• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 1995

Osmolytes accumulated in the osmotically stressed Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 9610 were investigated using natural abundance $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. Glycine betaine, one of the more common and most effective osmolytes found in nature, was the dominant osmolyte in osmotically stressed Y. enterocolitica cells. Glycine betaine concentration was 41.8 times higher (801.9 nmol/mg protein) in stressed cells than in unstressed cells (19.2 nmol/mg protein). Proline was the minor osmolyte, and its concentration was 284.8 nmol/mg protein. The effects of glycine betaine and related osmolytes on growth rate of osmotically stressed Y. enterocolitica were investigated to identify their ability as osmolytes for Y. enterocolitica. When glycine betaine and proline were added in MMA medium containing 2.5% NaCl, the growth rate with glycine betaine (1 mM) was 3.6 times higher than in control (no addition of osmolyte), and that with proline was 1.3 times higher. Dimethylglycine (5 mM) also increased the growth rate 3.1 folds. On the other hand, monomethylElycine had no effect on growth of osmotically stressed and unstressed Y. enterocolitica. When carnitine was added in MMA medium containing 2.5% NaCl, carnitine (5 mM) increased the growth rate 2.4 folds, but choline had no effect on growth of osmotically stressed Y. enterocolitica. The above results indicate that glycine betaine is the dominant osmolyte in osmotically stressed Y. enterocolitica, and proline, dimethylglycine and carnitine also act as minor osmolytes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 2005

Comparative water relations of Quercus acuta and Castanopsis cuspidata var, sieboldii were analyzed to assess their resistance to drought and low temperature stresses from early November to early December, As air temperature decreased both species showed an increased content of osmotically active solute concentration per unit of dry weight (NS/DW), leading to lower osmotic potential of both species at both full turgid state $(OP_{sat})$ and turgor loss point $(OP_{tlp})$ in December than November. No major difference in the ability to adjust osmotically was noticed between the two. This finding suggests that both species must respond adaptively under water and low temperature stresses to maintain turgor pressure in winter season. In addition to osmotic adjustment, a low bulk modulus of elasticity $(E_{max})$ shown in Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii must also play an important role in turgor maintenance during winter season being apt to happen water and low temperature stresses in plants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.295-296
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• 2001

우리나라의 해수어류 양식생산량은 사육환경, 사육관리조건 및 적조, 냉수대, 저염 분수의 양식장내 유입 등 자연재해에 의해 생산량 변동이 심하여 어가의 불안정한 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 집약적 어류양식에서 발생하는 부적당한 환경, 영양 및 인위적 스트레스는 어류의 최적 성장을 저해하며, 양식생산의 계획화에 지장을 초래한다. 환경요인중 수온, 염분 및 수질의 급변은 양식어류에 상당한 스트레스 요인으로 작용하는데, 이중 염분변화는 어류의 체내 삼투압 변화를 유도하고, 이때 어류는 체내 항상성을 유지하기 위하여 삼투압 조절을 한다. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.388-394
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• 2013

Growth, inorganic solutes and glycine betaine accumulation in spinach beet (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) were studied under different salt conditions. Plants of fortythree days old were assessed by growing for a further 10 and 20 days at four NaCl concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 & 400 mM). The dry weight of leaves was maximal in plants which were grown at 100 to 200 mM NaCl treatments and after 10d it was decreased slightly at salt treatments of more than 300 mM NaCl. Under the salt conditions, leaves of B. vulgaris contained high inorganic ions to maintain low water potential, but low water soluble carbohydrate contents. Total ionic content and osmolality increased with increasing salt concentration. Salt stress led to a preferential accumulation of glycine betaine in leaves of B. vulgaris, especially for the 200 mM NaCl treatment. These findings suggest that a high degree of NaCl tolerance of B. vulgaris resulted from the accumulation of glycine betaine, which is known to have osmoprotectant properties in the cytoplasm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.244-245
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• 2003

한국의 내수면 어류양식은 송어, 틸라피아 및 잉어류가 주류를 이루고 있으나 과잉생산으로 인해 경제성이 낮으며, 최근 수입개방과 환경오염으로 담수양식 산업이 어려움에 처해 있는 실정이다. 따라서 새로운 고가의 양식어종 개발은 내수면 어류양식에 있어 시급히 해결해야 할 중요한 과제이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 최근에 광염성 해산어류의 뛰어난 삼투압 조절능력을 응용한 감성돔의 담수순화 양식이 시도되고 있다. (중략)

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2007

An accumulation levels of osmolytes in chilling-tolerant and chilling-sensitive cultivar of Cucurbits against chilling stress were determined during chilling stress. Total soluble sugar contents in tolerant cultivar did not changes fur 10 days after chilling stress, but then slightly increased 20 days after chilling stress. In sensitive cultivar, it was increased rapidly in the beginning of chilling stress, and increased 3.4 times as much 20 days after chilling stress as compared with unstressed plants. Proline contents in tolerant cultivar was rapidly increased by the beginning of chilling stress, and then increased 26.6 times 20 days after chilling stress as compared with unstressed plants. In sensitive cultivar, it was increased 22.0 times 20 days after chilling stress as compared with unstressed plants. A levels of glycine betaine (GB) in tolerant cultivar increased 1.9 times as much during the 20 days of chilling stress. However, concentration of GB in sensitive cultivar did not change during the chilling stress. When plants were treated exogenous GB as a foliar spray, chilling tolerance was significantly enhanced in both cultivars. The foliar application of exogenous GB was induced chilling tolerance by accumulation of GB in the plant organs. However, it does not accumulate endogenous proline.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 1999

