• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2024

Multi-family housing plays a crucial role as a living and experiencing space, and its environment has a direct impact on the well-being and stability of its residents. Therefore, Crime Prevention Design (CPTED) for multi-family housing is of utmost importance. However, crime-related data in China is not disclosed to the public because of its specificity, making it difficult for researchers to conduct further in-depth studies based on accurate crime data. As a result, the establishment and application of CPTED theory in terms of crime prevention is limited and delayed. This study aims to explore three aspects of CPTED in multi-family housing as perceived by home-buying consumers. It investigated consumer perception of the CPTED, the importance of each element and ways to increase awareness of CPTED in multifamily housing in order to effectively improve multifamily crime prevention design principles and further enhance public safety. This study examined the current state and future trends of CPTED in China by analyzing relevant research reports and literature, aiming to gain insights into the crime prevention awareness of Chinese homeowners. In addition, a survey was conducted on Chinese consumers to unravel the importance of CPTED and increase awareness of its various elements in multifamily-family. This study used a Likert scale and SPSS reliability analysis to determine the cognitive status of multi-family CPTED, the importance of each element, and proposed an improvement plan based on the analysis results. As this study was limited by the difficulty of implementation and the lack of validation of its practical effectiveness, it is recommended that future research needs to validate the effectiveness of crime prevention designs and produce more practical results. Furthermore, it is crucial to utilize this study to inform the implementation of security solutions that are tailored to the unique characteristics of each district. Additionally, it is important to offer guidance on how to enhance community safety by increasing residents' awareness of security through education and information dissemination. The author hopes that the representative multi-family CPTED awareness, the importance of each element, and plans for improvement shall be summarized from this study, and provide foundational data for the future development of CPTED based on the Chinese region.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.166-182
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• 1994

Kyonggi Province in the late Chosun dynasty was a center of superior government offices including 'Han' River water-road transportation and was located in the middle of an 'X'-shaped arterial road network. Because of these reasons, Kyonggi Province had a faster inflow of commodities, informations and technics compared with the other province. At this period of time, every local 'Eup' (name of administrative district) had not been affected by their above administrative districts and had their own autonomy. For this reason, every 'Eup' could be developed as a town, even if its size was small when it had sufficient internal growing conditions. Moreover, the markets ('Si-Jon') in big towns and periodical markets which were spread over the Kyonggi Province played role of commercial functions of town. And because military bases for the defence of the royal capital in Kyonggi Province also took parts of a non-agricultural city role, Xyonggi Provinc had much more possibilities of growing as a town rather than the other provinces. The towns of the late Chosun Dynasty were, except the capital and superior administrative districts which were governed by the 'You-Su', small towns which had only about 3, 000-5, 000 people. Most of the town dewellers were local officials, nobles, merchants, craftmen and slaves. And the farmers who lived near town became a pseudo-towner through suburb agriculture. Among these people, the merchants were leaders of townization. The downtowns were affected by the landform and traffic roads. The most fundamental function of towns were administrative. The opcial's grade, which was dispatched to the local administrative district ('Kun' or 'Hyun'), was decided by the size of population and agricultural land of each county. Large county which was governed by a high ranking opcial had more possibilities to develop as a large town. Because they supervised other opcials of lower rank and obtained more land and population for the town. The phonomena of farm abandonment after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592-1598 stimulated the development of towns for commercial function. The commercial functions of towns were evident in the Si-Jon or Nan-Jon (names of markets) in the big cities such as Hansung and Kaesung, meanffwhile in the local areas it was emerged in the shape of periodical market networks as allied with near markets (which were called as Jang-Si) or permanent markets which were grown up from periodical markets. These facts of commercial development induced the birth of commercial town. Kyonggi Province showed the weak points of its defense system during both wars (Japanese Invasion in 1592 and Manchu's Invasion in 1636). The government reinforced its defense system by adding 4 'You-Su-Bus' and several military bases. Each local districts ('Eup'), where Geo-Jins were established, were stimulated to be a town while Jin-Kwan system were, adjusted and enforced. Among Dok-Jins(name of solitary military bases), Youngjongjin was grown up as a large garrison town which only played a role of defense. The number of towns that took roles of non-agricultural functions in Kyonggi Province was 52. Among these towns, 29 were developed as big towns which had above 3, 000 people and most of these towns were located on the northwest-southeast axes of 'X'-shaped arterial trafic network in the Chosn Dynasty, This fact points out that the traffic road is one of the important causes of the development of towns. When we make hierarchy of the towns of Kyonggi Province according to its population and how many functions it had, we can make it as 6 grades. The virst grade town 'Hansung' was the biggest central town of administration, commerce and defdnse. The 2nd grade town includes 'Kaesung' which had historical inertia that it had been the capital of the Koryo Dynesty. The 3rd grade towns include some 'You- Su-Bus' such as Soowon, Kanghwa, Kwangju and also include Mapo, Yongsan and from this we can imagine that the commercial development in the late Chosun Dynasty extremely affected the townization. The 4th-6th grade towns had smiliar population but it can be discriminated by how many town functions it had. So the 4th grade towns were the core of administration, commerce and defense function. 5th grade towns had administrative functions and one of commercial and defense functions. 6th grade towns had only one of these functions. When we research and town conditions of each grades as the ratio of non-agricultural population, we can find out that the towns from the 1st grade to 4th grade show difference by degree of townization but from the 4th grade to 6th grade towns do not show big difference in general.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.188-199
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• 1995

