• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2010

Much of the coal ash by thermal power plant has gradually been increased, however researches on the recycling of bottom ash has not been investigated enough so far. In this research, the lysimeter test was conducted to find out the possibilities of bottom ash as soil amendment to improve the physiochemical properties of sandy topsoil of turfgrass in golf course. The turfgrass growth test and leaching test were conducted on the lysimeter. The lysimeter columns were manufactured with various topsoil mixing ratios of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50% of bottom ash with sand. As a result of leachate analysis through the lysimeter column, the higher ratios of bottom ash mixed affect significantly on water holding capacity of topsoil sand media with decreasing of the percolation rate. The results of leachate analysis in every three days interval, the pH of leachate increased with the bottom ash ratios, but the volume of $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and K decreased significantly. However, the level of EC of leachate had constantly maintained. These results indicate that the application of bottom ash may improve turfgrass growth with water holding capability and fertility of sandy topsoil. However, the negative effects of the bottom ash also evaluated by reducing water permeability and solubility of $PO_4$-P by adsorption into soil particles. The results indicates that the reasonable mixing ratio of the bottom ash as soil amendment should be less than 20% (v/v) with sand which has a low water-holding and fertility in golf course topsoil layers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 1984

Immobilization and mineralization of the tracer nitrogen $^{15}(NH_4)_2SO_4$ applied in submerged soil condition with compost and rice straw to coarse loamy and clay soils were studied at different amounts of applied nitrogen. About 90-, 60-, and 50% of added nitrogen were immobilized at the 10 days of incubation when 0.8-, 1.6-, and 2.4mg of fertilizer nitrogen were added with compost and rice straw in both of coarse loamy and clay soils, respectively. Especially, more pronounced immobilization took place in coarse loamy soil than clay soil. Results obtained from nitrogen fraction showed that the mineral nitrogen was increased with addition of rice straw in clay soil than coarse loamy soil. The amount and index of aminosugar-N and humin-N were variable between soil series and organic matter. Especially, more pronounced amounts of amino acid-N and unknown-N were observed with application of rice straw in coarse loamy soil and compost in clay soil, respectively.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.1 s.47
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

Site environments bring about various different deterioration forms of stone cultural properties. The aim of this study is to document the influence of coarse grained sandy soil on the deterioration of stone cultural properties. Bulguksadabotap is a good example that demonstrates the problem with coarse grained sandy soil. The ground around the Bulguksadabotap is covered with coarse grained sandy soil and the pagoda is surrounded by the corridors. Coarse grained sandy soil float easily in the air and deposit in the complicated stone structure caused by strong wind in Gyeongju and numerous visitors. To explain the influence of coarse grained sandy soil on the deterioration, the coarse grained sandy soil and weathered stone pieces of Bulguksadabotap were analyzed by XRD, optical microscopy, SEM for mineralogical component and IC and ICP-AES for the soluble salts. The soil and weathered stone pieces include clay minerals, such as smectite and kaolinite, can expand with water and exert pressure on the stone. Small size of the clay minerals in the coarse grained sandy soil can easily penetrate into the weathered surfaces of the Bulguksadabotap. The weathered stone pieces also contain NaCl, which is known to contribute to increase the expandibility of clay minerals by providing with $Na^{+}$ or by dropping the equilibrium of relative humidity. These results indicates that coarse grained sandy soil is not proper to site environment for weathered stone cultural properties.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.1 s.47
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• pp.15-21
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• 2006

Sandy soils obtained from the field were examined by the way of particle analyses. The hydraulic conductivity values of the disturbed soil samples were measured by the falling head method. Then the correlations between the hydraulic conductivity and particle distribution were defined. The soil which was a product of the weathering of the granitic rocks belonged to sand and loamy sand area in a sand-silt-clay triangular diagram. The measurements of hydraulic conductivity were $1.15X10^{-5}\sim7.31X10^{-4}cm/sec$ which is the range of sand and silt. It was clearly observed that the hydraulic conductivity measurements of the sandy soils showed stronger correlations with the particle variances rather than the mean grain sizes. The larger the variances, the smaller the hydraulic conductivity measurements. The sandy soil which was a product of weathered granite and whose mean grain size was $0.38\sim1.97mm$ showed regression curves of $y=6.0E-5x^{-1.4}$ in a correlations between hydraulic conductivity and particle variances. Accordingly, it is clearly concluded that making estimates with-out any consideration about particle variances can produce serious errors.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1987

