• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.245-263
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to find out the influence of elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations and air temperature on photosynthesis and fruit quality of 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees and to investigate these to the effects of climate change during the last four years (2009-2012). The treatments employed were: 'Ambient' (ambient temperature + ambient $CO_2$ concentration); 'High $CO_2$' (ambient temperature + elevated $CO_2$ concentration); 'High Temp'. (elevated temperature + ambient $CO_2$ concentration); and 'High $CO_2$ + High Temp'. (elevated temperature + elevated $CO_2$ concentration). The elevated temperature plots were maintained at $4^{\circ}C$ higher than ambient air temperature, while the elevated $CO_2$ plots were maintained at 700 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$. Annual treatment period was applied from end of April to beginning of November for four years. Results showed that elevated $CO_2$ decreased stomatal conductance and leaf SPAD value, but increased photosynthetic rate, intercellular $CO_2$ concentration (Ci), and starch content of mesophyll tissue. In the vegetative growth, elevated temperature increased total number of shoot and total shoot growth per tree, but elevated $CO_2$ decreased average shoot length. In the fruit quality, elevated $CO_2$ increased soluble solid content, fruit red color, and ethylene production. In conclusion, elevated $CO_2$ increased photosynthetic rate of apples during the early growth, but effect of increased photosynthetic rate due to elevated $CO_2$ was decreased during latter growth stage. Elevated temperature, on the other hand, tended to decrease photosynthetic rate of apples during the early growth, but that tended to increase during latter growth stage. Both elevated $CO_2$ and temperature tended to decrease the degree of decreased photosynthetic rate due to each factor.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.811-823
• /
• 2019

Slip form method is applied to many cases of a shaft these days because it is safer, more economical and faster than cast-in-place method. Slip-up height of the method is approximately 2.5 to 4.0 m/day. If the temperature of concrete is outside the range of 10 to 30℃, the effects of changes in strength or elastic characteristics are significant. Therefore, it is difficult for slip-up speed to be higher than 3 m/day during winter construction. In addition, concrete has heat caused by hydration, which causes temperature cracking of hardened concrete. Therefore, temperature control of concrete curing is necessary for the continuous slip-up of slip form. In this study, the rebound hardness, time of ultrasonic waves propagation, heat of hydration, and external temperature are measured by developing heating panels and test devices for the continuous slip-up. Based on this, heating slip form is manufactured; this was applied to "Kimpo sites" and "Sinwol sites". The compared slip-up speed samples were 1.9 m/day or 0.200 m/hr on average at Gimpo sites (08:00~17:30) and 2.0 m/day or 0.210 m/hr at Sinwol sites.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2009.07a
• /
• pp.934_935
• /
• 2009

LED는 기존조명에 비해 친환경적이고, 긴 수명을 갖기 때문에 현재에 이르러 광고조명이나 백라이트 유닛 그리고 실내 외 조명으로 각광받기 시작했다. LED를 조명으로 사용 함에 있어서 LED의 PN 접합부에서 발생하는 접합온도 상승을 고려해야한다. 접합온도 상승은 LED의 광 출력과 수명의 감소, 광색의 변화를 초래하기 때문에 광 출력 및 광색을 유지시키고, 수명을 예측하기 위해서는 LED의 접합온도를 일정하게 유지시키는 LED 전용의 전력제어 시스템이 필요하다. 본 논문은 LED 접합온도 측정 시스템과 구동전원을 설계 및 제작하였으며, 측정된 온도를 구동전원에 궤환시켜 접합온도를 일정하게 유지시키는 시스템을 제안하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.790-796
• /
• 2013

The following is the study result of herbal tea roasted at different temperatures between $80{\sim}140^{\circ}C$. Depending on treatment temperature the water content decreased, some carbonization occurred and crude ash content relatively increased. Also crude protein and crude fat changed little. Benzopyrene content (0.17~0.35ppb) showed a tendency to increase with higher treating temperature. From this result, the $B({\alpha})P$ content differed depending on the treatment temperature and raw materials. In case of roasting, the actual inside temperature is around $200^{\circ}C$ but since the surface temperature of the roaster reaches around $2,000^{\circ}C$ some portion of $B({\alpha})P$ content was presumed to be produced from the area that came in contact with this surface. Solid elution rate of herbal tea showed 0.18~0.35%(w/w) and the rate of solid elution decreased with higher roasting temperature. There was no big change in $80{\sim}110^{\circ}C$ treatment section but the solid elution decreased rapidly in $110{\sim}140^{\circ}C$ section. The reason for decreasing solid elution rate at higher treatment temperature is because the compact inner tissue makes elution difficult.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.60-66
• /
• 2018