This International Geographical Symposium is to comemorate the 50th anniversary of the Korean Geographical Society. The Korean Geographical Society (KGS) which is the headquater of the geogaphical study will be play a main role to promote International Geographical Conference(IGC). And KGS hopes to prepare for the success of IGC and to examine the ability of the Korean Geographical Society for holding IGC in Seoul, in 2000. Above all, we expect to confirm what vision of the spatial structure our geographers have had for the last 50 years and in the position of the Korean Geographical Society, we present various studies on the spatial structure of the Unified Korea and through the discussion of the members we are going to lead our common interest to the key of reunification and motivate this studies more actively. We think that German geographers who have been studying the establishment of the spatial structure before and after the reunification of Germany will help in setting spatial structure of reunified Korea. In the second part of seminar, we will have a lecture on "Geography in the 21st Century; its Perspectives and Contribution". This lecture will prepose the trends of international geographical study and discipline, to Korean geographers and encourage them to realize what position we are in on the level of international geography and intensify their study. In the end of twentieth centuries, Korean geographers, who accessto postmodernism, hope to develope the unique subject matter and discipline regrardless of the 50 year-partition of the Korean Peninsula through the study of geobraphy. What can we suagest to geographers under the unique spatia1 structure of the divided peninsula\ulcorner How will our country develope in the future when DMZ, the last remains of cold war, vanishes and our reunified country becomes\ulcorner These subject matters will be issued in this International Geographic Conference. These issued subject matters and procedures of discussion will stimulate younger students to have interest in our unique geographic environment and to set up thier own method of study. In the third part of seminar, a special lecture on "Half-century of Korean Geography: It's Reflection and Perspective", the product and the subject of each part in geography will be discussed. Because this seminar is for the first time in 20 years after the 30th anniversary, the evaluation and the comment of each field in geography will be focused on because the achievement of each member's study is evaluted and refered to objectively. The newly developed field ewll be proposed, as well as the evaluation and the result of the Korean Geographical Society. The criticism and the proposal of the Korean Geographical Society will encourage the study of each member. And it will contribute to the development of the Korean Geographical Society. We hope all the issued papers to be published as atreatise and circulated to all members, university liberaries, each institution etc. There is no doubt our research and study will affect geographers and geography teachers to use this treatise. If possible, we will make public editions to distribute widely for students who study geography. It will help students to study geography encouragingly and to understand a correct structure and to commit themselves to promote the developed industrial country when they are playing a leading part in society. And we will contribute this issue to all the institutes such as the congress, each department of government, the political parties, the economic circles and private institutes, in order to make them understand our academic efforts and activities. Besides, we hope this contribution will give them much understanding and interest about 2000 IGC in Seoul beforehand.in Seoul beforehand.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.635-641
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• 2003

