• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.311-314
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• 1985

Ganodema lucidum protoplasts were formed by the treatment of Novozym 234. The osmotic stabilizers such as mannitol were effective enough to produce protoplasts up to 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$. For regeneration, however, MgSO$_4$.7$H_2O$ was suitable. When inositol and sucrose were employed as osmotic stablizers, the regeneration ratio reached to 0.26％. Overlay of Streptomycin sulfate added agar was required to prevent bacterial contamination.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.508-510
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• 1998

This study was carried out to establish the in vitro culture system of potato germplasms for minimizing the occurrence of variation and maximizing the culture period. We used osmoticum such as sorbitol or mannitol with sucrose in the absence of plant growth regulators. The growth of potato germplasms in the medium containing osmoticum was increased when the growth temperature was lowered. After six months storage in low temperature, plant heights of tetraploid was somewhat higher than those of diploid with the exception of stn-16 and the difference due to media was not observed. But after twelve months storage, survival rates of plants cultured in LSM 1(sucrose and sorbitol) was higher than those of plants cultured in LSM 2(sucrose and mannitol). The survival rate of stn-16, diploid wild species, was approximately 75% and it was considerably high. In Atlantic, tetraploid cultivated variety, every individual was survived.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.79-82
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• 1985

The experiment of protoplast regeneration and reversion were undertaken to provide a basic techniques for protoplast manipulation. Protoplasts of Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus ostreatus were reverted to normal hyphal growth and the reversion frequency of both fungal protoplasts were $0.24{\sim}3.19%$. Reversion medium stabilized with 0.6 M potassium chloride and sucrose was better than the other stabilized one. The protoplast reversion frequency was increased when various amino acid and vitamin compounds were added to the hypertonic mushroom complete agar medium.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.214-219
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• 1988

Factors affecting protoplast formation and reversion were investigated in Pleurotus sapidus kalchbr. For release of protoplast, enzyme mixture of Novozyme 234, ${\beta}-D-glucanase$ and ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ was most effective, when mycelium of 0.6 M sucrose solution as osmotic stabilizer without addition of buffer solution. The yield of protoplast was highest with mycelium cultured for 4 days on mushroom complete agar medium at ${30}^{\circ}C$. Protoplasts of Pleurotus sapidus were reverted to normal hyphal growth with maximum reversion frequency of 2% on Mushroom complete agar medium stabilized with 0.6 M sucrose solution and covered by 0.75% agar layer.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2001

Fruit growth in kiwifruit shows double sigmoid curve, but it does not certainly indicate as years. Therefore, I though the reason to be easy to the effect of water state change in kiwifruit, investigated diurnal change in water status of fruit tissues with an isoipiestic psychrometers against the fruit growth stage of kiwifruit in 1995 and 1996. Diurnal change in the fruit tissue water potential were little, but violent for fruti growth state III in 1996. The potential of two years dropped gradually approach to harvest time. On the other hand, osmotic potential of the tissues indicated to very similar to water potential, dropped rapidly -1.5MPa before dawn, recovered -1 MPa after 3 h on October 14, were -1~-1.7 MPa at the fruit commercial harvest in 1995. It had a tendency to lower in 1996 than in 1995. It was recorded to the minimum air temperature at the first for an autumn in 1995; 13$^{\circ}C$ from the middle night of October 13 to dawn of October 14. Leaves water potential, which is related to water status of xylem, nearly fell below -1 MPa at before dawn from stage II in 1996. However, it fell so low only at commercial in 1995. At the stage II, osmotic potential and ascent of the turgor pressure was high than 1995-fruit. There parameter suggested that three of kiwifruit in 1996 were status of water stress for stage III. The results from this study indicated that difference of fruit growth between 1995-fruit and 1996-fruit was affected by water status of the fruit tissues, which was influenced by weather condition.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.715-721
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• 1997

W/O/W multiple emulsions were prepared comprising $MgSO_4$ in the inner aqueous phase as a model drug. The stability and drug release behavior of the multiple emulsions were studied using optical microscopy, viscometry and conductometry. Glucose was introduced in the outer aqueous phase to reduce the osmotic pressure gradient across the oil layer arising from the localization of drug molecules in the inner water phase. It was found that the presence of glucose was effective in stabilization of the multiple emulsions and in control of the release rate of drug more evidently when oil phase was partially hydrophilized with cetostearyl alcohol. This may be attributed to the fact that the migration of water accompanying the hydrophilic surfactant to the inner water phase was limited under a reduced osmotic pressure gradient and thereby slow down the destabilization of the oil/inner water interface.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.216-222
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• 2014

