• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength of several self-adhesive resin cements bonded to dentin surfaces with different wet conditions. Three self-adhesive resin cements: Rely-X Unicem (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN. USA). Embrace Wetbond (Pulpdent. Oakland. MA. USA). Maxcem (Kerr. Orange. CA. USA) were used. Extracted sixty human molars were used. Each self-adhesive resin cement was adhered to the dentin specimens (two rectangular sticks from each molar) in different wet conditions. Tensile bond strength were measured using universal testing machine (EZ Test. Shimadzu corporation. Kyoto. Japan) at a crosshead speed of 1.0mm/min. After the testing. bonding failures of specimens were observed by Operative microscope (OPMI pro, Carl Zeiss. Oberkochen, Germany). T-test was used to evaluate the effect of dentin surface wetness. One-way ANOVA test was used to evaluate the tensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements in the same condition. Scheffe's test was used for statistical analyzing at the 95% level of confidence. The result showed that wetness of dentin surface didn't affect tensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements and Maxcem showed the lowest tensile bond strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.314-325
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• 2003

이 연구의 목적은 수종 상아질 접착 시스템과 복합 레진 및 resin-modified glass ionomer를 상아질 표면에 접착하여 재료 및 상아질내 위치에 따른 미세전단결합강도를 측정, 비교하는 것이다. 상아질 접착 시스템으로는, 3-step인 Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, 2-step인 Single Bond와 자가 부식형 시스템인 Clearfil SE Bond를, 1-step인 Prompt L-Pop을 사용하였다. 이와 함께 hybrid type의 복합 레진인 Clearfil AP-X와 2250을 사용하였으며 resin-modified glass ionomer로는 Fuji II LC를 사용하였다. 상악 소구치를 치아의 근원심 중앙부를 절단하여 상아질면을 노출시켰다. 5개 실험군으로 분류하고 상아질면을 위치에 따라 치관부의 occlusal $\frac{1}{3}$, middle $\frac{1}{3}$, cervical $\frac{1}{3}$과 치근부로 구분지어 시편을 부착하였다. 미세전단결합강도측정는 Universal testing machine(EZ-test; Shimadzu, Japan)에서 측정하였다. Occlusal 1/3부위에서는 SE가 가장 높은 값을, SM과 SB간에는 유의차가 없었으며, PL, GI순으로, Middle 1/3부위에서는 $SM{\;}{\geq}{\;}SE{\;}{\geq}{\;}SB{\;}{\geq}{\;}PL{\;}{\geq}{\;}GI$순으로, cervical 1/3부위에서는 SM, SE, SB간에 유의차가 없었다. Root dentin에서는 SM이 가장 높은 값을 보였으며 SE, PL, GI간에 유의차가 없었다. SE만이 치관부 상아질에 비해 치근부에서 유의할만한 결합강도의 감소를 나타냈다(p<0.05). GI는 치관부 상아질에서는 다른 군에 비해 유의성 있게 낮은 결합강도를 보였으나 치근부에서는 SE, PL과 유의차가 없었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.198-207
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium hydroxide on dentin bonding strength of various dentin bonding systems as a function of time in composite resin restoration. Dentin adhesives used in this study were Scotchbond Multipurpose, Single Bond, SE Bond and Prompt L-Pop. Flat dentin surfaces adjacent to pulp chamber were created, then $Ca(OH)_2$ and saline were mixed and applied on dentin surface of experimental group, then IRM was used to cover the mixture on dentin surface and the specimens were stored at $36.5^{\circ}C$ for experiment period (7 days, 30 days). After removing IRM and $Ca(OH)_2$, each dentin adhesives were treated on dentin surfaces. Composite resin (Z-250, 3M) was placed with S mm height and was light-cured for 20 seconds. After stored in distilled water for 24 hours, each dentin-composite bonded spicemen was embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned into $1.0\times1.0mm^2$ cross section composite-dentin beams. Specimen was mounted on zig of Universal testing machine and ${\mu}TBS$ test was performed. SEM analysis was performed to examine the fractured surfaces. The results suggested that applying calcium hydroxide did not show significant difference in dentin bonding strength.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.372-380
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various methods of dentin bonding agent application on microtensile bond strength between dentin and resin, using a 2-step etch-and-rinse dentin bonding agent. Material and methods: Twenty freshly extracted human molars were obtained and divided into 4 groups of 5 teeth. 2-step etch-and-rinse dentin bonding agent was used for all groups. The control specimens were prepared using a direct immediate bonding technique. The delayed dentin sealing (A, C) specimens were prepared using an indirect approach with delayed dentin sealing. For group A, resin was built-up on uncured dentin bonding agent, and for group C, resin was built-up on pre-cured dentin bonding agent. Preparation of the immediate dentin sealing (B) specimens also used an indirect approach with immediate dentin sealing immediately following preparation. All teeth were prepared for a microtensile bond strength test. Specimens were stored in water for 24 hours. Ten beams (1.0 ${\times}$ 1.0 ${\times}$ 11 mm) from each tooth were selected for testing. Bond strength data (MPa) were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test, and post hoc comparison was done using the Scheffe's test. Results: The mean microtensile bond strengths of control group, B and C (DDS with pre-cure) were not statisticaaly different from each other at 32.7, 33.3, 34.2 MPa. the bond strength for group A (DDS without pre-cure), 19.5 MPa, was statistically different (P < .01) from the other 3 groups. Conclusion: When preparing teeth for indirect bonded restorations, DDS with pre-curing dentin bonding agent and IDS results in the same bond strength between dentin and resin. On the contrast, the bond strength was decreased when DDS without pre-curing dentin bonding agent was used.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