Purpose : To investigate the success rate and factors that influence breast-feeding among women having antenatal breast-feeding plans. Methods : Questionnaires included items on success in breast-feeding, reasons for failure and perinatal factors. It was done by telephone calls to 152 randomly selected women having antenatal breast-feeding plans at 4 months after delivery. The questionnaires were analysed by bivariate ${\chi}^2$-analysis. Results : The breast-feeding rate for the first four months among women having antenatal breast-feeding plans was 37.5%. The major reason for breast-feeding failure was insufficient amount of breast milk(66.3%). The breast-feeding rate was 2.3(95% CI 1.15-4.62) times higher in women having antenatal breast-feeding plans for longer than 4 months(P<0.05), but maternal age, breast-feeding for previous baby, person advocating breast-feeding, and family size were not significant factors of success in breast-feeding. The breast-feeding rate of graduates of college was 0.43(95% CI 0.21-0.86) times lower than that of graduates of high school. The breast-feeding rate of employed mothers was 0.37(95% CI 0.17-0.83) times lower than that of housewives(P<0.05). Maternal disease, smoking, alcohol drinking, and understanding and knowledge about breast-feeding were not significant determinant factors of success in breast-feeding. Breast-feeding rate of infant born at local obstetric clinics was 3.97(95% CI 11-14.23) times higher than that of infant at general hospital(P<0.05). Conclusion : To increase the breast-feeding, medical personnel should educate mothers on problems during breast-feeding. Hospital polices that facilitate breast-feeding such as rooming-in must be promoted. For employed mothers, strategies for breast-feeding within companies must be encouraged.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.50
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• pp.153-185
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• 2018

This study analyzed the comic "Monster" based on J. Lacan's psychoanalytic theory. J. Lacan advocated a new psychoanalytic theory through S. Freud's psychoanalytic theories and socio-cultural studies. The main theory of his theoretical background is the 'desire theory' which analyzed human desires. He distinguished human desires as desires and demands and had the basic proposition that 'human desire is the desire of the other'. J. Lacan (J. Lacan) studied in depth the relationship between oneself and others, which he defined by dividing it into an imaginary system (mirror stage), a symbolic system (Oedipus complex), and a real system (desiring subject). Based on these theories, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the comic "Monster" by Naoki Urasawa focused on the desire theory of J. Lacan based on psychoanalysis to examine what new meaning could be extracted. In order to analyze the comic "Monster", the qualitative research method was used and the method of analysis was the descriptive phenomenological method devised by Giorgi (1985). Through this analytical method, the background, characters, and symbols of "Monster" were analyzed and content analysis was performed based on the theory of Giorgi (1985) and the desire theory of J. Lacan As a result of the analysis of the meaning unit and components related to the desire theory through content analysis, the contents analysis was divided into four components: identification, reproduction of desire, alienation, and unique desire and freedom. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, on the basis of psychoanalysis, "Monster" is classified into four elements, identification of twin characters, reproduction of desire, feeling of alienation and unique desire and freedom of characters based on desire theory of J. Lacan. Second, the characters analyzed by the desire theory of J. Lacan attempted to reproduce their desires through identification and projection of twins due to their traumatic experience when they were young. Also, the characters who felt alienated in the process of reproduction made a tragic ending to complete human desire and freedom to fill in their emptiness. This result shows that desire theory of J. Lacan based on psychoanalysis can be used as a new analytical theory, a comic analysis which suggested a new meaning. The results of this study suggest that a new field of research, a comic analysis using psychological theory, needs to be created and further studies in this field are required.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.290-298
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• 2004

In children, change in lifestyles such as an increase in participation of physical activities has increased the chance of receiving an injury, harming the child and their parents. This study was carried out to give basic information of traumatic injuries to the upper anterior teeth which can be used in prevention of future complications that may arise. From June, 2002 to May, 2003, of the 8,799 children in their primary and mixed dentition visiting Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University 955 upper anterior teeth(primary 543, permanent 412) of 487 children(male 316, female 171) with traumatic injures to the upper incisors were studied. The results were as follows: 1. Trauma to the primary teeth prevailed at the age of 1-3 and to the permanent teeth at the age of 7. The male to female ratio was 1.85:1. 2. Trauma to the upper incisors for both the primary and permanent teeth occurred in the afternoon. Primary teeth were injured most frequently in the home(44.1%) and the permanent teeth outdoors, in the street(17.5%). 3. Both the primary and permanent teeth were most injured by fall-down injuries(39.8%, 12.9%), and next were collisions(22.2%, 6.0%). For the primary teeth, high fall, traffic accident, violence and sports are next in order, and for the permanent teeth, violence, sorts, traffic accidents were next. 4. Average number of 1.6 primary teeth and 2.8 permanent teeth were injured with the right central incisor most prevailing. 5. Crown fracture without pulpal exposure and subluxation injures were highest in frequency in both the primary and permanent teeth.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2013

