• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.484-492
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• 2019

The aim of the present study was to compare the cold tolerance of seven different types of trees growing in southern Korea to select evergreen broad-leaved trees that can be used as street trees in large land areas experiencing climate change. The trees compared were the thorn tree, Cinnamomum camphora, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii, Dendropanax morbifera, Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq., Quercus glauca Thunb., and Raphiolepis indica. When the trees were subjected to low temperature treatment, their electrolyte elution volume values appeared to increase with the decreases in the treatment temperature. The analysis of the cold tolerance of each type of tree was based on the estimated temperatures in the following order: C. japonica (-11.586℃) > R. indica (-9.348℃) > Q. glauca (-8.719℃) > M. thunbergii (-8.090℃) > D. macropodum (-7.409℃) > D. morbifera (-7.085℃) > C. camphora (-6.995℃). The relative cold tolerance difference found in the seven tree species was more than 5℃, as evaluated previously. In the Lauraceae family, the difference in cold tolerance was more than 2℃, even in the same species. The analysis showed that trees with excellent cold tolerance included Q. glauca Thunb., C. japonica, R. indica, and the thorn tree. This knowledge is required for the evaluation of the possibility of the survival of trees under cold temperature conditions in cities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.289-294
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• 2004

본 연구의 목적은 고해상도 위성 영상을 이용하여 식생도 제작 기법을 연구하는 것이며, 식생도에는 활엽수, 혼효림, 침엽수의 군집 경계를 표현하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 고해상도 위성영상을 활용하여 객체지향분류 기법을 적용하였다. 객체지향 분류기법은 크게 세그멘테이션의 과정과 세그멘트를 분류하는 과정으로 나눌 수 있다. 세그멘테이션 과정을 통해서 식생군집의 경계를 추출하고, 영상을 이용하여 상록침엽수를 분류하여 식생조사시 침엽수군락의 위치를 파악함으로써 조사의 효율성을 증대하였다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.507-524
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• 2022

In this study, we revealed the location environment and community structural characteristics after extensively investigating Korea's warm-temperate island areas and categorizing vegetation through TWINSPAN analysis. Based on it, this study aims to suggest the direction of the vegetation restoration plan for warm-temperate forests by deriving a restoration strategy for each vegetation type. The vegetation types were clearly divided into eight types, and communities I through IV were good evergreen broad-leaved forests dominated by Machilus thunbergii and Castanopsis sieboldii. On the other hand, communities V through VIII were Pinus thunbergii forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, and artificial forest, and retrogressive succession vegetation in the warm-temperate areas. The environmental factors derived from the DCA analysis were altitude (average temperature of the coldest month) and distance from the coastline (salt tolerance). The distribution pattern of warm-temperate forests has been categorized into M. thunbergii, C. sieboldii and Cyclobalanopsis spp. forest types according to the two environmental factors. It is reasonable to apply the three vegetation types as restoration target vegetation considering the location environment of the restoration target site. In communities V through VIII, P. thunbergiiand deciduous broad-leaved formed a canopy layer, and evergreen broad-leaved species with strong seed expansion frequently appeared in the ground layer, raising the possibility of vegetation succession as evergreen broad-leaved forests. The devastated land where forests have disappeared in the island areas is narrow, but vegetation such as P. thunbergii and deciduous broad-leaved forests, which have become a retrogressive succession, forms a large area. The restoration strategy of renewing this area into evergreen, broad-leaved forests should be more effective in realizing carbon neutrality and promoting biodiversity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.552-564
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate vegetation characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the area of Duryunsan Provincial Park, where the deciduous broad-leaved trees and evergreen broad-leaved trees are mixed and thus had a high botanical value. To investigate the vegetation characteristics, we installed 40 quadrats with an area of $100m^2$ each for survey and analysis. Haenam-gun, where the Duryunsan Provincial Park is located, is a warm-temperate forest region. The meteorological data for the past 40 years showed a coldness index of $-8^{\circ}C$, a monthly warmth index of $109.2^{\circ}C$, and annual mean precipitation of 1,310.5mm, indicating it is an ideal habitat for the distribution of evergreen broad-leaved forest. The results of community classification based on TWINSPAN showed three categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Quercus acuta community-I, Q. acuta community-II, and Neolitsea sericea-Aphananthe aspera community. In the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Duryunsan Provincial Park, Q. acuta dominant in the canopy were expanding their presence in the understory. In addition to the Q. acuta, N. sericea and Cinnamomum yabunikkei, which are evergreen broad-leaved trees of the canopy, were found in all layers. The deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, and Carpinus tschonoskii were culled, and the transition to Q. acuta evergreen broad-leaved trees was ongoing. N. sericea community appeared locally. The species diversity index of N. sericea-A. aspera community was lower at 1.0798 than that of Q. acuta Community-I at 1.3208 and Q. acuta Community-II at 1.4916.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.14-27
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• 1990

