• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.68-83
• /
• 1977

영양실태조사 및 사람을 대상으로 하는 많은 영양적 연구에서 요중(尿中) 여러 성분(成分)들의 배설량을 측정하기 위해 만 하루의 소변을 완전히 채취하기는 매우 어려우므로 임의시간(任意時間)의 소변을 채취하여 사용한다. 이 경우엔 흔히 요성분(尿成分)의 농도는 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌을 양(量)을 기준으로 하여 표시되는데, 크레아티닌은 요중(尿中) 일일(一日) 배설량이 개인에 따라 알정하고 요양(尿量)에는 상관없이 비교적 일정한 속도로 배설 된다고 간주되기 때문이다. 그러나 비교적 높은 발생율을 갖는 세균재(細菌在) 요도염(尿道炎)에서는 감염균(感染菌)이 크레아티닌을 파괴할 가능성이 있고 따라서 이 경우의 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌의 여러 용도(用途)는 비합리적으로 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 가설을 규명하려고 한다. 첫 실험에서는 감염균(感染菌)이 요소(尿素)를 암모니아로 파괴함으로써 형성되는 요(尿)의 알칼리성에 대한 크레아티닌의 안정성(安定性)을 알아 보았다. 건강인(健康人)의 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌과 완충액에 용해시킨 순수 크레아티닌을 pH $4.5{\sim}9.0$으로 조정하여 $37^{\circ}C$에서 6일간 배양시켰다. 잔존한 크레아티닌을 측량한 결과, 크레아티닌은 완충용액이나 요(尿)에서서 모두 산성 pH에서 보다 알칼리 pH에서 더욱 안정(安定)함을 보여주었다. 1일간 배양 후엔 거의 변화(變化)가 없었고 6일 후에나 $4.2{\sim}8.0%$의 감소율을 나타냈을 뿐이다. 두번째 실험에서는 감염균이 크레아티닌을 성장(成長)을 위한 질소급원으로 사용하는지를 결정하기 위해 세균성(細菌性) 요도염(尿道炎)에서 자주 발견되는 13종류(種類)의 박테리아를 건강인(健康人)의 요(尿)와 크레아티닌을 질소급원으로 하는 합성배지(合成培地)에 $37^{\circ}C$로 배양하였다. 대부분의 박테리아는 크레아티닌함양(含量)을 감소시키지 않았다. 그러나 Pseudomonas aeruginosa와 Klebsiella pneumoniae는 합성배지중(合成培地中)의 크레아티닌을 상당량 파괴시켰고, 그 파괴율은 그들 성장율과 평행하였다. 배양 6일후에는 크레아티닌이 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 의해 처음 양(量)(500mg/100m1) 의 12.8%가, Kleobsiella pneumoniae에 의해서는 11.8%가 감소되었다. 감소율은 크레아티닌의 처음 농도가 낮을수록 커져서 50mg/100ml 일 때는 각각 21.1%와 28.2%이었다. 더욱이 Klebsiella pneumoniae는 황산암모늄과 요소(尿素)같은 다른 질소급원이 크레아티닌과 공존(共存)할 때에도 크레아티닌을 어느 정도 파괴함을 보여 주었다. 결론으로, 세균성(細菌性) 요도염(尿道炎)환자의 요(尿)의 알칼리성은 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌양(量)에 중요한 영항을 주지 못한다. 그러나 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 사용된 Klebsiella pneumoniae와 가능하게는 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 같은 몇 감염균(感染菌)은 크레아티닌을 그들 성장(成長)의 질소급원으로 사용하여 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌양(量)을 저하시킬지도 모른다. 특히 요(尿)에 요소(尿素), 요산(尿酸)같은 다른 질소급원이 크레아티닌에 비해 비교적 낮은 비율로 존재할 때에, 예(例)를 들면 저(低)단백식사(食事)인 경우, 감염균에 의한 크레아티닌의 파괴율이 더 클 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.3 s.131
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 2005

