• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.65 no.1
• /
• pp.107-112
• /
• 1984

Theoretical studies on the effects of forest road are considered to be significant from a present viewpoints which is headed for mordernization and activation of forestry. 1) From a viewpoint of wood production techniques, forest road is enable to economical transport of all kinds of forest products and easy transport to forest of operative tools and necessary materials, and largely contribute to efficiency of all operations, including reforestation, tending, forest protection and conservation of forests. 2) And, from a viewpoint of forest management, development of forest road makes wood marketability be secured and curtailment of various indirect expenditure with the operation efficiency be possible. 3) Forest road, also in living aspects of inhabitants in mountainous villages, plays direct and indirect roles in promoting their welfare including improvement of employment for forest labor, traffic benefits in mountainous area and introduction of culture. Therefore, as a premise to realize intensive management in forestry, the necessities of forest road were increased in its aspects of important and fundamental facilities as well as production basis.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.253-272
• /
• 2015

The necessity of aggregate resources in Korea has been increased with a rapid economic growth since the 1990s. Construction activities have been increased drastically for last two decades. Such economic activities are much concentrated at big cities in Korea, and recently new neighbouring cities, such as multifunctional administrative city, enterprise city and innocity, are under construction at the surroundings of the cities. This new urbanization asked for an appropriate supply of raw construction materials such as cement, sands and gravels. The aim of this study is to understand and discuss the analysis and prospect of supply and demand of domestic sand and gravel. On the early years, 1990s, about 25% of the total consumption of these sands and gravels comes from riverine deposits; 20% to 25% from marine sands, 40% to 45% from forest rocks and the rest 5% to 15% from old fluvial deposits and crushed rocks. But nowaday the river aggregate, including both sands and gravels of a present river channel and those of the old fluviatile system are decreasing, while the crushed and forest aggregates and marine sand are now the main source of infrastructure resources. Thus it is increasingly necessary to investigate the forest and crushed aggregate resources potential in Korea where a current analysis indicate that the supply of riverine aggregates gradually decreases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.96 no.4
• /
• pp.401-407
• /
• 2007

This study analyzed an economic efficiency of oak mushroom cultivation in order to provide data needed for formulating related policies. 88 farmhouses in major producing areas were interviewed with. The average production cost per 100 bed-logs was 151,699 won. Among production costs, material costs accounted for 56.0% and labor costs 41.8%. Oak mushroom cultivation was labor-intensive and labor input was a significant factor determining the production costs. There was 3 7.2% gap in production costs between Chungbuk, the highest cost area and Gyeonggi, the lowest cost area of oak mushroom due to difference in labor input. Average revenue per 100 bed-logs was 178,627 won. Average income per 100 bed-logs, which is variable production costs of 116,613 won subtracted from the revenue, was 62,014 won and thus income rate was 34.7%. Income rate in Jeonbuk, the highest area, was higher than that in Gyeonggi, the lowest area, by 15.8% points due to difference in quantities produced, grade, and variable production costs, in particular, labor costs. The result of the economic analysis indicates that reduction in establishment and labor costs, accounting for the highest portion in production costs is priority issue for the enhancement of the competitiveness of the oak mushroom industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.104 no.1
• /
• pp.90-97
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study was to find optimal amount of fertilization of container seedling production for Zelkova serrata, Ulmus parvifolia, Betula costata and Tilia amurensis. To reach our goal, we measured root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass and seedling quality index (SQI) of container seedlings of four deciduous hardwood species grown at three different fertilization treatments ($0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $1.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$). Z. serrata seedlings grown at $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization and B. costata seedlings grown at $0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization showed the highest RCD, height, biomass and SQI. The RCD and height of U. parvifolia and T. amurensis seedlings showed no significant differences by fertilization treatments. Seedlings of two species at $0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization showed the lowest SQI, however, SQI at 1.0 and $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization treatments were not significantly different. Based on these results, it is appeared that container seedlings of Z. serrata at minimum $2.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization, U. parvifolia and T. amurensis at $1.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization and B. costata at maximum $0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ fertilization were optimal nutrient conditions. Practice of optimal fertilization rate will make us get better quality seedlings and reduction of production costs in the container nursery system as well as good field performances with higher survival rate after planting.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.218-221
• /
• 2005