This study was carried out to develop an efficient transformation protocol via particle bombardment with PLBs (protocorm-like bodies) in Phalaenopsis. To achieve this aim, osmoticum treatment and an increasing shooting chances in particle bombardment process were applied for this study. In addition, pCAMBIA3301: ORE7 vector which contains a herbicide-resistance bar gene as a selectable marker and ORE7 gene as a gene of interests were employed. With regard to the increasing chances of shooting in particle bombardment, double shooting was the best results with 1.5 ~ 2.5 times higher than those of a single or triple shooting treatment in the productioon of PPT (D-L-phosphinothricin)-resistant PLBs. However, regeneration rate of shoots in double shooting was not high as a single shooting. Further, double shooting showed 35 ~ 40% higher than that of a single shooting in the frequency of browning. Regarding effects of different osmotic treatments, combination of 0.2 M sorbitol with 0.2 M mannitol showed the best results in transformation efficiency, regeneration of transformants and reduction of browning. Putative transgenic Phalaenopsis plants were analyzed by PCR analysis and confirmed the presence of bar and ORE 7 gene. Also, real-time PCR was conducted by using 21 transgenic plants and showed only 4 plants had one copy of transgene; whereas, the other 17 plants had more than 2 copies of transgene. Transgenic phalaenopsis plants produced in this study were transferred to pots and flowered normally without morphological variations in flower and leaf.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2005

Effective micropropagation system via somatic embryognesis was established for a Phytophthora resistant Aralia elata cultivar. Different kinds of growth regulators were needed to induce embryogenic callus with different explant sources. When leaf explants were used, a combination of 2,4-D, TDZ and L-glutamine was needed, whereas when petiole and root explants needed only 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D. Embryogenic callus induction rate under the optimum culture condition was 75.0%, 67.0% and 83.0% from leaf, petiole and root segment, respectively. Somatic embryo germination and plantlet conversion rate appeared to be influenced greatly by various osmoticums. More than 90% of embryos germinated when treated with sucrose, glucose and maltose. However, the highest conversion rate (72%) was recorded on medium with 2% sucrose only. The converted plantlets grew normally on 1/2MS basal medium, were acclimatized on artificial soil mixture and survived more than 95% in the greenhouse condition. The results suggest that the species can be clonally propagated through in vitro culture system via somatic embryogenesis.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 1995

The physiological characteristics of carrot hairy roots and suspension cells were examined based on their nutritional requirements. Inorganic nutrient (phosphorous and ammonium) requirements of carrot hairy roots were similar to those of suspension cells. Optimal sucrose concentration for the growth of hairy roods (7%) was different from that of suspension cells (3%). Since suspension cells were move easily affected by the environmental condition, e.g., osmotic stress, than hairy roofs which made the suitable growth condition for cells, it can be understood that optimal sucrose concentration for the growth of hairy roots was higher than that for the growth of the suspension cells. To investigate the roles of sucrose on the growth of hairy roots, the effects of sucrose on the fresh weight and dry weight was analysed by the addition of mannitol as an osmolicum. Sucrose acts also as an energy source for hairy roots rather than as an osmotic regulator, since the increase of dry weight was higher than that of fresh weight at the given sucrose concentration.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 1988

Optimal conditions for the formation and regeneration of protoplasts of the cellulolytic fungus Penicillium verruculosum were investigated. Among the various commercial cell wall lytic enzymes tested, 0.5%(w/ v) Novozym 234 was the most effective for protoplast formation. The highest yield of protoplast exceeding 4.5$\times$10$^6$/m$\ell$ obtained when 400mg of 20 hr-old mycelia was incubated with 0.5%(w/v) Novozym 234 at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr. The best osmotic stabilizer for the isolation and re-generation of protoplasts was 0.7M sorbital (pH 5.6) and 0.6M MgSO$_4$(pH 5.6), respectively. When 0.6M MgSO$_4$was added as osmotic stabilizer to the complete medium, the maximum regeneration frequency obtained was 4.6-27.8%. Micromorphological change of giant protoplasts into hyphae was observed during incubation in the regeneration liquid medium.