In this paper, the Constitutional Court's ruling through the SNS was virtually guaranteed the freedom of election campaign through, though, still a large portion of campaign restrictions on public election law provisions exist to this forward in the election is likely to cause a lot of legal problems. In this paper, the Constitutional Court's ruling through the SNS was virtually guaranteed the freedom of election campaign through, though, still a large portion of campaign restrictions on public election law provisions exist to this forward in the election is likely to cause a lot of legal problems. Moreover, in the mean time the campaign and which in the course of the election campaign through the SNS, the infinite potential of the growing point than any point spread from the SNS and freedom of election campaign through public election law with regard to the limitation of the diffusion of false facts, awards, a number of problems are likely to occur. You've been in this business and disseminate false guilt disparage precandidacy for true-false, as well. He should be able to reach a specific goal you want to defeat through the dissemination of information which is specified as a crime for this strictly for the fact that disseminate false, rather than to interpret it is the judgment of the Court in that judgment against have been made. Therefore, this strict interpretation of the law and the need to revise or delete before I would like to discuss about. The legislation would repeal the cull of Ron sang first of all point out the issue through analytics. First, the purpose of the data protection Act provides limited interpretation to fit in this world of sin. Secondly, this sin is committed for the purpose of prevention, since the purpose of the objective in this case of sin and the need to interpret strictly. Why I am the Internet space in the case of so-called tweets from followers, this means in some cases done without a lot of the stars because of this, there will be a limit to the punishment of sin, this is obvious. And, in the long-awaited Constitutional Court ensures the freedom of election campaign through SNS and free election in the country, even in the limited sense interpretation opens the chapter of communication is needed. This ensured the freedom of expression will be highly this is a mature civil society that will be imperative.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.608-614
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• 2005

The object of this research is to analyze and classify the dining-out behavior and preference on Korean food by age groups and to make counter proposals for better marketing and planning strategies. Major dining out motives were lack of time, the easiness of preparation, and schedule. For lunch, the schedule was the major dining-out motive. For dinner, the respondents in their 30s and below answered social gathering was their major dining-out motive (40.7% and 31.3% respectively). On the other hand, for the respondents in their 40s and 50s, the family gathering was the major dining motive (50.4% and 55.3% respectively) (${\chi}^{2}=68.081,\;p<0.001$). For dining out frequency, 1-2 dining out per a week had the highest percentage, among which the respondents in their 30s was 42.9% (the highest) and the respondents in their 50s was 18% (the lowest). For the dining-out cost, the respondents in their 30s and below spent more on dinner rather than breakfast or lunch. For the menu preference of Korean foods, Doenjangjigae had the highest percentage. In case of Kimchi, the respondents in their 40s showed higher preference than the respondents in their 30s. Interestingly, the preference for Kimchi was higher in the respondents younger than 30 rather than in the respondents in their 30s. and the respondents older than 40 (p<0.05). Preference for Jangachi was considerably low in the respondents younger than 40, which implies that younger people don't incline to traditional Korean Mitbanchan. The dining-out motive was different in each age group. Now, the dining out motive is not restricted to home meal replacement. Social gatherings are increasing and the consumers of dining-out industry are being diversified. These suggest the increased need for classifying and analyzing the consumers by age groups to get more information on consumer behavior and tastes.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.218-226
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• 2022

As a result of the recent social transformation towards a hydrogen economy and carbon-neutrality, the demands for hydrogen energy have been increasing rapidly worldwide. As such, eco-friendly hydrogen production technologies that do not produce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are being focused on. Among them, ammonia (NH₃) is an economical hydrogen carrier that can easily produce hydrogen (H₂). In this study, Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst coated onmetallic monolith for hydrogen production from ammonia was prepared by a dip-coating method using a catalyst slurry mixture composed of Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst, inorganic binder (alumina sol) and organic binder (methyl cellulose). At the optimized 1:1:0.1 weight ratio of catalyst/inorganic binder/organic binder, the amount of catalyst coated on the metallic monolith after one cycle coating was about 61.6 g L^-1. The uniform thickness (about 42 ㎛) and crystal structure of the catalyst coated on the metallic monolith surface were confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Also, a numerical optimization regression equation for NH3 conversion according to the independent variables of reaction temperature (400-600 ℃) and gas hourly space velocity (1,000-5,000 h^-1) was calculated by response surface methodology (RSM). This model indicated a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.991 and had statistically significant predictors. This regression model could contribute to the commercial process design of hydrogen production by ammonia decomposition.