• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.116-122
• /
• 1999

Purpose : Despite of development of neonatal intensive care, infections, especially catheter-related infection, have been a major problem in newborns on intensive care. Catheter-related infection is closely related to skin colonization so that skin disinfection is crucial to protect newborns from the infection. Cotton balls of seventy percent alcohol made by hospital frequently open to air so that composition of alcohol may be easily evaporated. We hypothesized that 10% povidone would have better disinfection compared to 70% alcohol and normal saline. Methods : The effect of skin disinfection was evaluated in newborn infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) of Hanyang University Kuri Hospital by a skin swab culture before and after disinfectant exposure. Before skin disinfective preparation, the peripheral intravenous catheter insertion sites were swabbed for culture with sterile cotton moistened with normal saline. Cotton balls of 70% alcohol(Alcohol group, n=20) or 10% povidone and 70% alcohol(povidone group, n=20) were randomly selected. Normal saline swabs were used for controls(n=10). After swabbing, the skin swab culture was done on same sites with same procedure. Results : Before skin disinfection, culture-positivity was shown in 9 of 20 leases of alcohol and povidone groups, respectively and in 8 of 10 cases of the controls. After skin disinfection, culture-positivity was still shown in 3 of 9 cases of the Alcohol group, in 2 of 9 of the Povidone group, and in 6 of 8 cases of the controls. Disinfective effect was significantly different among the 3 groups(p=0.0387). The povidone group had significantly better disinfection than the controls(p=0.0156), but the alcohol group was not significantly different from the controls. Conclusion : The cotton balls of povidone had similar effect of disinfection compared to those of alcohol, but better disinfection than the controls. A disinfective effect of the cotton balls of alcohol was not, however, significantly different from the controls. We suggest that purity of alcohol, quality control of cotton balls of alcohol, and disinfection method should be reevaluated.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.11
• /
• pp.203-226
• /
• 2006

A highly sophisticated expertise and systematic and integrated management of security operation are essential for a crowded stadium. a special object of security guarding. Nonetheless, the recent incident in a singing concert hall reveals the overall problem like the lacking safety management system. lacking deployment of professional security personnel, absence of safety manuals and safety measures, as well as the lack of professionalism of private sector security companies. In this study, we presented three categories that needed improvement, like the legal and institutional improvement, improvement of policy and improvement of operation which are required to set up the model to operate the optimal private sector security duties. For the revision of law and institution for a better and more desirable method, we discussed the revision of related laws and regulations pursuant to the security operation at places where events are held, including the revision of law on security guarding work, regulation on common housing management, uniformity of security guarding, and law on performance. For the improvement of policies, we discussed the introduction of security consultants, strengthening the security instructor system, expansion of relevant organizations, establishment of mutual cooperation, privatization of profitable events, improvement of awareness about the security activities provided by private sector, policy for the professionalism of private security operation, expansion of security exhibition and seminar. For the improvement of operation. we discussed professional security techniques. such as the technique of security consulting, the application of CPTED technique, the technique for the integration of system, the method of operation, the establishment of a system to support public security operations and volunteers, establishment of a manual for security guarding performance, modernization and high tech-oriented equipment, organization of security guarding entity in which the industry, academic society and government participates together.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.37 no.sup2
• /
• pp.353-369
• /
• 2007

Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. According to the patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival sample was divided into three groups. Group 1 (n=8) is clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from systemically healthy 8 patients. Group 2 (n=8) is inflamed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Group 3 (n=8) is inflamed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of $IL-1{\beta}$, MMP-13 and TIMP-1 were performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. 1. The expressions of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 showed increasing tendency in group 2 & 3 compared to group 1. 2. The expressions of $IL-1{\beta}$ & MMP-13 were showed increasing tendency in group 3 compared to group 2. 3. As $IL-1{\beta}$ levels were increasing, MMP-13 showed increasing tendency in group 3, and although $IL-1{\beta}$ , MMP-13 levels were increasing, TIMP-1 levels were similar expressed comparing to group 2. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the expression levels of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 had increasing tendency in inflamed tissue. It can be assumed that $IL-1{\beta}$ and MMP-13 may be partly involved in the progression of periodontal inflammation associated to type 2 DM.