이 연구는 발거 소구치에서 5급 와동을 형성하여 접착 시스템 및 와동 위치에 따른 상아질에 대한 접착시스템의 미세 인장결합강도의 차이를 비교, 연구하였다. 접착방법은 resin-modified glass ionomer(Gl), compomer(부식여부에 따라 DE 및 DN군으로 분류), 그리고 상아질 접착제인 Single Bond(SB) 및 Cleayfil SE Bond(SE)와 복합레진(Clearfil AP-X)을 사용한 5개의 실험군으로 분류하였다. 소구치 협측 치경부에 wedge형태의 와동을 형성하고 5종의 접착 시스템을 제조자의 지시에 따라 적용, 충전하여 시편을 제작하여 미세인장결합강도를 측정하고, One-way ANOVA / Duncan's test로 통계분석하였다. SEM 검사는 미세인장결합강도의 시편제작과 동일한 방법으로 시편을 제작한 후 관찰하였다. 실험 결과, 상아질 접착제 및 복합레진(SB, SE)의 미세인장결합강도가 GI보다 높게 나타났고(p<0.05), 치은측이 교합측보다 더 낮게 나타났으며, CI, DE, SE에서 유의성 있게 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). Compomer에서 conditioning 여부(DN, DE)에 따른 변화는 치은측에서만 유의차 있는 것으로 나타났다. SEM 관찰에서, 교합측의 상아세관은 결합 계면과 평행하게 주행하였고, 치은측에서는 결합계면에 수직으로 주행하는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.699-720
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• 1995

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of benzalkonium chloride solution as a wetting agent instead of water on dentin bonding with NTG-GMA/BPDM system (All-bond 2, Bisco.) and DSDM system (Aelitebond, Bisco.). Benzalkonium chloride solution is a chemical disinfectant widely used in medical and dental clinics for preoperative preparation of skin and mucosa due to its strong effect of cationic surface active detergent. Eighty freshly extracted bovine lower incisor were grinded labially to expose flat dentin surface, and then were acid-etched with 10 % phosphoric acid for 15 second, water-rinsed, and dried for 10 second with air syringe. The specimens were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 teeth. The specimens of control group were remoistured with water and the specimens of experimental groups were remoistured with 0.1 %, 0.5 %, and 1.0 % benzalkonium chloride solution respectively. And then, the Aelitefil composite resin was bonded to the pretreated surface of the specimens by use of All-bond 2 dentin bonding system or Aelitebond dentin bonding system in equal number of the specimens. The bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, then the tensile bond strength was measured, the mode of failure was observed, the fractured dentin surface were examined under scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy was taken for the purpose of investigating the changes of the dentin surface pretreated with benzal konium chloride solution followed by each primer of the dentin bonding systems. The results were as follows : In the group of bonding with NTG-GMA/BPDM dentin bonding agent(All-bond 2), higher tensile bond strength was only seen in the experimental group remoistured with 0.1 % benzal konium chloride solution than that in water-remoistured control group(p<0.05). In the group of bonding with DSDM dentin bonding agent (Aelitebond), no significant differences were seen between the control and each one of the experimental group(p<0.05). Higher tensile bond strength were seen in NTG-GMAIBPDM dentin bonding agent group than in DSDM dentin bonding agent group regardless of remoistur ization with benzal konium chloride solution. On the examination of failure mode, cohesive and mixed failure were predominantly seen in the group of bonding with NTG-GMAIBPDM dentin bonding agent, while adhesive failure was predominantly seen in the group of bonding with DSDM dentin bonding agent. On SEM examination of fractured surfaces, no differences of findings of primed dentin surface between the groups with and without remoisturization with benzal konium chloride solution. FT-IR spectroscopy taken from the control and the experimental group reve::.led that some higher absorbance derived from the primers binding to dentin surface was seen at the group pretreated with 0.1 % benzal konium chloride solution than at the control group of remoisturizing with water.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences in shear bond strength to human dentin using IDS technique compared with DDS. Forty freshly extracted human molars were and devided into 4 groups. The control group specimens were, on the morrow of tooth preparation, light-cured after application of dentin bonding agent and cemented with resin cement. The IDS/SE(immediate dentin sealing, Clearfil$^{TM}$ SE Bond) and IDS/SB (immediate dentin sealing, Adapter$^{TM}$ Single Bond 2) specimens were, on the morrow of tooth preparation, light-cured after application of dentin bonding agent(Clearfil$^{TM}$ SE Bond and Adapter$^{TM}$ Sing Bond 2, respectively), whereas DDS specimens were not treated with any dentin bonding agent. IDS/SE, IDS/SB and DDS specimens were thermocycled. Following that delay, specimens were cemented with resin cement. The dentin bonding agent was left unpolymerized until the application of porcelain restoration. Shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine. Specimens also were evaluated for mode of fracture using an optical microscope. The mean shear bond strengths of control group and IDS/SE groups were not statistically different from one another. The bond strength of IDS/SE group had a significantly higher mean than that of DDS group. There was no significant difference in the mean shear bond strength between IDS/SB(4.11MPa) and DDS group. The evaluation of failure modes indicates that most failures in the control group and IDS/SE groups were mixed, whereas failures in the DDS group were interfacial. When preparing teeth for indirect ceramic restoration, IDS with Clearfil$^{TM}$ SE Bond results in improved shear bond strength compared with DDS.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.313-326