A series of field and laboratory experiments were conducted to find out the changes of some soil chemical constituents in different soil depth with three different soil textures as Bongnam-clayey, Gwanghwal-silty loam and Mangyeong fine sandy soil on the assessment of reclamation duration in Fluvio-marine soil. The result obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Exchangeable potassium, calcium, magnessium, sodium with manganes, silica and cation exchange capacity were remarkably decreased with assessment of reclamation duration. Decreasing tendency was pronounced more in sandy soil than silty loam or clayly soil. 2. Soil organic matter content in top soil was increased with increasing of reclamation years. From reclamation time, about 30 years in clayly and about 80 years in silty loam and sandy soil were necessary for the maintanance of averaged organic matter content to 2.5%. 3. Potassium activity ratio ($K/{\sqrt{Ca+Mg+Na}}$) was differed with soil depth, soil texture and assessment of reclamation duration. About 50 years is may be necessary for the maintanance of potassium activities ratio in ordinary paddy soil of 0.05-0.2. 4. Percent of adsorbed sodium (PAS), ratio of adsorbed sodium (RAS) and ratio of sodium adsorbtion(RSA) were remarkably decreased with assessment of reclamation duration. Specially, decreasing tendency was pronounced more in sandy soil than silty loam and clayly soil 5. Amount of clay content in subsoil was appearently decreased during 30 years of reclamation, but clay contents in top soil was appearently decreased 50 years after reclamation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.128-140
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• 1982

The distribution and practical classification of sandy paddy soils, which have the most extensive acreage among low productive paddy soils in Korea and have distinctive improvement effects, were studied to propose a tentative new classification system of sandy textured paddy soils as a means of improving the "Paddy Soil Type Classification" scheme used. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The potential productivity of sandy textured paddy soils was about 86% of normal paddy and the coefficient of variation was relatively high indicating that the properties of soils included were not sufficiently homogeneous. 2. As the poorly drained and halomorphic (> 16 mmhos/cm of E.C. at $25^{\circ}C$) sandy soils are not included in the "Sandy Soil" type according to the criteria of "Soil Type Classification", the recommendation of "adding clay earth" become complicated, and the soil type have to change when the salts washed away or due to ground water table fluctuations. 3. Coarse textured soils were entirely included in the "Sandy Soils" in the tentative criteria of sandy soil classification proposed, and the sandy soils were subdivided into 4 subtypes that is "Oxidized leaching sandy paddy", Red-ox. intergrading sandy paddy", "Reduced accumulating sandy paddy" and "Reduced halomorphic sandy paddy". The system of sandy soil classification proposed were consisted of following categories; Type (Sandy paddy)-Sub-type (4)-Texture family (5)-Soil series (48). 4. The variation of productivities according to the proposed scheme was more homogenized than that of the present device. 5. The total extent of sandy paddy soils was 409, 902 ha (32.3% of total paddy) according to the present classification system, but the extent reached 492,983 ha (38.9%) by the proposed system. The provinces of Gyeong-gi (88.923ha), Jeon-bug (69.717 ha), Gyeong-bug (55.390 ha) have extensive acreage of sandy paddy soils, and the provinces that had high ratio of sandy paddy soils were Gang-weon (58.9%), Gyeong-gi (50.5%), Chung-bug (48.5%), Jeon-bug (41.0%) etc. The ratio was increased by the proposed scheme, e.g. 71.4% in the case of Gang-weon prov. 6. According to the suitability group of paddy soils, the sandy soils mostly belong to 3 class (69.1%) and 4 class (29.2%). Coarse loamy textural family (59.2%) and coarse silty (16.1 %) soils were dominantly distributed. 7. The "Red-ox. intergrading subtype" of sandy paddy pertinent to 49.6% (245,012 ha) while the "Oxidized leaching sub-type" reaches to 33.5% (64,890 ha) and the remained 16.9% (83,081ha) belong to "Reduced accumulating sub-type (14.0%) and "Reduced halomorphic sub-type (2.9%)" according to the proposed scheme.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2022

Artificial disturbance in mountainous areas increases the sensitivity to erosion by exposure of the subsoil with a low loam ratio to the surface. In this study, rainfall simulations were conducted to evaluate the erodibility of sand and loamy sand in the interrill erosion by the rainfall-induced sheet flow. The mean diameters of sand and loamy sand used in the experiment were 0.936 mm and 0.611 mm, respectively, and the organic matter content was 2.0% and 4.2%, respectively. In the experimental plot, the runoff coefficient of overland flow increased 1.16 times in loamy sand rather than sand. Mean sediment yields of loamy sand and sand by sheet erosion were 3.71kg/m²/hr and 1.13kg/m²/hr respectively. The erodibility, the rate of soil erosion for rainfall erosivity factor, was 3.65 times greater in loamy sand than in sand. As the gradient of the steep slope increased from 24° to 28°, the sediment concentration and the erodibility for two soils increased by about 20%. The erodibility factor K of sandy soils for small plots was overestimated compared to the measured erodibility. This means that RUSLE can overestimate the sediment yields by sheet erosion on sandy soils.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.244-248
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• 2001

