• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.42-51
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• 2023

Freeze and burst water meter in winter causes many social costs, such as meter replacement cost, inability of water use, and secondary damage by freezing water. The government is making efforts to modernize local waterworks, and in particular, is promoting SWM(Smart Water Management) project nationwide. In this study suggests a new freeze risk notification information service based on the temperature by IoT sensor inside the water meter box rather than outside temperature. In addition, in order to overcome the quantitative and regional limitation of IoT temperature sensors installed nationwide, and AI based temperature prediction model was developed that predicts the temperature inside water meter boxes based on data acquired from IoT temperature sensors and other information. Through the prediction model optimization process, a nationwide water meter freezing risk information service was convinced.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2006

Recently International Water Association(IWA) has proposed new performance indicators for water supply services and their successful applications are being reported continually. According to the various reports, the percentage indicators were suggested not to be used for performance comparison, especially where the targeted areas have great difference in consumption per service connection. But unfortunately in Korea the revenue water ratio, one of the percentage indicators is still being used to set up the goal of water-related administration and to compare the performances between systems. Therefore this study aimed to prove the inapplicability of the percentage indicators with nation-wide data and to suggest better performance indicators for more efficient water loss management. According to the result of the comparison of various performance indicators with conventional one, it is roved that percentage indicators ca not evaluate the performance efficiently where the local situations are significantly different. It is suggested that the better performance indicators such as real losses per service connection or ILI should be used to benchmark the performances of water suppliers on water loss management so thai the problems of water losses could be identified easily and recovered effectively.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-99
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• 2016

The service for waterworks is important infrastructure structuring the cities and the public properties affecting the health and the abundant lives of the residents at the same time. However, the waterworks project still has many problems in reality in spite of the continuous efforts from the nation, local governments and many related people in waterworks projects. From the aspect of the situation, this purpose of this study is to review the actual operation state and the operation principle on the basis of the accidents in the system and to suggest the policy leverages for accurate diagnosis of the waterworks project and for the efficient operation. The operation structure of the service for waterworks is the complicated system showing the overlapped forms of the relation with other various factors. Moreover, as this has been influenced by other external environments, it has flexible features that can be changed by unexpected factors even if the internally close causality has been established The domestic local operation of waterworks have been divided by an administrative district and it causes inefficiency in the aspect of the country and the local government with small sized of budget faces the insufficient investments. These phenomena have been shown in some small sized areas located in Chungcheongbuk-do and, making a realistic suggestion by the related local government to improve the waterworks operation project is urgent. For this reason, this study is to lead the policy leverages to increase the efficiency of the service for waterworks and to stabilize the structure of virtuous circle in the system. At first, the reformation of the waterworks structure should be performed after the various supports and system maintenance. At second, the service quality should be improved through the creativity in management and the consideration of the efficiency by the participation of private enterprises for waterworks service. At third, through the specialized waterworks operation, the quality improvement of the waterworks and satisfying the standard of natural environment should be related. In this context, the fundamental solutions for the problems of domestic waterworks service and finding realistic alternatives are considered to be the priority for the waterworks project to be operated efficiently.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2013

With the development of IT convergence technology and the construction of infrastructure for water leakage detection, the detection technology of damaged pileline's location and size is being spotlighted. The exhaustion of water resource due to the leakage of water supply facilities renders it urgent to detect water leakage effectively. In this paper, we proposed the water leakage detection monitoring simulation using the power spectrum analysis. We measured the reflected wave signal by the proposed water leakage detection monitoring simulation. The rate variability is calculated form the acquired reflected wave signal. And the power spectrum analysis using the Fast Fourier Transform is evaluated the correlation between the water leakage's size and the reflected wave. Ultimately, this paper suggests empirical simulation to verify the adequacy and the validity. Accordingly, the satisfaction and the quality of services will be improved the efficient management by supporting the real-time water leakage detection.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.497-497
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• 2023

정수장에서 소독 및 여과 처리가 완료된 깨끗한 물은 배급수시설로 전달되나, 실제로 관의 노후화, 갑작스러운 유향 변동, 특정 구역의 관 내 정체 시간에 따른 Water Age 상승 등 여러 요인으로 인해 실제 수용가에는 안전하지 않은 용수가 공급될 가능성이 있으며, 이에 따라 적절한 위치에서 지속적인 감시를 통한 조기 발견 및 조치가 필요하다. 상수도 시설기준(2010)에 배수시설의 주요 지점 혹은 관 말단 등 필요에 따라 적절한 위치에 수질 계측기를 설치할 수 있도록 제시되어 있으나, 계측기 설치 위치나 개수에 대한 기준이 모호한 실정이다. 모든 구역에 수질계측기를 설치하여 감시하는 것이 이상적이지만, 현실적으로는 지자체 환경 및 경제적인 한계가 있어 주요 위치에 설치하는 것이 바람직하다. 본 연구에서는 대표적인 수리해석 모형인 EPANET을 사용하여 대상 관망의 노후도, 유속, 유향변동 등의 영향인자를 바탕으로 수질사고가 발생할 확률이 높은 관을 위험관으로 선정하고, 선정된 위험관을 대상으로 최단 경로와 Cost를 산출할 수 있는 Floyd Warshall Algorithm을 이용하여 각 Node(수용가)간 물이 이동할 때의 최소 도달시간과 경로를 파악하였다. 또한, 시간 서비스 수준(Level of T hour Serivice)의 개념을 도입하여 위험관으로부터 특정시간 이내에 흐름이 도달하는 Node를 파악한 뒤, 그 중 가장 많은 피해를 발생시킬 수 있는 위험관을 수질계측위치 지점으로 선정하였다. 제시된 수질사고 발생위험이 높은 위험관을 대상으로 수질계측 위치를 선정하는 방법이 전체 관망 네트워크를 대상으로 수질계측 위치를 판단하는 방법보다 결과 신뢰도 측면에서 더욱 효과적이고 효율적인 방법으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.238-238
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• 2020