Growth rate and osmolyte accumulation of L. monocytogenes were measured at the varying concentrations of NaCl. L. monocytogenes accumulated glycine betaine and glutamate intracellularly when grown under osmotic stress by NaCl, and the amounts of them increased as the concentration of NaCl was increased. They were 685 and 345 nmol/mg protein, respectively, when grown in the BHI supplemented with 4% NaCl. In order to inhibit L. monocytogenes effectively, both NaCl and Morus alba L. leaf extract were supplemented in TSB, and antibacterial effect of those supplements on L. monocytogenes was tested. Growth of L. monocytogenes grown in TSB supplemented with 2% NaCl and 100 ppm M. alba leaf extract decreased by 10 times in CFU/ml unit comparing to the growth of control. When grown in TSB, supplemented with 2% NaCl plus 500 ppm M. alba leaf extract and 2% NaCl plus 1,000 ppm M. alba leaf extract, growth of L. monocytogenes decreased by $10^5\;and\;10^8$ times in CFU/ml unit, respectively.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to test if 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are involved in the osmoregulatory actions in euryhaline starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. We investigated osmoregulatory parameters ($Na^+,\;Cl^-$ and osmolality), blood cortisol and glucose in starry flounder acclimated to seawater (SW, 33 psu) and that were transferred and allowed to acclimate to freshwater (FW, 0 psu). Fish in SW were injected with T3 (5, 10, and $15{\mu}g$/g body weight) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl), and then transferred to FW. They were sampled 3 days after the transfer. With T3 at $10{\mu}g$/g, levels of plasma $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were significantly higher than in sham (only saline) and control fish (without hormone and saline). Osmolality was significantly higher after injection with T3 at 10 and $15{\mu}g$/g than in the control. However, T3 at $5{\mu}g$/g had no effect on hyper-osmoregulation. In this study, all dose of T3 induced a significant increases in plasma cortisol without glucose. These results suggest a positive hyper-osmoregulatory role of T3 in starry flounder to hypoosmotic environment, maybe a positive interaction of T3 with cortisol for maintenance of hyper-osmoregulatory ability.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.3
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• pp.288-299
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• 2017

This study was conducted to find out the influence of drought stress on physiological responses of Synurus deltoides. Drought stress was induced by withholding water for 25 days. Leaf water potentials were decreased of both predawn (${\Psi}_{pd}$) and mid-day (${\Psi}_{mid}$) with increasing drought stress, but water saturation dificit (WSD) was 7 times increased. ${\Psi}_{pd}-{\Psi}_{mid}$ showed the significant difference of 0.22~0.18 MPa in stressed before 10 days, and nonsignificant as treatment time became longer. A strong reduction of stomatal conductance ($gH_2O$) and stomatal transpiration rate (E) were observed after 15 days of drought stress Significant reductions of net apparent quantum yield (${\Phi}$) and maximum photosynthesis rate ($Pn_{max}$) were observed after 20 days of drought stress; However, water use efficiency (WUE) was shown the opposite trend. This implies that decrease of photosynthesis rate may be due to an inability to regulate water and $CO_2$ exchanged through the stomata. From JIP analysis, flux ratios (${\Psi}_O$ and ${\Phi}_{EO}$) and performance index on absorption basis ($PI_{ABS}$) were dramatically decreased withholding water after 15 days, which reflects the relative reduction of photosystem II activity. The leaf of S. deltoides showed osmotic adjustment of -0.35 MPa at full turgor and -0.40 MPa at zero turgor, and also cell-wall elastic adjustment of 9.4 MPa, indicating that S. deltoides tolerate drought stress through osmotic adjustment and cell-wall elastic adjustment. The degree of change in water relations parameters such as Vo/DW, Vt/DW decreased with increasing drought stress. This result showed that S. deltoides was exhibited a strong reduction of photosynthetic activity to approximately -0.93 MPa of predawn leaf water potential, and both of osmotic adjustment and cell-wall elastic adjustment in drought stress condition appears to be an important adaptation for restoration in this species.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2002

Betaine functions as an osmoregulators in the cells and its inclusion in diet can spare the choline and carcass fat reduction in chicken. Thus, two hundred eighty eight laying hens were fed with 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 ppm of betaine from seventy eight to eighty six weeks of age during the environmentally high temperature stress. Com and soybean basal diets contained 2,800 kcal/kg ME and 16% CP. Egg production, feed intake, and feed conversion were examined for eight weeks. Egg quality characters, serum cholesterol, liver betaine, and lower ileal osmolality were measured at the end of experiment. Egg Production rates of hens fed with 500 or 2,000 ppm of betaine were 75.06 and 75.02%, respectively and tended to increase compared to the control. The feed conversion(FCR) of these treatments was significantly(P<0.05) improved compared to that of control although it did not significantly differ in the e99 Production rates between 500 and 2,000 ppm of betain groups. Eggshell breaking strength of hens fed betaine was significantly(P<0.05) higher than those of control. However, betaine supplements did not influence to improving the albumen height and Haugh unit. Liver betaine in hens fed with betaine was linearly increased unto 2,000 ppm. The birds fed with 2,000 ppm betaine showed significantly(P<0.05) higher in the liver betaine than the control birds. Total cholesterol and triglyceride tended to be increased by dietary betaine supplement. The lower ileal osmolality in betaine supplement group tended to be slightly decreased. As a result, dietary betaine supplement tended to improve the egg Production and eggshell Quality in laying hens during heat stress.