For new use development of carbonized board, we investigated the effect of carbonization temperature on the surface temperature of carbonized board manufactured from a plywood, particle board, MDF, and wood of Fraxinus rhynchophylla at different carbonization temperature ($400^{\circ}C{\sim}1100^{\circ}C$). The surface temperature of carbonized board precipitously increased until 12 minutes elapsed, after smoothly increased and thereafter which were stable after 20 minutes. The higher carbonization temperature increased density of carbonized board and surface temperature of carbonized board so that density is considered to influence surface temperature change. Moreover, carbonized boards kept heat for a long time because the descent velocity of carbonized boards' surface temperature was slower than that of heater's.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
• /
• 1996.05c
• /
• pp.329-334
• /
• 1996

손상 핵연료의 온도 및 산소대 금속 비율의 변화모형을 연구하였다. 열역학적 분석과 산화과정에 대한 분석을 통해 손상핵연료에서의 핵연료 온도와 핵연료내 O/U값 변화를 기술함으로써 결함발생에 의한 핵연료내 냉각수 침투는 Gap conductance를 떨어뜨리고 소결체 산화에 따른 O/U값 증가로 열전달특성의 저하를 가져와 핵연료의 온도를 상승시킨다는 결과를 얻어냈다.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.175-181
• /
• 2017

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effect of forced temperature change cycles on physical and mechanical properties of sand and weathered granite soil. The effect of forced temperature change cycles on the particle arrangement and the thermal conductivity was first investigated. A series of triaxial compression tests on the soils were also performed to look into the effect of temperature change cycles on the stress-strain-strength behavior.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.241-244
• /
• 1986

Some physical properties of Korean red ginseng extract was investigated for their changes during extraction with ethanol solution having a concentration range of 0-90% at $70-100^{\circ}C$ during 5 times of 8 hours extraction. The intrinsic viscosity was ignificantly decreased as the ethanol concentration and measuring temperature increased, while it was affected relatively less by the extraction temperature. However the effect of measuring temperature on the intrinsic viscosity was greatly reduced for the extract obtained with higher than 50% a ethanol. The turbidity and pH were also decreased as the ethanol concentration and extraction time increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2010.02a
• /
• pp.405-405
• /
• 2010

Thermocouple 을 통해 Inductively coupled plasma 에 노출된 실리콘 기판 표면온도를 공정조건 변화 에 따라 실시간 (in-situ) 측정하였다. 이를 바탕으로 공정변화에 따른 플라즈마 내 활성종의 거동을 연구하였다. 더 나아가 기판의 표면온도변화 및 활성종의 거동해석을 토대로 공정변화에 의한 딥 실리콘 구조형성 메커니즘을 해석하였다. 플라즈마에 노출된 기판표면 온도를 상승시키는 주 활성종은 positive ion 이며 ICP power, Bias power, 플라즈마 압력 변화에 따라 positive ion 의 밀도 및 가속에너지가 변화하는데 이러한 거동변화는 기판의 표면온도를 변화시킴을 알 수 있었다. 딥 실리콘 구조의 측벽 및 바닥에 형성되어 있는 passivaiton layer 즉 $SiO_xF_y$(silicon oxyflouride) 는 온도에 매우 민감한 물질이며 이는 딥 실리콘 구조 내부로 입사하는 positive ion 거동변화에 따라 그 성질이 변화하여 deep Si 구조 형상을 변화시킴을 알 수 있었다. 기판표면 온도가 $0^{\circ}C$ 이하의 극저온으로 유지된 상황에서 플라즈마를 방전할 경우 positive ions 의 가속에너지로 인해 기판표면온도가 상승하며 액화질소 유량증가를 통해 다시 기판의 표면온도를 유지시킬 수 있었다. 이를 통해 플라즈마 방전 전과 방전 후의 기판 표면온도는 상온의 기판뿐만 아니라 극저온의 기판에서도 다름을 알 수 있었다. 냉각환경 변화에 따른 딥 실리콘 구조형성 메커니즘을 positive ions 거동 그리고 온도 감소에 의한 $SiO_xF_y$ 성질 변화를 이용해 해석할 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2015.07a
• /
• pp.831-832
• /
• 2015

K-water에서는 대청댐 하류의 용수를 취수하여 대청광역 계통에 1일 98만㎥을 공급할수 있는 현도취수장을 운영하고 있다. 취수장에는 고압전동기 10대가 운영되고 있으며, 장시간 연속운전 및 하절기 주위온도 상승 등으로 권선온도가 상승되어 설비의 안전성 문제가 제기되어 왔다. 취수펌프동 실내온도 및 고압전동기 권선온도 저감을 위해 펌프동 배기시스템 운영시간 변경 및 고압전동기 냉각 흡기덕트 설치 등의 개선 노력으로 권선온도 저감은 물론 에너지절감 및 기기의 수명연장 등 설비 운영의 안전성을 확보한 연구결과이다.