The vegetation of Pyeongil island was ecologically investigated four times from July, 1979 to May, 1981. The vegetation of this island consisted of 80 families, 172 genera, 173 species, 21 varieties and 4 forma. Evergreen, broad-leaved trees comprised a total of 11 species including Eurya japonica Thunb. and Trachelostermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai. The distribution of evergreen, broad-leaved trees was very spares in this island as a whole. It may also be considered that evergreen, broad-leaved trees, such as Camellia japonica Linne (30cm-35cm in diameter at breast height), Pittosporum fobira Aiton, Eurya japonica Thunb. and Trachelostermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai which might have been dominant species on this island, have undergone artificial succession caused by the planting of Pinus thunbergii Parl. dominant species of today. This was due to human interferences for fuel, building, grazing and farmland use. Especially, the vegetation of this island seems to have been severely destroyed by high population density, farming rate and by rapid increase in the area of cultivated land. However, the forest of Pinus thunbergii Parlatore at Wolsong-ri is worthy of conservation. The five species of seaside plants (Ixeris dentata (Thunb.) Nakai, Rosa rugosa Thunb., Carex laticeps Clarke, Calystergia soldanella Reom. et Schult. and Phelloterus littoradis) were distributed in the vicinity of sand beaches leading to Wolsong-ri, Dongbaeg-ri and Sadong-ri.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 1994

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for evergreen broad-leaved forest in Hongdo. Forty-nine plots were classified into six groups, which are Camellea japonica community, Machilus thunbergii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Machilus thunbergii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboidii-Camellea japonica community and evergreen broad-leaved mixed community by the DCA ordiantion and TWINSPAN techniques. Successional sere of the forest vegetation in the surveyed area were proceeding from Pinus densiflora through Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieholdii to Neolitsea sericea, Dendropanax morbifera, Machilus japonica, Quercus acuta and Mahilus thunbergii in the canopy layer group and from Ligustrum japonicum, Ardisia japonica. Eurya japonica. Rhaphiolepsis umbellata through Trachelosperum asiaticum, Kadsura japonica. Litsia Japonica, Camellea japonica to Aucuba japonica, Euscaphis japonica, Ficus erecta in the understory and shrub layer group.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.241-252
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• 2013

This study investigated plant community structure of Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) in Jeju-do to identify character as evergreen broad-leaved forest. 20 plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and plant communities were divided into 5 communities of Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Ilex integra(Camellia japonica), Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica-Pinus thunbergii and Pinus thunbergii-Quercus glauca by using TWINSPAN, DCA ordination, mean importance value and environmental condition. Area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest with stonny ground is covered with Quercus glauca and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii in canopy layer and Camellia japonica in the subordinate layer. Area of remaining soil's depth is covered with Pinus thunbergii. It has been alleged that Pinus thunbergii planted by human when Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) is not selected local monuments. All of communities is predicted success to community of Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica. Shannon's diversity ranged from 1.0268 to 1.0717 in area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest and 1.2102 in area of Pinus thunbergii. 10 species of broad-leaved tree's constancy ratio is over the 80%. In future, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Cinnamomum japonicum can cover canopy layer, but it has low importance value. Specially high aged Camellia japonica is appeared everywhere. It has been alleged that it was touched by divinity since past. Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) has different plant structure with another evergreen broad-leaved forest. It is hard that knowing its successional sere because it was damaged when it isn't degignate local monument. Accordingly continuous monitoring was required, successional direction and community's character is identified after forest become steady.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.397-407
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• 2017

