• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.249-257
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• 2010

In performance art, actors on the stage play an important role. The purpose of performance art is not in producing expression of superficial or trite pleasure, but in presenting a source of philosophical catharsis regarding essence of a human life. It is actors' responsibility to bring such expression onto the stage. Performance art not only involves technical skills but should be a cultural expression to represent tradition, spirituality and identity of a nation. In Korea, performance art tends to follow Western methods of expression. It is desirable to set a future direction to further develop methodology of expression in performance art. As part of such effort, the research examines how the rhythm of traditional Korean dance and dimension of time and space in performance art are effectively visualized in their relation to "stage direction." The research illustrates characteristics and concepts of Korean dances in terms of inhalation in deliberate hypogastric breathing ("danjeon') and rhythms of exhalation (gutgeori, jajinmori, huimori). Also, the research aims to enhance dramatic effect on the stage, which is distinguished from presentation of ordinary actions, by emphasizing dimension of time and space in visualizing expression.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.73
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• pp.415-444
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• 2018

This study was designed to analyze the delivery patterns of early(1900-1945) letters from the beginning of the postal service in order to examine the process of establishing the modern postal system after the constitution of the Postal Service(1884). In Chapter 2, we examined the 'change of the way letters are delivered', Chapter 3 is about the 'change of expression' and Chapter 4 is about 'double-faced of the post'. In the examination of aspects of changing the way letters were delivered, the phase of postal delivery by personal delivery to postal delivery were divided into three phases: [the period of personal delivery delivery] > [the coexistence period of personal delivery and postal deliveryy] > [the period of postal delivery]. In particular, it was interesting to see that the same sender and receiver mixed up postal delivery and personal delivery by the case in the second period. In addition, the functional differences between the express, telegram and particular post were found in the examination fo contents of the letter. In the examination of aspects of changing in expression, a change of common expression in 'greeting, ending, and receiving expressions' were confirmed. Also, it was confirmed that 'woo-pyeon' was not used as the basic term, but instead replaced with various terms, and that 'woo' was used independently and productively. In the double-faced aspects of post, there were disadvantages of the postal delivery such as 'discontent of the lost' and 'security of confidentiality', despite the advantages of 'economic, rapid, and long-distance delivery'. Because the disadvantage of postal delivery could be supplemented by personal delivery, postal delivery and personal delivery could coexist for a considerable period of time.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

lntergeneric hybrids formed between Aspergillus niger and Penicillium verruculosum were obtained by nuclear transfer technique. Nuclei isolated from wild type and auxotrophic mutants of donor strains were transferred into the protoplasts of different auxotrophic mutants as recipient strains. Several auxotrophic mutants were isolated from conidiospores of the two strains mutagenized with ultraviolet and N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine. Optimal conditions for formation of intergeneric hybrids were investigated. Frequencies of intergeneric hybrid formation by nuclear transfer were $7{\times}10^{5}~1{\times}10^{5}$. From observations of genetic stability. DNA content. nuclear stain and conidial size. it was suggested that their karyotypes are aneuploid. In addition. the hybrids possess the 1.1~2.3-fold higher cellulase activities than those of parental strains. It was also revealed that some hybrids had different isozyme patterns compared to those of parental strains by CMCase and $\beta$-glucosidase activity assays.

• MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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• v.98
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• pp.22-53
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• 2020

This paper analyzes the contents, characteristics, and historical significance of the dedicatory inscriptions (josanggi) on the Amitabha Buddha and the Maitreya Bodhisattva statues of Gamsansa Temple, two masterpieces of Buddhist sculpture from the Unified Silla period. In the first section, I summarize research results from the past century (divided into four periods), before presenting a new perspective and methodology that questions the pre-existing notion that the Maitreya Bodhisattva has a higher rank than the Amitabha Buddha. In the second section, through my own analysis of the dedicatory inscriptions, arrangement, and overall appearance of the two images, I assert that the Amitabha Buddha sculpture actually held a higher rank and greater significance than the Maitreya Bodhisattva sculpture. In the third section, for the first time, I provide a new interpretation of two previously undeciphered characters from the inscriptions. In addition, by comparing the sentence structures from the respective inscriptions and revising the current understanding of the author (chanja) and calligrapher (seoja), I elucidate the possible meaning of some ambiguous phrases. Finally, in the fourth section, I reexamine the content of both inscriptions, differentiating between the parts relating to the patron (josangju), the dedication (josang), and the prayers of the patrons or donors (balwon). In particular, I argue that the phrase "for my deceased parents" is not merely a general axiom, but a specific reference. To summarize, the dedicatory inscriptions can be interpreted as follows: when Kim Jiseong's parents died, they were cremated and he scattered most of their remains by the East Sea. But years later, he regretted having no physical memorial of them to which to pay his respects. Thus, in his later years, he donated his estate on Gamsan as alms and led the construction of Gamsansa Temple. He then commissioned the production of the two stone sculptures of Amitabha Buddha and Maitreya Bodhisattva for the temple, asking that they be sculpted realistically to reflect the actual appearance of his parents. Finally, he enshrined the remains of his parents in the sculptures through the hole in the back of the head (jeonghyeol). The Maitreya Bodhisattva is a standing image with a nirmanakaya, or "transformation Buddha," on the crown. As various art historians have pointed out, this iconography is virtually unprecedented among Maitreya images in East Asian Buddhist sculpture, leading some to speculate that the standing image is actually the Avalokitesvara. However, anyone who reads the dedicatory inscription can have no doubt that this image is in fact the Maitreya. To ensure that the sculpture properly embodied his mother (who wished to be reborn in Tushita Heaven with Maitreya Bodhisattva), Kim Jiseong combined the iconography of the Maitreya and Avalokitesvara (the reincarnation of compassion). Hence, Kim Jiseong's deep love for his mother motivated him to modify the conventional iconography of the Maitreya and Avalokitesvara. A similar sentiment can be found in the sculpture of Amitabha Buddha. To this day, any visitor to the temple who first looks at the sculptures from the front before reading the text on the back will be deeply touched by the filial love of Kim Jiseong, who truly cherished the memory of his parents.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.57
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• pp.467-505
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• 2014

