• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.522-534
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to draw forth the tasks for establishing the right of native biology in Korea through the case study on 'Access on genetic resources and Benefit Sharing'. For this purpose, this study decided on its research subject by selecting Hoodia, on which ABS treaty was made the most recently, through the examination of the representative ABS precedents on plant species. This study analyzed the process background of ABS on Hoodia, and compared & analyzed the ABS procedures of 'Bonn Guidelines' adopted by the 6th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2002 and Hoodia case. Together with the ABS major issues in common drawn as a result of this analysis, and "Nagoya Protocol" adopted by the 10th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, this study intended to shed a light on the impending tasks which Korea faces at present and its role relationship. The research results are as follows: 1. It is required that species habitats should be divided based on biological classification and its subsequent community should be established with the development of infrastructure such as a community's independent production, management and monitoring of bio-species. 2. There needs to be a designation of ABS National Focal Point for sharing of ABS-related general information, boosting of implementation of the relevant convention. 3. There needs to be the establishment of ABS convention system consequent on legislative, administrative, political procedures, and designation of the Competent National Authorities for the provision of the format of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) and their contents assessment and confirmation. 4. There should be the establishment of integrated management system of ABS-related research and development of forest biological resources and its relevant research projects. 5. There should be information development through the distribution of responsibility and role between the ministries and offices concerned according to bio-resources, and there needs to be efforts in aiming for opening a working group of academic-industrial institutions for developing a mutually interchangeable system. 6. It's required that the efficient access between industrial circles and the people should be promoted by setting up ABS support center of biological resources in ministry and office's charge. 7. There should be a selection of a national supervisory organization for securement of the right of a local community and monitoring of ABS convention implementation, and a countermeasure system for preventing outflow of forest bioresources. Conclusively, it's judged that it will be possible to inquire into the countermeasures for the establishment of the native forest biology dominion through such research results.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1341-1352
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• 2023

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from satellite images is a crucial tool to monitor forests and agriculture for broad areas because the periodic acquisition of the data is ensured. However, optical sensor-based vegetation indices(VI) are not accessible in some areas covered by clouds. This paper presented a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) based approach to retrieval of the optical sensor-based NDVI using machine learning. SAR system can observe the land surface day and night in all weather conditions. Radar vegetation indices (RVI) from the Sentinel-1 vertical-vertical (VV) and vertical-horizontal (VH) polarizations, surface elevation, and air temperature are used as the input features for an automated machine learning (AutoML) model to conduct the gap-filling of the Sentinel-2 NDVI. The mean bias error (MAE) was 7.214E-05, and the correlation coefficient (CC) was 0.878, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed method. This approach can be applied to gap-free nationwide NDVI construction using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images for environmental monitoring and resource management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.667-675
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• 2022

Agroforestry is an ecological and economic land-use system that enables sustainable agriculture by combining forestry, agriculture, and livestock industries. North Korea chose agroforestry as a strategy for the restoration of sloping land and deforested land. Agroforestry was proposed for the inter-Korean forest cooperation subcommittee meeting and is currently highlighting carbon removal and promoting the '2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy' and 'Korea Peninsula Green Détente.' The study area, Suan-gun, Hwanghaebuk-do, is a constant deforestation monitoring area and a pilot site for management by the International Center for Research in Agroforestry. The requirements for agroforestry were analyzed through literature analysis. The agroforestry site-suitability map was visualized by applying GIS overlap analysis. Approximately 8,839 ha of sloping area was selected as suitable for agroforestry management, which is about 15% of Suan. We compared the map with Google Earth images and visually detected the land use status, such as agroforestry in Suan, to verify the results. As a future study, we will consider both natural-environment and socioeconomic factors and evaluate the relative importance of the factors to produce a high-accuracy agroforestry sitesuitability map at the national scale with the goal of producing basic data for the inter-Korea forest cooperation policy for long-term goals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.344-356
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• 2013

