classes to improve imputation accuracy or adding random errors to correctly estimate the variance of the estimates in nonlinear imputation models. Performances of imputation methods using nonlinear models are compared under various simulated data settings. Simulation results indicate that the performances of imputation methods are different as data settings change. However, imputation based on the kernel regression or the penalized spline performs better in most situations. Utilizing imputation classes or adding random errors improves the performance of imputation methods using nonlinear models.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_3
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• pp.1733-1741
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• 2020

This study analyzed the effect of meteorological factors on the concentration of PM10 (particulate matter 10) in the atmosphere and the variation of rainwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis. The concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere was continuously measured during eleven precipitation events with a custom-built PM sensor node. A total of 183 rainwater samples were analyzed for pH, EC (electrical conductivity), and water-soluble cations (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, NH4+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-). The data has been analyzed using two multivariate statistical techniques (principal component analysis, PCA, and Pearson correlation analysis) to identify relationships among PM10 concentrations in the atmosphere, meteorological factors, and rainwater quality factors. When the rainfall intensity was relatively strong (> 5 mm/h, rainfall type 1), the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere showed a negative correlation (r = -0.55, p < 0.05) with cumulative rainfall. The PM10 concentration increased the concentration of water-soluble ions (r = 0.25) and EC (r = 0.4), and decreased the pH (r = -0.7) of rainwater samples. However, for rainfall type 2 (< 5 mm/h), there was no negative correlation between the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere and cumulative rainfall and no statistically significant correlation between the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere and rainwater quality.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to closely investigate the constructive relationship between leisure satisfaction, leisure ability, exercise satisfaction, and consistent motor behavior patterns of the elderly's participation in leisure life sports. In order to achieve this, we surveyed and utilized the sampling of conveniences that selected Yongin and Seongnam city in Gyeonggi-do sports clubs, and accumulated samples of the elderly in living sports. The sample size was 239 elderly people. Based on this, according to the purpose of the study, statistical techniques, spss 23.0, and amos programs were used for analysis. The satisfaction analysis used in the research for a data analysis includes frequency analysis, exploatory factor analysis, confirmatory facor analysis, reliability analysis, correnlation analysis and structure equation model analysis. The research has drawn the following conclusions, based on the above mentioned research method and its procedures: First, it affects the satisfaction of the leisure satisfaction movement. Second, leisure ability affects exercise satisfaction. Third, exercise satisfaction affects the consistent exercise persistence and immersion satisfaction of exercise. As a result, it can be seen that the leisure immersion according to the experience of leisure competence has an effect on the satisfaction of the exercise. As a result, and the continuation of the exercise.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.30-30
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 여름철에 농업용수(벼농사용)로서 집중적으로 지하수를 사용하는 지역에서 시기별 지하수 사용에 따른 지하수 수질변화를 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구지역은 충남 홍성군 양곡리와 신곡리 일부를 포함하는 면적 2.83 ㎢(283.3 ha)에 해당하는 지역이다. 연구지역 지하수 수질의 공간적 분포 및 시간적 변화 특성 평가를 위하여 2019년 2회(7월, 10월)에 걸쳐 지하수 관정(21개소)에 대하여 조사 및 분석을 수행하였다. 지하수 샘플은 현장에서 온도(T), pH, 용존산소(DO) 및 전기전도도(EC), 산화환원전위(Eh) 등을 측정하였고, 실험실에서 주요 양이온 및 미량원소(Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si, Sr), 음이온(F, Cl, Br, NO₂, NO₃, PO₄, SO₄), 알칼리도, 용존 유기탄소(DOC)와 용존 유기물(DOM) 등을 분석하였다. 지하수 수질조사 결과, 전체의 14~15개소(67~71%)가 Ca-HCO₃ 유형으로 분류되었으며, 다음으로는 Ca-Cl 유형이 4~5개소(19~24%)가 관찰되었다. 얕은 심도의 관정에서 상대적으로 심도가 깊은 관정보다 대부분 성분(TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO₄, HCO₃, DOC)에서 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 지하수의 수질자료를 이용하여 다변량통계분석법인 주성분분석(PCA: Principal Components Analysis)과 계층적 군집분석(HCA: Hierachical Cluster Anlaysis)를 수행한 결과, 초기 3개 주요 고유성분(eigenvalue)는 PC1 54.0%, PC2 14.2%, PC3 12.3%로 전체 분산의 88.3%를 설명할 수 있었다. PC1은 Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO₄, DOC가 주요한 영향 인자였으며 PC2는 HCO₃, NO₃, DO에 영향 받음을 확인하였다. 계층적 군집분석 결과, 연구지역 지하수는 Na-Cl 유형의 C-3 관정을 제외하고는 크게 두 그룹으로 구분되어 졌다. 다변량통계분석의 결과에서도 수리지화학, 동위원소, 용존유기물 등의 특성에서 나타나는 것과 유사한 연구지역의 수질특성을 확인할 수 있었다. 연구지역은 차시기 동안 수질변화는 일부 관정을 제외하고는 유의할 만한 수준으로 관찰되지는 않았고, 지하수 사용에 따른 지하수위 회복도 빠르게 진행되고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2009

Yield monitoring is one of a precision agriculture technology that is used most widely. It is spatial variability analysis of yield information that should be attained with yield monitoring system development. This experiment was conducted to evaluate spatial variability of yield and grain moisture content in rice paddy field, and their relationships to rice productivity. It is necessary to minimize sampling interval for accurate yield map making or to control cutting width of rice combine. Considering small rice plots such as $0.2{\sim}0.4$ ha, optimum size of sampling plot was below 15 m more than 5 m in with and length. In variable rate treatment field, average yield was similar, but yield variation was reduced than conventional field. Gap of yield by another plot in same field was bigger than half of average yield than yield variation was significantly big. Therefore yield measuring flow sensor must be able to measure at least 300 kg/10a more than 1000 kg/10a. Variation of moisture content in same field was not big and spatial dependance did not appear greatly. But, variation between different field is appeared difference according to weather circumstance before harvesting. Change of spatial dependence of yield was not big, because of field variation of moisture content is not big.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.506-512
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• 2009

Salmonellosis is an important worldwide foodborne infectious disease that is transmitted by many food vehicles including raw and processed animal products and fresh produce. In this study, the effectiveness of automated ELISA ($VIDAS^{(R)}$) and realtime PCR in the detection of Salmonella spp. in steamed pork and raw broccoli sprouts was evaluated by comparing their results with those of a conventional culture method. Bulk samples (500 g) of steamed pork and raw broccoli sprouts were inoculated with various levels of Salmonella and divided into 20 samples (25 g each). All the samples, including the controls, were analyzed using a conventional culture method, $VIDAS^{(R)}$, and real-time PCR to detect the presence of Salmonella. In addition, the levels of background flora in the steamed pork and the raw broccoli sprouts were determined. In the steamed pork that contained less than 100 CFU/g of aerobic bacteria, all three methods detected low levels of Salmonella without a statistical difference in their performance. In the broccoli sprouts with high quantities of background flora (ca. $6.7{\times}10^7$ CFU/g), however, all three methods were unable to detect low levels of Salmonella, and real-time PCR and $VIDAS^{(R)}$ more sensitively detected Salmonella than the culture method, with significant statistical differences. In conclusion, $VIDAS^{(R)}$ and real-time PCR could be superior to conventional culture methods in detecting Salmonella in food with high levels of background flora.