I am working on a series of Korean linguistic studies targeting Ganchal(old typed letters in Korea) for many years and this study is for the typology of the [Safety Expression] as the part. For this purpose, [Safety Expression] were divided into a formal types and semantic types, targeting the Chinese Ganchal and Hangul Ganchal of modern Korean Language time(16th century-19th century). Formal types can be divided based on whether Normal position or not, whether Omission or not, whether the Sending letter or not, whether the relationship of the high and the low or not. Normal position form and completion were made the first type which reveal well the typicality of the [Safety Expression]. Original position while [Own Safety] omitted as the second type, while Original position while [Opposite Safety] omitted as the third type, Original position while [Safety Expression] omitted as the fourth type. Inversion type were made as the fifth type which is the most severe solecism in [Safety Expression]. The first type is refers to Original position type that [Opposite Safety] precede the [Own Safety] and the completion type that is full of semantic element. This type can be referred to most typical and normative in that it equipped all components of [Safety Expression]. A second type is that [Safety Expression] is composed of only the [Opposite Safety]. This type is inferior to the first type in terms of set pattern, it is never outdone when it comes to the appearance frequency. Because asking [Opposite Safety] faithfully, omitting [Own Safety] dose not greatly deviate politeness and easy to write Ganchal, it is utilized. The third type is the Original position type showing the configuration of the [Opposite Safety]+Own Safety], but [Opposite Safety] is omitted. The fourth type is a Original position type showing configuration of the [Opposite Safety+Own Safety], but [Safety Expression] is omitted. This type is divided into A ; [Safety Expression] is entirely omitted and B ; such as 'saving trouble', the conventional expression, replace [Safety Expression]. The fifth type is inversion type that shown to structure of the [Own Safety+Opposite Safety], unlike the Original position type. This type is the most severe solecism type and real example is very rare. It is because let leading [Own Safety] and ask later [Opposite Safety] for face save is offend against common decency. In addition, it can be divided into the direct type that [Opposite Safety] and [Own Safety] is directly connected and indirect type that separate into the [story]. The semantic types of [Safety Expression] can be classified based on whether Sending letter or not, fast or slow, whether intimate or not, and isolation or not. For Sending letter, [Safety Expression] consists [Opposite Safety(Climate+Inquiry after health+Mental state)+Own safety(status+Inquiry after health+Mental state)]. At [Opposite safety], [Climate] could be subdivided as [Season] information and [Climate(weather)] information. Also, [Mental state] is divided as receiver's [Family Safety Mental state] and [Individual Safety Mental state]. In [Own Safety], [Status] is divided as receiver's traditional situation; [Recent condition] and receiver's ongoing situation; [Present condition]. [Inquiry after health] is also subdivided as receiver's [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety], [Safety] is as [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety]. Likewise, [Inquiry after health] or [Safety] is usually used as pairs, in dimension of [Family] and [Individual]. This phenomenon seems to have occurred from a big family system, which is defined as taking care of one's parents or grand parents. As for the Written Reply, [Safety Expression] consists [Opposite Safety (Reception+Inquiry after health+Mental state)+Own safety(status+Inquiry after health+Mental state)], and only in [Opposite safety], a difference in semantic structure happens with Sending letter. In [Opposite Safety], [Reception] is divided as [Letter] which is Ganchal that is directly received and [Message], which is news that is received indirectly from people. [Safety] is as [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety], [Mental state] also as [Family Safety Mental state] and [Individual Safety Mental state].