• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.319-330
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• 2015

This study attempted to review the chemical composition of 25 samples of Sangpyeongtongbo having different manufacturing place and period, and then to find the manufacturing method. As a result of chemical composition analysis of Sangpyeongtongbo, main components include Cu, Zn and Pb, and some samples contained Sn and Fe. But, the chemical composition of each Sangpyeongtongbo varied with big differences. When the main content change was examined, Cu and Sn became decreased at the later period, and Zn and Pb had higher contents. The difference in the ingredient content had close relation for the profit of Sangpyeongtongbo. When refined microstructure was observed, 25 kinds of Sangpyeongtongbo had developed different types of microstructure such as dendrite, large grain and grain refinement. But, 25 kinds of Sangpyeongtongbo had no heat treatment processing. And, the types of microstructure were difference, which seems because different microstructure was developed due to the difference of Sn and Fe and cooling speed in Sangpyeongtongbo.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.224-243
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• 2014

This study examined the materials and casting technology(cast, alloy, etc.) used in the manufacturing of bronze artifacts based on old literature such as Yongjae Chonghwa, Cheongong Geamul, and The Korea Review. In the casting experiment for restoration of Sangpyong Tongbo, a bronze and brass mother coin mold was made using the sand mold casting method described in The Korea Review. The cast was comprised of the original mold plate frame, wooden frame, and molding sand. Depending on the material of the outer frame, which contains the molding sand, the original mold plate frame can be either a wooden frame or steel frame. For the molding sand, light yellow-colored sand of the Jeonbuk Iri region was used. Next, the composition of the mother alloy used in the restoration of Sangpyong Tongbo was studied. In consideration of the evaporation of tin and lead during actual restoration, the composition of Cu 60%, Zn 30%, and Pb 10% for brass as stated in The Korea Review was modified to Cu 60%, Zn 35%, and Pb 15%. For bronze, based on the composition of Cu 80%, Sn 6%, and Pb 14% used for Haedong Tongbo, the composition was set as Cu 80%, Sn 11%, and Pb 19%. The mother coin mold was restored by first creating a wooden father coin, making a cast from the wooden frame and basic steel frame, alloying, casting, and making a mother coin. Component analysis was conducted on the mother alloy of the restored Sangpyong Tongbo, and its primary and secondary casts. The bronze mother alloy saw a 5% increase in copper and 4% reduction in lead. The brass parent alloy had a 5% increase in copper, but a 4% and 12% decrease in lead and tin respectively. Analysis of the primary and secondary mother coin molds using an energy dispersive spectrometer showed that the bronze mother coin mold had a reduced amount of lead, while the brass mother coin mold had less tin. This can be explained by the evaporation of lead and tin in the melting of the primary mother coin mold. In addition, the ${\alpha}$-phase and lead particles were found in the mother alloy of bronze and brass, as well as the microstructure of the primary and secondary coin molds. Impurities such as Al and Si were observed only in the brass mother coin mold.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.167-179
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• 2017

In this study, Sangpyeontongbo excavated at Bigyeongdo, Seosan, were investigated to determine the components of the corrosion products that were formed while they were buried underwater in an anaerobic environment. The causes of corrosion product formation were also determined. Microstructure observation, element mapping, principle component analysis for each year, and the detection of corrosion products were carried out. Results indicate that the concretions of corrosion products on the surface are needle-, hexahedral-, and octahedral-shaped; Pb, Cu, and S were among the elements detected. The Cu-S layer was clearly verified using element mapping. An analysis of major elements for each layer showed that Cu, S, and Pb were present and that most Zn was eliminated. The corrosion products detected were $PbCO_3$ (concretion) and $Cu_{1.96}S$ (metal). Accordingly, the anaerobic corrosion properties of Sangpyeongtongbo are summarized as follows: dezincification, copper sulfide, and lead compound.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.17 s.17
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• pp.33-38
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• 2005

One piece of Haedong-Tongue(해동통보) minted at 1,102 A.D. was excavated from No.20 wooden coffin, Sinbong-dong, Cheongju. It was analyzed by micro-XRF and ICP and determined the concentrations of ten elements such as Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn, Fe, Mn, Sb, Co, As, Ag and Ni. The measurement of lead isotope ratios was also carried out in order to predict the provenance of raw materials used for minting of Haedong-Tongbo. It was found that Haedong-Tongbo was minted with three compositions of $Cu\;75.5\%,\;Pb\;13.3\%\;and\;Sn\;6.0\%$, which were different from the typical composition of Chosen-Tongbo and Sangpyung-Tongbo used in Chosen dynasty. Lead isotope ratios of Haedong-Tongbo showed that the provenance of lead used for minting of it suggested the possibility to be originated from Southern part of Korea.