This research aims to analyze and compare the drought resistance of 7 species of landscape trees commonly grown in Korea. The 7 species are: Camellia japonica, Rhaphiolepis indica, Quercus glauca, Machilus thunbergii, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Dendropanax morbifera and Cinnamomum camphora. In order to analyze their drought resistance, the samples were left without irrigation for 30 days (05/09/2016 ~ 05/10/2016), during which period their respective drought resistor, relative water content, electrolyte elution figures and proline content were measured. As the non-irrigation proceeded, C. camphora was the first to wither, followed by D. morbifera, then D. macropodum, then M. thunbergii, then Q. glauca, then R. indica then finally C. japonica. Of the 7 species, Q. glauca, C. japonica and R. indica can be considered highly drought resistant, since they survived for longer than 3 weeks without irrigation. Relative water content (RWC) plummeted dramatically after the first 15 days of non-irrigation. Whereas RWC readings of C. camphora, D. morbifera, D. macropodum and M. tunbergii dropped by 40% or more, the other 4 species reported a relatively low rate of decrease at 20% or lower. The Camellia japonica, the R. indica and Q. glauca, which were the species with relatively high drought resistance, showed low proline content and electrolyte elution figures, whereas those of C. camphora, D. macropodum, D. morbifera and M. tunbergii were higher. Analysis through the nonlinear regression analysis logistic model showed that non-irrigation proved fatal for the 7 sample species in a range of 22.7 to 37.6 days. The C. japonica, R. indica, Q. glauca and M. tunbergii demonstrated a high drought resistance of 30 days or longer, whereas C. camphora, D. morbifera and D. macropodum had a low resistance of 25 days or less to drought from lack of water. In conclusion, out of the 7 species of broad-leaved evergreen trees tested, C. japonica, R. indica and Q. glauca seem to be suitable for use as landscape trees, owing to their high drought resistance.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 2016

Litter fall is a source of nutrients and carbon transfer in terrestrial ecosystems. Litter decomposition provides nutrients needed for plant growth, sustains soil fertility, and supplies $CO_2$ to the atmosphere. We collected the leaf litter of evergreen broadleaf tree, Camellia japonica L., and carried out a decomposition experiment using the litterbag method in Ju-do, Wando-gun, Korea for 731 days from Dec 25, 2011 to Dec 25, 2013. The leaf litter of C. japonica remained 42.6% of the initial litter mass after experiment. The decay constant (k) of C. japonica leaf litter was $0.427yr^{-1}$. The carbon content of C. japonica leaf litter was 44.6%, and the remaining carbon content during the decomposition tended to coincide with the changes in litter mass. The initial nitrogen and phosphorus content was 0.47% and 324.7 mg/g, respectively. The remaining N in decaying litter increased 1.66-fold in the early decomposition stage, then gradually decreased to 1.18-fold after 731 days. The content of P showed the highest value (1.64-fold of initial content) after 456 days, which then fell to a 1.15-fold after 731 days. The remaining Ca, K, Mg and Na content in C. japonica leaf litter tended to decrease during decomposition. The remaining K showed a remaining mass of 8.9% as a result of rapid reduction. The initial C/N and C/P ratio of C. japonica leaf litter was 94.87 and 1368.5, respectively. However, it tended to decrease as decomposition progressed because of the immobilization of N and P (2.78 and 2.68-fold of initial content, respectively) during the leaf litter decaying. The study results showed that N and P was immobilized and other nutrients was mineralized in C. japonica leaf litter during experimental period.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological characteristics and vegetation structures of Eurya japonica in Busan. As a result of the TWINSPAN and DCA analysis, 89 plots of 100㎡ each were divided into 3 communities: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-E. japonica community, and P. thunbergii-Camellia japonica community. Community I consisted of the Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica which was mainly located in the high altitude inland. While Q. serrata and P. densiflora competed in the tree layer, the dominant species of the understory layer was E. japonica. Since Carpinus tschonoskii, one of the climax species, was distributed evenly from shrub to tree layers, it was likely that deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii would become dominant species in community I. In community I, E. japonica was found in higher altitude than the other evergreen broad-leaved tree and was expected to maintain their tree vigor even if the vegetation structure is converted into the deciduous forest. Community II, the P. thunbergii-E. japonica community, was predicted to maintain its tree vigor unless there were unexpected disturbance factors. Community III, consisting of P. thunbergii-C. japonica and located in Dongbaek Island, was under artificial management. In community III, P. thunbergii was the only species in the tree layer, while C. japonica was predominant in the understory layer. E. japonica and various evergreen broad-leaved tree species were present in the understory layer and shrub layer, which were unmanaged areas. Therefore, it is expected that unless C. japonica is continuously managed, E. japonica is likely to become the dominant species. There were also various evergreen broad-leaved species, such as Machilus thunbergii and Pittosporum tobira, present in the shrub layer. If the temperature continues to rise, the habitat is expected to become evergreen broad-leaved forests in the future as P. thunbergii community declines. The result of Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of E. japonica and species appearing in 89 plots showed that 9 species were had a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05). Four species, including P. tobira and Q. dentata, had a positive correlation. Five species had a negative correlation, and C. japonica, which had the same ecological position as E. japonica, showed the most negative correlation at -0.384.