• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.453-461
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• 2019

This study was conducted to monitor the soil characteristics and growth of Pinus densiflora and to determine the effect of soil characteristics on growth rate five years after an ecological restoration project in Baekdudaegan ridge including Ihwaryeong, Yuksimnyeong, and Beoljae sites. The ecological restoration project was executed with the forest of P. densiflora in 2012-2013. In April 2018, we collected soil samples from each site and measured the height and the diameter at breach height (DBH) of P. densiflora. Although there was no significant change of soil pH compared to the early stage of restoration (one year after the project), it was high in Ihwaryeong, and Beoljae with values of 7.7 and 6.4, respectively. Also, the organic matter decreased by 70-80%, and the available phosphorus (P) was unchanged in three restoration sites. The decreased organic matter can be attributed to restriction of inflow and thus decomposition of litter in the early stage after the restoration. The tree height growth rate ($m\;yr^{-1}$) of P. densiflora in Yuksimnyeong was the highest at 1.02, followed by Beolja at 0.75 and Ihwaryeong at 0.17. The height growth rate showed negative relationships with soil pH and cations, including Na and Ca concentrations and a positive relationship with available phosphate. The low growth rate in the Ihwaryeong site, in particular, might result from the poor nutrient availability due to high soil pH and the decrease in water absorption into the root due to high Na and Ca concentrations. The substantial reduction of organic matter after five years indicates that the need for soil improvement using chemical fertilizer and biochar.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2016

Researches on soil microbial community are increasing to assess ecosystem responses to anthropogenic disturbances and to provide an indicator of ecosystem recovery. Microbial communities are able to respond more rapidly to environmental changes than plants and therefore they may provide an early indication of the ecosystem recovery trajectory. This study was conducted using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing of soil samples to compare soil bacterial community composition between artificially covered soils of the Baedudaegan ridgeline and their adjacent forest soils in two restoration project sites, Ihwaryeong and Yuksimnyeong, which were completed in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Richness of the Phylum level was 29.3 in Ihwaryeong and 32.3 in Yuksimnyeong. Significant difference in the richness between artificial restored soils and adjacent forest soils(p<0.01) was observed, however no significant difference was observed for site location and soil depth. Acidobacteria(37.3%) and Proteobacteria(31.1%) were more abundant than any other phylum in collected soil samples. Also, we found the significant difference in the relative abundance of the two abundant phyla between artificially restored soils and their adjacent forest soils (Proteobacteria, 38.1% in restored soils vs 24.2% in adjacent forest soils, p<0.01; Acidobacteria, 55.4% in restored soils vs 19.2% in adjacent forest soils, p<0.001). The results support the previous researches indicating that soil bacterial community composition is affected by nutritional status of soils and that Acidobacteria is also strongly influenced by pH, thus favoring soils with lower pH. This study could be utilized to monitor and evaluate restoration success of forest soil environment quantitatively.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.125-136
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• 2016

The Korea Forest Service(KFS) has been initiating restoration activities of ridgeline in damaged and fragmented areas of Baekdudaegan since 2011. Completed project in Ihwaryeong, Yuksimnyeong & Beoljae(2012; 2013) were selected as sites for this study. The changes in microclimate condition, vegetation composition and soil properties between project sites and adjacent stands were compared to evaluate the effect of restoration at early stage(after 2years). Pinus densiflora was planted mainly for these restoration sites, however Robinia pseudoacacia and Alnus sibirica invaded the area two years after the restoration activities. Ihwaryeong showed the most changes in understory vegetation among the study sites. Exotic species, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Oenothera odorata, Erigeron annuus, and Coreopsis tinctoria invaded Ihwaryeong, and the dominance have invaded currently. It resulted from the poor survival rate of trees and high difference in microclimate wherein there's an increased temperature and decreased humidity in both restored sites and adjacent stands. In addition, it is also caused by poor soil chemical property, especially pH and organic matter content due to lack of humus layer and its accumulation, compared to adjacent forest soil in restored sites. Significant difference on chemical soil property was observed between restored sites and adjacent forest but no significant difference was observed after two years of restoration. Ecological monitoring is needed to understand the ecological changes after restoration and to establish a long-term management strategy.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2005

Forest soils were analyzed on their biological and physicochemical properties for the ecological restoration of burnt forest soil using organic wastes and proper microorganisms. Three kinds of soil samples were collected from undamaged soil(US), naturally restoring soil(NS) and artificially restoring soil(AS). All soil samples were sandy soil and acidic soil, ranged pH 5.34~5.78. Moisture content was higher in the soil of NS region. And the others were similar. Total organic matter and soluble sugar were higher at the surface, generally. Heterotrophic soil microbes were abundant at the surface soil of NS and subsoil of AS. Dehydrogenase, cellulase and phosphatase activities were higher at the NS soil. Especially, Dehydrogenase activity as primary index of soil microbial process showed high correlationship with moisture content(r=0.90, P < 0.05).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.2
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• pp.234-241
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• 2022