물복지라고 하는 것은 국민들이 사회적 지위, 경제적 능력, 주거위치 등등에 상관없이 평등하게 물 서비스를 받는 것이다. 그러나 사회가 변화하고 고도화됨에 따라 단지 물공급만의 문제가 아니라 수환경, 물의 사용에 따른 비용지불 등 여러 가지 요소들이 물을 사용하고 물환경을 이용하는 측면에 있어 평등하게 제공되고 있는지 검토하여야 한다. 대도시와 소도시 그리고 시군구 지역들이 대도시와 공평한 물공급과 물환경을 제공받고 있지는 않은 것이 사실이다. 또한 경제적 수준에 따라서 물공급에 대한 부담감을 느끼는 것도 당연한 사실이다. 이러한 물복지는 최근에 들어서 과거 물스트레스, 물빈곤과 같이 물을 사용하는 데 있어 부족한 측면에 대한 연구에 비해 부족한 현실이다. 우리나라는 빠른 속도로 인구가 변화하고 있다. 이러한 인구변화 속도는 과거 용수공급계획을 수립함에 있어 지속적으로 인구가 증가함에 따라 물 수요도 증가하여 물부족이 될 것으로 예상했지만 수자원기술과 물처리능력 등의 발달로 인해 우리나라는 걱정한 만큼의 물부족은 발생하지 않고 있다. 그러나 앞으로 빠르게 변화하는 인구감소에 따른 물 복지수준에 따른 평가가 필요한 시점이다. 단지 물을 사용하는 것뿐만 아니라 물을 사용함에 있어 느끼는 부담감, 만족감 등에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 물복지를 평가하기 위해 여러 통계자료를 이용하여 인구수의 변화와 상수도 요금, 하수도 요금등의 변화와 물공급 기반시설, 그리고 물환경의 변화등을 검토하여 물복지를 평가할 수 있는 인자를 검토하였다. 그리고 향후 인구변화에 따른 물이용에 따른 변화를 살펴보고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2016

We analyzed research trend and public perception related with tap water to identify major factors affecting low consumption of tap water. 805 research articles were collected for text mining analysis and 1,000 on-line questionnaires were surveyed to find social variables influencing tap water intake. Based on the word network analysis, research topics were divided into 4 major categories, 1) drinking water quality, 2) water fluoridation, 3) residual chlorine, and 4) micro-organism management. Compared with these major research topics, scientific studies of drinking behavior, or social perception were rather limited. 22.4% of total respondents used tap water as drinking water source, and only 1% drank tap water without further treatments (i.e. boiling, filtering). Experience of quality control report (B=0.392, p=0.046) and level of policy trust (B=1.002, p<0.0001) were influential factors on tap water drinking behavior. Age (B=0.020, p=0.002) and gender (B= - 1.843, p<0.0001) also showed significant difference. To increase the frequency of drinking the tap water by social members, the more scientific information of tap water quality and the water policy management should be clearly shared with social members.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.441-441
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• 2023