This study is a continuation of the 22 year consecutive study (1972~1993) to monitor community dynamics of forest in Mt. Kwanak. This study was intended to provide basic data for urban forest management in the future by analyzing actual changes in vegetation structure of forest in Mt. Kwanak caused by urban environmental changes. For the past 39 years (1972~2010), average temperature increased by approximate between 1.1 and $1.7^{\circ}C$ and soil acidification (pH $5.40{\rightarrow}4.50$) and contents of $K^+$ ($0.67{\rightarrow}0.25$) and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ ($3.20{\rightarrow}0.87$) apparently tended to decrease. According to analysis importance percentage and DBH class of community types classified based on DCA, the succession stopped at Quercus mongolica for 39 years. In addition, the succession was expected to be held at Q. mongolica or to shift from Pinus densiflora to Q. mongolica and from Q. acutissima to Q. serrata. Size of trees growing in forest of Mt. Kwanak increased but the number of species and population of trees showed a downward trend for the 39 years and Styrax japonica and Sorbus alnifolia, which are indicator species, increased their dominance continuously. Decrease in contents of $K^+$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, and $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ and soil acidification for the past 39 years was found to affect degradation of vegetation structure in Mt. Kwanak.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.399-409
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• 2009

Many researches have shown that NDVI provides a potential methods to derive meaningful metrics that describe ecosystem functions. In this paper we investigated the use of the MODIS NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) to monitor vegetation phenology dynamics of Northern plateau region, North Korea, during last 9-years (2000~2008). The findings of this paper can be summarized as follows. First, the length of growing season ranged from a low of 128 days in 2003 to a high of 176 days in 2000 and 2005. On the average of the last 9 years, the highest NDVI of 0.86 was marked on 28 July. Greenup onset occurs at the start of May, while the senescence begins between late September and October. Second, these annual vegetation cycles were compared with Seorak and Jiri Mountain regions of South Korea which have similar vegetation condition. Greenup onsets in South Korea were observed earlier than those of North Korea and the average time lag between the South and North Korea in Greenup was about 16 days which is a time-resolution of remotely sensed data. Sub-alpine conifers of such areas may be severely affected by the large of phenological characteristics due to the global warming trend.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.55-62
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to establish the management guideline for golf course construction nonpoint source pollution reduction. For this, the characteristics of nonpoint source pollution from golf course construction and current management status were investigated. Investigated results showed that before and after monitoring for golf course construction sites are necessary as well as during the construction. It is important to focus on erosion and sediment control during the construction. To reduce a nonpoint source pollution from golf course construction, it is necessary to analyze the nonpoint source pollution movement through effective monitoring system and make a effective pollution reduction strategy considering construction stages, origin of the pollution and diverse management practices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.349-356
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• 2019

This study examines the effect of thinning in terms of changes in the growth characteristics of Chamaecyparis obtusa stands after they were thinned with varying intensity in Gochang, North Jeolla Province, Korea. Thinning was carried out in 2000 on Chamaecyparis obtusa stands (22 years old), and the stands were categorized in terms of the thinning intensity in the experiment: very heavy, heavy, medium, light, and control. The results of monitoring up to 2018 revealed that the diameter at breast height and the growth rate of individual trees after thinning had a positive correlation with the thinning intensity, whereas the stand volume showed a negative correlation. The height to diameter (H/D) ratio decreased by up to 70-80 due to the increased diameter at breast height after thinning and thereby resulted in better quality. The relative yield index right after the first thinning was between 0.75 and 0.95, which suggests the best timing for the first thinning had been missed. This study's findings are expected to serve as a basic reference in establishing the thinning system for Chamaecyparis obtusa forests.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1273-1283
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• 2022