This research was performed to evaluate adsorption behavior of woody charcoals obtained from wood powder, fiber and bark of spruce (Abies sibirica Ledeb). The wood materials were carbonized at various temperatures for 1 hour using experimental rotary kiln without any inert gas. The adsorption capacity of iodine and toluene, specific surface area and removal efficiency of acetic acid and ammonia gas of those charcoals were measured. The higher was the temperature for carbonization, the lower yields of charcoals were. Ash content of bark charcoal was higher than that of wood powder charcoal or fiber charcoal. Elemental analysis of woody charcoal revealed that the content of carbon was gradually lincreased as carbonization temperature was higher. When carbonization temperature was higher, adsorption capacity of woody charcoals for iodine was much improved. Wood powder charcoal and fiber charcoal were more effective for iodine adsorption rather than bark charcoal. Capacity of toluene adsorption was the highest in the charcoal of $600^{\circ}C$. Charcoals produced at high temperature efficiently removed acetic acid gas, while charcoals carbonized at low temperature such as $400^{\circ}C$ were proper to remove ammonia gas. This difference may be explained that the acidity of charcoals depends on the carbonization temperature: charcoals of low temperature indicate acidic property, while those of high temperature turned to alkaline.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.543-547
• /
• 2006

In order to improve wine quality, the selection of yeast strain and of additives in the manufacture of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) wine was investigated. The chemical composition of the edible portions of Bokbunja fruits was 86.5% moisture, 0.2% crude protein, 0.9% crude fat, 6.6% crude fiber, 0.5% ash and $10^{\circ}Brix$ sugar, and was 2.99% fructose, 2.53% glucose and 0.07% sucrose in fruit extract. The predominant organic acids in the fruit were citric acid (14.57 mg/mL) and malic acid (2.24 mg/mL) with smaller amounts of shikimic, pyroglutamic and oxalic acid. During fermentation, citric and malic acid levels decreased, while formic and acetic acid were released. Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 12224 (Sc-24) was more favorable for alcoholic fermentation of Bokbunja and the addition of 200 ppm of potassium metabisulphite to must was more efficient than other $SO_2$ sources with a higher overall acceptability score. Sc-24 increased alcohol production from 9.8 to 14.8% in a sugar concentration dependent manner $(18-28^{\circ}Brix)$. The color value of early stage Bokbunja must was improved by supplementing with Japanese apricot extract, but this did not influence the color value of Bokbunja wine after primary fermentation. The astringent taste of Bokbunja wine was reduced by removing the seed from the fruit. Sugar solution (50%, w/v) was used instead of sugar power to prevent the possibility of undissolved sugar due to insufficient mixing. This substitution did not influence sensory evaluation.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.51-62
• /
• 2000

The $CO_2$-richrich water pumps or springs out at two sites (Sinchon and Kohran) consisting of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in Kyungpook area. The water has been long known as its soda pop-liketaste and therapeutic effect against calcium deficit, stomach and skin troubles, etc. The water arecharacterized by a high $CO_2$ concentration $(P_{CO2}=0.29~l.01 atm)$ and electrical conductance (1,093~2,810$\mu$S/cm). The $CO_2$-rich water belongs to Ca(Na)-$HCO_3$ type in chemical classification. The contents of Ca, Mg, Na, HCO$_3$ and Fe of $CO_2$-rich water show much higher values than those of general groundwater Environmental isotopic data $(^2H/^1H, ^{18}O/^{16}O and ^3H/^1H)$ indicate that the water is ofmeteoric origin recharged after 1950s. The $CO_2$ in the springs seems to be originated from deep-seatedsource related to acidic porphyry and granite nearby sedimentary rocks. Carbonate minerals and albiteare likely to be the major source minerals of the dissoved inorganic constituents in the $CO_2$-rich water.The equilibrium state between major minerals and $CO_2$-rich water was calculated by a thermodynamicprogram.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.155-161
• /
• 2011

Three spot gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus Pallas, 1770) is a teleost belonging to Belontiidae. The oogenesis of three spot gourami was investigated by light microscope. The ovary was of light peach color and ellipsoidal shape with the major axis 2 cm and the minor axis 1 cm. Cytoplasm of oogonia was basophilic and many nucleoli were located at inside of nuclear membrane. In primary oocyte, lipid droplets were distributed only in the marginal area first, than at nuclear envelope near. In secondary oocyte, the egg envelope was formed and yolk vesicles was formed in the marginal area. The basophilic substance of cytoplasm was changed to acidic. In case of matured egg, thickness of egg envelope and size of egg were increased. The yolk vesicles were changed to yolk mass in accordance with development. The fertilized eggs were the colorless, transparent, spherical, adhesive and pelagic type. A large oil droplet was located in vitelline membrane of the fertilized egg. In conclusion, the oogenesis of three spot gourami was characterized by the increase in cell size, the formations of lipid droplets and yolk, the decrease of basophilic substance in the cytoplasm, and formation of one large oil droplets.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 1991