통합물관리는 2000년 이전부터 필요성이 논의되다가 2019년 물관리기본법이 제정·시행되면서 수량, 수질, 수생태, 방재 등 분야의 물관리 통합이 단계적으로 추진되고 있다. 수자원장기종합계획, 물환경관리 기본계획, 국가물관리기본계획, 4대강별 유역물관리종합계획 등이 수립되거나 수립중에 있다. 2021년 6월에 수립된 국가물관리기본계획에서는 통합물관리 정량지표들을 물환경, 물이용, 물안전, 물산업, 거버넌스의 5개 분야로 구분하여 제시하였고, 4대강 유역물관리종합계획(안)에서는 국가기본계획의 지표들을 근간으로 유역별 특성을 고려한 정량지표를 설정하고 있다. 수자원장기종합계획부터 유역물관리종합계획까지 통합물관리 정량지표들의 변천 내용과 현황을 검토하였다. 수자원장기종합계획(2016~2020)의 전략과 목표는 "①맑은 물 공급: 급수보급율, 관망 복선화율, 댐 부족량 공급기준, 비상급수 피해인구, 스마트시티 음용률, 누수율 저감, 물 기본법 제정, ②홍수안전 기반구축: 하천기본계획, 하천정비, 수해금액, 도시하천 종합치수대책 수립, 국가하천 홍수예보 지점, 홍수예보시간 단축지점 비율, ③친수환경 조성: 하천유지유량, 하천 이용객, 어류종 및 철새종 증가, ④수자원산업 및 기술개발: 일자리, 수자원산업 육성제도, 해외수주액, 외국 MOU, 국제회의, 남북공유하천 협의"이었다. 물환경관리 기본계획(2016~2025)의 전략과 목표는 "①물순환 체계: 불투수면적률 25% 초과지역, ②깨끗한 물 확보: 상수원 수질달성, ③생태계 서비스 증진: 수생태계 건강성 달성, ④물환경 기반 조성: 산업폐수 유해물질 배출저감, 상수원 4대강 보의 총인 농도와 남조류 세포수, ⑤경제·문화적 가치 창출: 국민체감 만족도"이었다. 국가물관리기본계획에서는 "①물환경: 하천·호소 목표수질 달성률, 수생태계 건강성 B등급 이상 비율, ②물이용: 수돗물 만족률-직·간접 음용률, 노후 상수관로-하수관로 개량, ③물안전: 가뭄피해 인구, 홍수피해 인구-피해액, 댐안전성 강화율, ④물산업: 물관리 R&D 예산, 수량·수질·수생태 통합측정 중권역 비율, 물산업 매출액의 수출액 비중, 한국 주도 국제협력 의제, ⑤거버넌스: 미정"을 계획지표로 하였다. 유역종합계획에서는 4대강별로 거버넌스를 포함하여, "①물환경: 국가계획지표, 주요 상수원 수질, ②물이용: 노후 상하수관로 개량, 지방상수도 유수율, ③물안전: 한해 인구, 수해 인구-피해액, 하천정비율, ④물산업: 물산업 일자리 창출, ⑤거버넌스: 물포럼, 시민참여활동"을 정량지표로 고려하고 있다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.4B
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• pp.385-396
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• 2009

Non-household unit water use for each type of business are estimated in this study. The business types are subdivided into forty based on nine categories by the national industrial standard classification, such as office, commerce, public bathing, public water use etc. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are applied to obtain statistical characteristics between industrial water use data, surveyed in six cities including Nonsan, Seosan and the National Statistical Bureau and site area, employees number etc. for each detailed business area. As the proposed non-household unit water uses are compared with five surveyed data in USA, it is shown that almost of water uses per unit area are less than those in USA. Non-household unit water uses of 25% cumulative probability water use recommended as efficiency benchmarks among surveyed data in Korea are also less than those in USA. Especially, in the case of water use in school, the average and the range are similar results showing water use range between 0.4 and 6.2 ($l/m^2/day$) as liter per capita day per an unit area, also water use range between 11.9 to 64.0 (l/student/day) as liter per capita day per a person. From the result of correlation analysis with internal and exogenous affecting factors on non-household water use, it can be concluded that a unit area is most appropriate factor as a standard of non-household unit water use. In case of water use in educational business, the number of students including staffs is more correlated than site ares with water use for the settled water consumption tendency. Although the increase and decrease of educational institutes, retail/wholesale store and restaurants are shown remarkable by the temperature as a representative factor, low correlations are shown in water use fluctuation in lodging house and hospital.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.401-412
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• 2013

Water footprint of a product and service is the volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured in the life cycle or over the full supply chain. Since water footprint assessment helps us to understand how human activities and products relate to water scarcity and pollution, it can contribute to seek a sustainable way of water use in the consumption perspective. For the introduction of WFP scheme, it is indispensable to construct water inventory/accounting for the assessment, but there is no database in Korea to cover all industry sectors. Therefore, the aim of the study is to develop water footprint inventory within a nation at 403 industrial sectors using Input-Output Analysis. Water uses in the agricultural sector account for 79% of total water, and industrial sector have higher indirect water at most sectors, which is accounting for 82%. Most of the crop water is consumptive and direct water except rice. The greatest water use in the agricultural sectors is in rice paddy followed by aquaculture and fruit production, but the greatest water use intensity was not in the rice. The greatest water use intensity was 103,263 $m^3$/million KRW for other inedible crop production, which was attributed to the low economic value of the product with great water consumption in the cultivation. The next was timber tract followed by iron ores, raw timber, aquaculture, water supply and miscellaneous cereals like corn and other edible crops in terms of total water use intensity. In holistic view, water management considering indirect water in the industrial sector, i.e. supply chain management in the whole life cycle, is important to increase water use efficiency, since more than 56% of total water was indirect water by humanity. It is expected that the water use intensity data can be used for a water inventory to estimate water footprint of a product for the introduction of water footprint scheme in Korea.