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to prove that an intermediate resin layer (IRL) oan increase the bond strength to dentin by reducing the permeability of single-step adhesives. Flat dentin surfaces were created on buccal and lingual side of freshly extracted third molar using a low-speed diamond saw under copious water flow. Approximately 2.0 mm thick axially sectioned dentin slice was abraded with wet #600 SiC paper. Three single-step self-etch adhesives; Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), One-Up Bond F (Tokuyama Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and Xeno III (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) were used in this study. Each adhesive groups were again subdivided into ten groups by; whether IRL was used or not; whether adhesives were cured with light before application or IRL or not; the mode of composite application. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Bond strength of single-step adhesives increased by an additional coating of intermediate resin layer, and this increasement was statistically signigicant when self-cured composite was used (p < 0.001). 2. When using IRL, there were no difference on bond strengths regardless the curing procedure of single-step adhesives. 3. There were no significant difference on bond strengths between usage of AB2 or SM as an IRL. 4. The thickness of Hybrid layer was correlated with the acidity of adhesive used, and the nanoleakage represented by silver deposits and grains was examined within hybrid and adhesive layer in most of single-step adhesives. 5. Neither thickness of hybrid layer nor nanoleakage were related to bond strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2006

To evaluate the effect of vital tooth bleaching agent and alcohol pretreatment on dentin bonding, flat dentin windows were produced on the buccal side of the crowns of fifty-five extracted, human premolars. A bleaching gel, $Opalescence^{(R)}$ with 10% of carbamide peroxide (Ultradent Product, USA) was daily applied on the teeth of three experimental groups for six hours for 10 consecutive days, while teeth of a control group were not bleached. After 6 hours of bleaching gel application the specimens were washed and stored in saline until the next day application. After application of $One-step^{(R)}$ dentin bonding agent (Bisco, USA), $Z-250^{(R)}$ resin (3M-ESPE, USA) was bonded to dentin with a mount jig. Shear bond strength was measured with an Instron machine (Type 4202, Instron Corp., USA) after 24 hours. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05. Immediate bonding group showed significantly lower bond strength than un-bleached control group (p < 0.05). Ethanol-treated group showed significantly higher bond strength compared to immediate bonding group (p < 0.05). However, the bond strength of the ethanol treatment group was lower than that of the un-bleached control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant difference in shear bond strength between the 2-week delayed bonding group and the ethanol-treated group (p > 0.05) and between delayed bonding group and un-bleached control group (p > 0.05). In the condition of the present study. it seems that alcohol pretreatment after bleaching procedure can reduce the adverse effect of vital bleaching agent on dentin bonding.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various methods of dentin bonding agent application and air abrasion pretreatment on microtensile bond strength between dentin and resin, using a self-etching adhesive system. Material and methods: Thirty freshly extracted human molars were obtained and divided into 6 groups of 5 teeth. A 2-step self etching adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond) was used for all groups. The control specimens were prepared using a direct immediate bonding technique. The delayed dentin sealing specimens were prepared using an indirect approach without dentin prebonding. The immediate dentin sealing specimens were prepared using dentin prebonding immediately following preparation. Immediate dentin sealing teeth and delayed dentin sealing teeth had provisional restorations using Fermit for two weeks. Then all specimens of each group were divided into two groups of three, depending on air abrasion pretreatment. Composite "crowns" were incrementally built on and specimens were stored in water for 24 hours. All teeth were prepared for a microtensile bond strength test. Bond strength data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test, and post hoc comparison was done using the Scheffe's test. Results: The mean microtensile bond strengths of all groups were not statistically different from each other. Conclusion: When preparing teeth for indirect restorations, IDS and DDS with Clearfil SE bond, have no difference on the microtensile bond strength between dentin and resin. Air abrasion pretreatment did not affect the microtensile bond strength when using IDS and DDS with Clearfil SE bond.