The present study was investigated in the Chittagong hill forest of Bangladesh to assess the feasibility of ginger cultivation under multipurpose forest and fruit tree species. There were three treatments such as i) ginger grown under open field condition, ie. full sunlight (T1), ii) ginger grown under Gamar tree (spacing of $90{\times}90cm$ (T2) and iii) ginger grown under guava tree (spacing $180{\times}180cm$) tree (T3). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and each treatment was replicated three times. From data it was observed that some morphological parameters of ginger such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf breadth were higher in the treatments T2 and T3 as compared to the treatment T1. A positive and linear relationship was observed between the weight of rhizome and yield of ginger which caused the highest yield of ginger ($23.63Mg\;ha^{-1}$) under guava tree species at partial shaded condition in the T3 treatment ($180{\times}180cm$), whereas the lowest yield ($15.64Mg\;ha^{-1}$) was recorded in the T2 treatment when ginger was cultivated under Gamar tree species at closer spacing ($90{\times}90cm$). Therefore, it was revealed that partial shaded condition favoured the optimum growth and yield of ginger, whereas the dense shade from intensively planted tree species badly affected the dry matter production and yield of ginger.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.89 no.5
• /
• pp.598-608
• /
• 2000

This study examined several characteristics such as the relationships between environmental attitudes and national park visitors' socio-economic characteristics, and between environmental attitudes and their travel motivations. Environmental attitude was measured using the modified New Environmental Paradigm(NEP) scale, where five response options existed(from strongly disagree to strongly agree). Data for this empirical analysis were obtained from 2,647 participants at six national parks-Sulaksan, Kayasan, Naeiangsan, Pookhansan, Taeanhaean, and Hanryohaesang. Results showed that most visitors gave a pro-NEP response ranging from neutral attitude to pro-environmentalism. Environmental attitudes correlated positively with education level, while, negatively with age. Environmental concern, also, generally correlated positively with 'rest' and 'health' motivators, while, negatively with 'socialization' and 'vacation' motivators. The findings of this study suggest that education is the most effective politic measure to lead pro-environmental concern for park visitors. And, given the nature of the relationship between environmental concern and visitors' motivation, park managers should be more careful handling with family and group visitors who have 'vacation' and 'socialization' motivators than 'rest' and 'health' motivators.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.87 no.4
• /
• pp.519-527
• /
• 1998

An economic study of vegetation control to increase production of Songyi (Korean name far pine mushroom, matsutake, Tracholoma matsutake (S. Ito & Imai) Sing.) in red pine (Panes densiflora) stands in Korea was undertaken. In Korea, Songyi grows only in red pine stands. Harvest of this mushroom provides a significant income source to rural people in Korea yielding exports of US$20 million to US$80 million per year. However, hypogeous Songyi colonies and the mushroom production are declining, partly because shade tolerant species are succeeding the shade intolerant red pine. Past research says that it is possible to deep Songyi production increasing by controlling under-story vegetation. But few people are wilting to invest in the necessary control. Our analysis found that the economics of vegetation control appear to be quite favorable, showing an internal rate of return (IRR) of 20.7 percent in 15 years. However, positive returns do not occur for at least eight years and even then, the returns may not appear to the landowner to be a result of vegetation control efforts only because the mushroom production has been greatly variable depending on weather conditions. In a sensitivity analysis, it was found that the number of circular mushroom colonies was critically important for the cash flow. Results of this analysis are also sensitive to assumptions about annual growth length(0.16m radial growth=1.0m/circular length growth) of Songyi colony. However, the primary goal of vegetation control should be to keep the young colonies growing. Further research in the behavior of hypogeous Songyi colonies after vegetation control would help to improve our confidence in the results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.41-54
• /
• 2021