This study was performed to examine the electrophoretic properties of Job's tears (Yulmoo: Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. Ma-yuen Stapf. & Yeomjoo: Coix lachryma-jobi L.) proteins. Albumins, globulins, gliadins and glutelins were extracted from the polished Yulmoo and brown Yeomjoo by the modified Osborne method. For a comparison, rice proteins were extracted and fractionated by the same method. The relative proportions of protein fractions were 17.4 : 19.6 : 55.2 : 7.7% in polished Yulmoo, 12.6 : 62.2 : 4.2 :21.0% in brown Yeomjoo and 14.2 : 57 4 : 0.77 : 27.8% in rice, in the order of albumis, globulins, gliadins and glutelins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were peformed to identify the subfractions of each protein fraction extracted from polished Yulmoo, brown Yeomjoo and rice. The electro-phoregrams of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the same fractions of both polished Yulmoo protein and brown Yeomjoo protein had very similar electrophoretic patterns to each other respectively, but there were significant differences in the patterns between Job's tears proteins and rice proteins.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.63-68
• /
• 1975

A biological active substance was isolated from the cultured medium of Streptomyces sp. and its biochemical characteristics were investigated. Isolation process of the substance was as follows; the pH of filterate of the cultured medium was adjusted to 3.0 with N-hydrochloric acid and saturated with sodium chloride, then chloroform was added to this filterate in one fifth portions and stirred vigorously. After extracting the active substance with chloroform in 3 stages, the chloroform layer combined and evaporatea after dehydrating with sodium sulfate. The substance was found to be to be toxic to various fresh water fishes; the lethal dose for an average size Pseudorasbora parva T. et. S. was 50ug per ml. In the acidic condition, the toxicity of the substance remained fora long time, while in the alkaline state, the toxicity was decreased very fast. This substance was found to be stable to organic solvents, but labile to heat treatment. The maximal revival time of Pseudorasbora parva T. et. S. was about 20 minutes in 25 ug/ml of the substance solution.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.203-209
• /
• 2007

Soybean milk cake (SMC) was used for the solid-state fermentation by Bacillus subtilis PUL-A isolated from soybean milk cake. In the presence of 5% glutamate the maximum production of biopolymer (59.9 g/kg) was performed by fermentation at $42^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr. The recovered biopolymer was consisted of 87% $\gamma$-polyglutamic acid with molecular weight of $1.3{\times}10^6$ dalton and other biopolymer. The biopolymer solution showed the great decrease in consistency below pH 6.0, regardless of the molecular weight of PGA. Biopolymer solution has a typical pseudoplastic flow behavior and yield stress. The consistency of biopolymer solution was greatly decreased by increasing heating time and temperature in acidic condition compared to the alkaline condition. In kaolin clay suspension, the flocculating activity of biopolymer was the highest value with 15 mg/L biopolymer and 4.5 mM $CaCl_2$, but decreased greatly with $FeCl_3$. The flocculating activity of biopolymer was maximum at pH5, but decreased drastically by heating at $60{\sim}100^{\circ}C$. In particular, biopolymer with native PGA showed the efficient flocculating activity compared to that of modified biopolymer containing low molecular weight of PGA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.149-154
• /
• 2007

An antibacterial substance to the Streptococcus mutans, a causative bacterium for decayed teeth, was isolated from the dried sea mustard, Undaria pinnatifida, and identified by GC and GC/MS. Acetone extract from the sea mustard (10.4 kg), was evaporated and partitioned to 4 fractions such as hexane, chloroform, butanol and water. The most active chloroform fraction were further purified through basic alumina, silicic acid and ODS column, successively, and finally, 3 antibacterial substances were isolated on the HPLC attached ODS column by using 95% MeOH and guided with UV detector (254 nm). Antibacterial substances (total 160mg, yield $1.5\times10^{-3}$%) had the same Rf value (0.42) on the TLC developed hexane diethyl ether acetic acid (80:30:1) and those methyl esters moved to 0.95. They were identified as the same unsaturated fatty acid, $C_{18:4,\;n-3}$ (3,6,9,12-octadecatetraenoic acid, stearidonic acid) compared relative retention times (15.5 min) with authentic fatty acid on the GC chromatogram. It was further confirmed unambiguously on the GC/MS giving molecular ion peak at m/z 290 which coincided with its methyl ester.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 1998.05a
• /
• pp.60-60
• /
• 1998