Recently, forest fires have frequently occurred due to climate change, leading to human and property damage every year. The forest fire monitoring technique using remote sensing can obtain quick and large-scale information of fire-damaged areas. In this study, the Gangneung and Donghae forest fires that occurred in March 2022 were analyzed using the spectral band of Sentinel-2, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the normalized difference water index (NDWI) to classify the affected areas of forest fires. The U-net based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) model was simulated for the fire-damaged areas. The accuracy of forest fire classification in Donghae and Gangneung classification was high at 97.3% (f₁=0.486, IoU=0.946). The same model used in Donghae and Gangneung was applied to Uljin and Samcheok areas to get rid of the possibility of overfitting often happen in machine learning. As a result, the portion of overlap with the forest fire damage area reported by the National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS) was 74.4%, confirming a high level of accuracy even considering the uncertainty of the model. This study suggests that it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the classification of forest fire-damaged area using a spectral band and indices similar to that of the Compact Advanced Satellite 500 (CAS500-4) in the Sentinel-2.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.477-480
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• 2009

최근 북한지역에 발생한 홍수와 가뭄 등 심각한 자연재해의 원인이 악화된 식량난으로 인한 과도한 산림의 훼손으로 추정되고 있어 북한 지역의 산림 생태계에 대한 연구의 필요성을 더욱 확인하는 계기가 되고 있다. 위성자료로부터 얻을 수 있는 식생지수(NDVI)는 농작물, 초목, 산림등과 같은 중요한 식생자원을 모니터링 하기 위해 설계된 도구로 식생의 활력도를 정량적으로 표현할 수 있다. 또한, 식생지수는 개략적인 식생을 파악하는데 주로 사용되기 때문에 초기조사에 많이 이용되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 개마고원지대를 포함하는 표고 1000m 이상의 한대림지대의 산림식생에 대해 9년(2000~2008)간의 시계열 MODIS영상에서 나타나는 식생지수의 생물계절 특징을 분석하였다. 식생이 성장하기 시작하는 시기(the beginning of the growing season)는 5월 9일 이후부터 5월 25일 사이의 기간으로 나타났고, 식생의 휴면 시기(the end of growing season)는 9월 14일부터 9월 30일 사이 기간으로 관측되었다. 이는 4월 초에 시작하고 10월에 사라지는 한반도의 일반적이 식생패턴보다 성장은 한달 늦게, 휴면은 한달 이르게 한다는 것이 확인되었다. 또한, 8월 초순의 NDVI 값이 9년 동안 계속적으로 가장 높은 값을 보여주고 있다. 이것은 개마고원지역 및 주변 한대림 지대는 7월 말에서 8월 초순에 식생이 가장 활발한 것을 의미한다. 9년 동안 전반적인 식생지수는 0.2~0.9 값을 보였고, 특이할 점은 9년 동안의 평균적인 NDVI 값에 비해 2002년의 식생의 활동이 봄에 빨리 개화하고 가을에 일찍 지는 패턴을 보였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.169-175
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• 2007

본 연구는 제주 한남시험림에서 2006년 11월부터 2007년 2월까지 매달 3일 연속으로 선조사법 실시 2개 지역과 정점조사법 실시 2개 지역을 정하여 동계 조류 군집을 조사하였다. 총 32종의 조류를 확인하였으며, 출현빈도 0.50 이상인 조류는 11월 직박구리, 검은머리방울새, 큰부리까마귀, 곤줄박이, 멧비둘기, 박새였으며, 12월 직박구리, 큰부리까마귀, 검은머리방울새, 곤줄박이, 멧비둘기, 노랑턱멧새, 박새였으며, 1월 직박구리, 큰부리까마귀, 곤줄박이, 멧비둘기, 박새였으며 2월 곤줄박이, 큰부리까마귀, 직박구리, 검은머리방울새, 노랑턱멧새, 박새였다. 박새류 중 곤줄박이, 진박새, 박새 3종만을 확인하였으며, 기존 문헌에 기재된 쇠박새는 확인하지 못하였다. 큰오색딱다구리의 관찰빈도는 평균 0.37로서 육지(mainland)에 비하여 높았으며, 삼나무숲과 활엽수림에서 둥지를 발견할 수 있었다. 향후, 지속가능한 산림경영과 관련하여 큰오색딱다구리를 비롯한 산림성 조류에 대한 지속적 모니터링에 대한 고찰을 하였다.