We performed this study to determine the foliar nutrient concentration and the nutrient stocks of restoration areas and adjacent Pinus densiflora S. et. Z. (red pine) stands in opencast kaolinite mines in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, southern Korea. We chose six sites to determine foliage nutrient concentrations and the nutrient stocks of soils (0-10 cm depth). The dominant vegetation planted in restoration areas comprised Quercus acutissima Carruth., P. koraiensis S. et. Z., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., and Lespedeza cuneata G. Don. Invading vegetation in the restoration areas comprised Alnus incana (L.) Medik., Robinia pseudoacacia L., and Lespedeza spp., among others. The carbon and nitrogen stocks at 10 cm soil depth were significantly higher in the red pine stands than those in the restoration areas, whereas those of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium were not significantly different between the two areas. However, calcium stocks were significantly higher in the restoration areas than in the red pine stands. Nitrogen concentration in foliage was higher in L. cuneata (20.28 mg N g^-1) than that in F. arundinacea (5.67 mg N g^-1), whereas potassium concentration was twice as high in F. arundinacea (18.8 mg K g^-1) as that in L. cuneata (9.07 mg K g^-1). Foliar nitrogen concentrations in invasive vegetation such as A. incana, R. pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza spp. were twice or four times higher than those of Q. acutissima and P. koraiensis. Our results indicate the development of suitable vegetation and soil amendment treatments to improve poor soil environmental conditions in restoration areas are necessary following opencast kaolinite mining.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

서울근교에 존재하는 소나무림은 낙엽활엽수림으로 바뀌고 있다. 그러므로 서울근교의 산림에 대한 조사는 자연 식생형 산림 특히 소나무 복원에 그 시사점을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울근교에 존재하는 8개 산의 15개 지소를 선정하여 그곳에 존재하는 식생형을 파악하고, 토양의 물리적 특성을 조사하여 산림 복원 시 고려할 토양 특성을 확인하고자 하였다. 8개 산에서 선정된 15개 조사지소는 소나무군락, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 낙엽활엽수군락으로 나누어 물리적 토양 특성을 조사하였다. 소나무의 평균 중요치는 소나무군락에서 137이었으며 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락에서는 8이었다. 평균 바위분포 면적-토양 깊이-경사는 소나무군락에서 26-22-31, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락에서 7-53-32, 낙엽활엽수군락에서 14%-34cm-$28^{\circ}$로 나타났다. 소나무군락, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 낙엽활엽수군락의 임상 및 토양에 존재하는 총 유기물량은 각각 2490, 1757, and $2107g/m^2$로 조사되었다. L층에서의 유기물량은 모든 군락 유형에서 비슷하였으나, F층과 H층에서는 매우 다르게 나타났다 : F층은 소나무군락에서 가장 발달하였고 H층은 낙엽활엽수군락에서 가장 발달하였다. 통계처리 결과는 바위분포 면적, 고도, 경사, 사면은 군락의 유형과 유의한 관련성을 보여주지 않았으나, 토양의 깊이, 자갈의 함량, 세사와 미사의 함량은 군락의 유형에 따라 다름을 보여주었다. 본 연구는 소나무군락의 토양이 자갈과 세사의 높은 함량과 관련이 있으며, 이에 따라 H층의 발달이 미약하게 나타남을 보여 주었다. 그러므로 2-10mm의 자갈이 40% 이상되는 장소에는 분해가 덜된 유기물과 소나무를 사용할 때 복원의 성공가능성이 높으며, 자갈의 함량이 30% 이하이며 모래의 함량이 50% 이상인 장소에는 분해된 유기물의 함량을 높이고 낙엽활엽수를 이용하는 것이 복원성공 가능성이 높음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.382-389
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• 2020