사질 토양에서의 유기물 함량이 벤젠의 흡착과 생분해에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 다양한 분말 활성탄(PAC)함량 조건에서 비평형 배치 실험을 실시하였다. 비평형 배치실험에서 벤젠의 흡착과 생분해를 비교하기 위하여 BTEX 화합물에 대한 분해능이 우수한 Pseudomonas aeruginosam의 유무에 따른 두 가지의 실험 조건을 설정하였다. 실험 결과 반응 시간 1일까지 빠른 흡착양상을 보였으며, 2일부터 20일 까지는 매우 느린 흡착 양상을 보였다. 활성탄의 함량이 증가할수록 벤젠의 흡착은 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, Pseudomonas aeruginosa가 첨가된 실험에서는 PAC 함량이 증가할수록 흡착은 증가하였으 나 bioavailability factor (B$_{f}$ ) 값이 감소하였다. 이는 bioavailability가 흡착에 의해 제한됨을 지시한다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.354-363
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• 2007

In order to investigate the optimum rate and interval of silicate fertilizer application for rice cultivation, Chucheong byeo variety, one of commonly cultivated rice cultivar in Korea was planted on two different wetland rice soils located on Hwaseong-si from 2002 to 2005; Jisan series(a member of the fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts), known as "Productive Paddy Soil", without any conspicuous limiting factor, and Seokcheon series (a member of the coarse loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquetps), known as "Sandy Paddy Soil", sandiness being major limiting factor. There were three rate treatments of silicate fertilizer application; the amount of silicate fertilizers needed to adjust the available soil silicate contents to 130, 200, and $270mg\;kg^{-1}$ was applied, in the first year only. There was an additional plot; applying the amount of silicate fertilizer needed to adjust soil available silicate to 130 ppm every year, which would serve as the base for the evaluation of residual effects of silicate fertilizers in the plots where different rates of silicate fertilizer were applied. From the yield data in first year, it was found that optimum available silica in the soil are $154mg\;kg^{-1$ and $160mg\;kg^{-1}$, in Jisan and Seogcheon soils, respectably. The duration of residual effects of silicate fertilizer was different depending upon the amount of applied silicate fertilizers and the soils. The higher the application rate, the residual effect lasted longer, and the residual effect was lasted longer in Jisan(clay loam) soil than in Seogcheon(sandy loam) soil. During four years, sum of the rate of contribution to increase available soil silica of applied silicate fertilizer in different soils ranged 18.6% and 24.1% in Jisan soil and Seogcheon soil, respectively. This may suggest that much portion of applied silicate would be either lost from the soil or remain in the soil as insoluble form. This deserves further study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 1988

One-year-old seedlings of Ginkgo biloba were treated with various simulated acid rains(pH 2.0, pH 3.0, pH 9.0 and pH 5.0) to examine the effects of simulated acid rain on the chemical properties of the tested soil. The seedlings were grown in a pot($4500cm^3$)containing one of three different soils(nursery soil, mixed soil and sandy soil). Simulated acid rain was made by diluting sulfuric and nitric acid solution($H^1SO^4$ : $HNO^3$ =3 : 1, V/V) with tap water and tap water(pH 6.4), and treated by 5mm each time for three minutes during the growing seasons(April to October 1985). Acid rain treatments were done three times per week to potted seedlings by spraying the solutions. The chemical properties of potting media were compared among three soil types as well as among the various pH levels. The results obtained in this study were as follows : 1. Exchangeable calcium and magnesium contents and base saturation of the soil decreased with decreasing pH levels of acid rain, and their decreasing rates were as follows : sandy soil was the highest, followed by mixed and nursery soils, However, exchangeable aluminum content rather increased as the pH levels decreased. 2. Available phosphate in the soil decreased as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. Its content increased in nursery soil, compared with those before acid gain treatment, Gut decreased in mined and sandy soils. 3. Soil sulfate and nitrate contents increased remarkably as the pH levels decreased, and the only significant difference in the sulfate was found among the pH levels. Soil sulfate content was the highest in nursery soil, followed by mixed and sandy soils.