아연도금강판은 내식성이 우수하여 자동차용 강판으로 널리 쓰이고 있다. 자동차용 강판은 spot 용접에 의해서 각 부분들이 접합되는데 도금층으로 사용되는 아연은 강판보다 융점이 낮아서 용접작업을 저하시킨다. 현재 사용되는 작업조건에서 용접 타 접수가 평균 2000회를 넘게되면 용접되는 부위의 면적이 감소되어 접합강도가 떨어지게된다. 따라서, 아연이 도금된 강판을 용접하게되면 작업성이 저하되므로 도금층의 성분에 대한 변화를 주므로서 이에 대한 개선을 할 필요가 있다.. Cole, Dickenson 및 Kimchi 등은 도금충내의 알루미늄을 0.1~0.5%(중량비) 함유하는 아연도금강판은 저항용접시 도금충내의 알루미늄 함량에 따라 용접성이 영향을 받는다고 보고하였다. 전극수명은 도금층내의 알루미늄 함량이 증가할수록 떨어지는데 알루미늄이 0.5% 이 하로 함유된 아연도금강판의 경우는 용접타접수가 2000~6000회에 이르르나 알루미늄 이 50%이상 함유된 합금도금강판은 200-600회에 불과한 것으로 나타난다. H. M Matsuda 등은 도금층의 알루미늄이 용접성에 영향을 미치는 이유로서 도금층의 용융 온도 변화를 지적하였다. 도금충내에 알루미늄의 함량이 높게되면 철과 아연의 확산에 의한 합금화 반응이 저하되어 도금층의 용융온도가 높아지지 못하므로 용접성이 나빠지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 아연도금욕의 조성은 기존의 상태로 유지하고 제3의 원소를 첨가하여 도금층에 함유되는 알루미늄의 양에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 도금층의 불성변화 및 그에 따른 내식성을 조사하였으며 도금층의 조직변화도 함께 관찰하였다. 아울러 첨가원소에 의한 도금욕의 특성도 평가하였다. 첨가원소에 의해서 도금충내의 알루미늄 함량은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며 도금층의 물성은 주어진 조성범위 내에서 별다른 변화를 나타내지 않았다.brittlement)기구도 제안되고 었다. 원전의 냉각수는 고 순도의 물이지만 수 처리 과정과 웅축기 배관의 누수로 인한 산소, $Cu^{2+},{\;}S_xO_6{\;}^{2-}(x=3~6)$ 등이 유입되어 오염되는데 이려한 오염물질들이 수 ppm정도 소량 포함된 경우 응 력부식민감도는 상당히 증가된다. 산성분위기 흑은 산소, $Cu^{2+}$, 등이 소량 포합된 산화성 분위기 그리고 sufur oxyanion 에 오염된 고온의 물에서 600 의 IGSCC 민감도는 예민화도가 증가할 수록 민감하여 304 의 IGSCC 와 매우 유사한 거동을 보인다. 본 강연에서는 304 와 600 의 고온 물에서 일어나는 IGSCC 민감도에 미치는 환경, 예민화처리, 합금원소의 영향을 고찰하고 이에 대한 최근의 연구 동향과 방식 방법을 다룬다.다.의 목적과 지식)보다 미학적 경험에 주는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 사람들에게 비슷한 미학적 경험을 발생시키는 것 이 밝혀졌다. 다시 말하면 모든 사람들은 그들의 문화적인 국적과 사회적 인 직업의 차이, 목적의 차이, 또한 환경의 의미의 차이에 상관없이 아름다 운 경관(High-beauty landscape)을 주거지나 나들이 장소로서 선호했으며, 아름답다고 평가했다. 반면에, 사람들이 갖고 있는 문화의 차이, 직업의 차 이, 목적의 차이, 그리고 환경의 의미의 차이에 따라 경관의 미학적 평가가 달라진 것으로 나타났다.corner$적 의도에 의한 경관구성의 일면을 확인할수 있지만 엄밀히 생각하여 보면 이러한 예의 경우도 최락의 총체적인 외형은 마찬가지로 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 범위를 벗어나지 않는다. 그렇기 때문에도 $\ulcorner$