Soil properties in opencast mines are a key factor in reclamation (revegetation) of mining areas. In this study we determined the soil physical and chemical properties of kaolinite tailings, reclaimed areas, and adjacent natural red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in kaolinite opencast mines in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Six sites were chosen for collection of soil samples to determine soil physical and chemical properties at a soil depth of 10 cm. Soil bulk density was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the kaolinite tailings (1.51 g·cm-3) than in the reclaimed areas (1.19 g·cm-3) and red pine forests (0.93 g·cm-3), whereas air phase in the kaolinite tailings (14.2%) was significantly lower than in the red pine forests (32.6%). Clay content in the red pine forests was significantly higher than in the reclaimed areas (18.7%) or kaolinite tailings (14.8%), whereas soil structural stability index was significantly lower in the reclaimed areas (1.61%) and kaolinite tailings (0.87%) than in the red pine forests (7.75%). Soil pH was significantly higher in the kaolinite tailings (pH 6.68) and reclaimed areas (pH 6.27) than in the red pine forests (pH 5.31). Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were significantly higher in the red pine forests (C: 36.03 mg·g-1; N: 2.08 mg·g-1) than in the reclaimed areas (C: 5.00 mg·g-1; N: 0.31 mg·g-1) than in the kaolinite tailings (C: 2.12 mg·g-1; N: 0.07 mg g-1). The amount of available phosphorus was not significantly different among the three treatments. The concentration of exchangeable potassium was significantly lower in the kaolinite tailings (0.08 cmolc·kg-1) than in the reclaimed areas (0.21 cmolc·kg-1) and red pine forests (0.30 cmolc·kg-1). These results indicate that, because of high soil bulk density and low soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium in kaolinite tailings and reclaimed mining areas, soil nutrient management is needed in order to reclaim the vegetation in these type of areas.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.422-432
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• 2022

Soil and micro-climatic environmental monitoring was conducted to evaluate the factors causing tree growth impediments at the Baekdudaegan ecological axis restoration project site. As a result, it was found that the nutrient supply was insufficient in the restoration project site due to the lack of organic matter, total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity of the soil compared to the surrounding forest. After the completion of the restoration, the soil moisture in the autumn decreased more than 7 times faster than that of the surrounding forest, and it was evaluated that the soil moisture was significantly low due to the lack of silt and clay content. In the case of the restoration site, the annual potential evapotranspiration was analyzed to be 975mm, which is approximately two times higher than that of the surrounding forest. The soil moisture of the restoration site in the summer decreased rapidly during the daytime when the amount of insolation increased and this was found to be strongly influenced by the increase in potential evapotranspiration. In order to improve the above factors affecting the tree growth at the Baekdudaegan ecological axis restoration project site, it is necessary to induce the smooth supply of nutrients and water to plants by improving physical proprieties and cation exchange capacity, i.e., using litterfall, humus soil, soil conditioner and organic fertilizer. The results of this study are expected to serve as basic data for the design, construction, and management of ecological axis restoration projects in the future.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2018

This study was carried out to evaluate the weight loss rates, carbon and nitrogen dynamics of wood stakes following soil amendment treatments (CLB: compound fertilizer + lime + biochar; LB: lime + biochar) in a post-fire restoration area, Ulsan Metropolitan city, southern Korea. Soil amendments in the fire-disturbed area were applied to two-times (Mar. and Jun. 2015, 2016) during the study period. Wood stakes on Mar. 2015 were buried at a top 15cm of mineral soil in two soil amendment and control treatments of Liriodendron tulipifera, Prunus yedoensis, Quercus acutissima, Pinus thunbergii plantations and an unplanted area in the post-fire restoration area. Wood stakes were collected at Oct. 2015, Mar. 2016 and Oct. 2016 to measure weight loss rates, organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Weight loss rates of wood stakes were not significantly affected by soil amendment treatments. However, remaining carbon of wood stakes were lowest in the control treatment (43.7%), followed by the CLB (71.3%) and the LB (71.6%) treatments. Remaining nitrogen of wood stakes was less in the control treatment (29.7%) compared with the LB treatment (52.6%). The results indicate that carbon and nitrogen mineralization of wood stakes in post-fire restoration area were delayed by soil amendment treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2017

In this study, in order to examine the change of soil animals by vegetation restoration types, experimental sites with biotope restoration method, forest topsoil paving method, small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method were applied and the control site was selected. The naturalness of soil animals was analysed by studying the change of soil animals. It was confirmed that the control site has a high level of the naturalness of soil animals as it includes a mixture of fauna sensitive and insensitive to environment distributed widely over the site. The experimental site with biotope restoration method showed a similar level of the naturalness of soil animals as the control site. Furthermore, the naturalness of soil animals in the experimental sites with small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method also showed a progressive restoration although the level of the naturalness of soil animals is lower than the experimental site with the biotope restoration method. Therefore, it is confirmed that the experimental site with biotope restoration method shows a faster recovery of soil animal than other sites. This is because this method uses the portion of topsoil and subsoil that were dug from the intact forest during transplantation.