This study targets the urban park corresponding to the core areas (Hubs) of Green Infrastructure and estimates their value utilizing the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and determines the planning factors which affect them. The research aims to provide basic data for supporting the value improvement in the planning stage for urban parks representing green infrastructure. The primary purpose of this research is to derive variables that affect economic value and planning factors to improve the use-value of urban parks, one of the Hubs of the green infrastructure. In this study, Sejong Lake Park, located in Sejong City, is the target site. This study collected the responses of 105 people by conducting a survey on the intention to pay for the use-value and the planning factors that affect it, targeting visitors to Sejong Lake Park. The study conducts Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) on this survey responses. The results are as follows: first, as a result of analyzing the variables which affect willingness to pay for use-value, residence and age influence the willingness to pay significantly among socioeconomic characteristics. Next, the survey responses of Double-bounded dichotomous choices (DB-DC) CVM are converted into variables through statistic techniques. Furthermore, the variables are used for a Logit model to draw coefficients. The average willingness to pay per person for the use-value of Sejong Lake Park using the derived coefficients was approximately found to be 8,597 won. Therefore, as of 2019, Sejong Lake Park, with a total of 430,000 visitors, is estimated to have an annual economic value of 3.7 billion won. Third, the average Likert scale of the planning factor affecting the decision to pay for the economic value of Sejong Lake Park was the highest along the waterfront landscape, and the convenience facilities and waterfront landscape showed the highest willingness to pay, 10,000 won. In the range between 2,500 won and 5,000 won, the waterfront area ranks highest. Therefore, it can be said that visitors to Sejong Lake Park take account of the economic value of using the waterfront landscape the most. This study is meaningful as a thesis on use-value and the planning factors that affected value evaluation results of urban parks, and the analysis of the correlation between the planning factors of urban parks as hubs located in urban areas.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.348-356
• /
• 2018

Most of fires were human-caused fires in Korea, but meteorological factors are also big contributors to fire behavior and its spread. Thus, meteorological factors as well as topographical and forest factors were considered in the fire danger rating systems. This study aims to develop an advanced national integrated daily weather index(DWI) using weather data in the spring and fall to support forest fire prevention strategy in South Korea. DWI represents the meteorological characteristics, such as humidity (relative and effective), temperature and wind speed, and we integrated nine logistic regression models of the past into one national model. One national integrated model of the spring and fall is respectively $[1+{\exp}\{-(2.706+(0.088^*T_{mean})-(0.055^*Rh)-(0.023^*Eh)-(0.014^*W_{mean}))\}^{-1}]^{-1}$, $[1+{\exp}\{-(1.099+(0.117^*T_{mean})-(0.069^*Rh)-(0.182^*W_{mean}))\}^{-1}]^{-1}$ and all weather variables significantly (p<0.01) affected the probability of forest fire occurrence in the overall regions. The accuracy of the model in the spring and fall is respectively 71.7% and 86.9%. One integrated national model showed 10% higher accuracy than nine logistic regression models when it is applied weather data with 66 random sampling in forest fire event days. These findings would be necessary for the policy makers in the Republic of Korea for the prevention of forest fires.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.110 no.1
• /
• pp.53-63
• /
• 2021

Sophora koreensis Nakai is an indigenous plant in Koreawith a restricted natural range, part of which is in Gangwon province. The species is known to contain phytochemicals that have beneficial effects on human health, and it is economically important in bioindustry. Because of the limited number of plants in a small range of habitats, the mass-propagation method should be developed for use and conservation. In vitro tissue culture is a reliable method in terms of mass propagation from selected clones of the species. We investigated the optimal conditions of the medium in this process, especially focusing on the concentrations of plant growth regulators(PGRs) in the culture of stem-containing axillary buds. Three statistical methods, i.e., ANOVA, response surface method(RSM), and fuzzy clustering were used to analyze the plant growth, number of shoots induced, and shoot length with various combinations of PGRs. Results from the RSM differed from those of the other two methods; thus, the method was not suitable. ANOVA and fuzzy clustering showed similar results. However, more accurate results were obtained using fuzzy clustering because it provided a probability for each treatment. On the basis of the fuzzy clustering analysis, stem tissue produced the greatest number of shoots(11.03 per explant; 63.33%) on a medium supplemented with 5-��M 6-benzylaminopurine and 2.5-��M thidiazuron(TDZ). Proliferation of shoots(2.18 ± 0.21 cm, 63.33%) was attained on a medium supplemented with 2.5-��M BA, 2.5-��M TDZ, and 2.5-��M gibberellic acid.