• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 1987

This study was conducted to verify the identity and the effects on soil improvements by the application of Barley stone which has been recently named as miraculous mineral on account of being propagandized as health stone because of several special effect of medicine, the supplement of micronutrients for agriculture, prevention against diseases and insects of plant, and the increase of nutrient holding capacity of soil. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Barley stone is considered as Diabase Porphyrite by the analysis of X-ray Diffraction, chemical composition and microspore's observation. This mineral stone called as Barley stone has been deducted because of being seen as if the feature was attatched with cooked barley and appearently scattered about feldspar's phenocryst on the dark-green stone base. 2. In chemical characteristics of barley stone, the pH 8.7 was higher but C.E.C. 9.0 me/100g was lower then those of other clay minerals such as Bentonite and Zeolite, and so barley stone material was not considered suitable for improvement of sandy loam soil. 3. Effects of Bentonite and Zeolite application on yield of paddy rice were 108-109% compare to non-treated plot, but Barley stone has not increased rice yield. Notwithstanding the increase of application of barely stone to 5 ton per 10a, the yield increase was not significantly showing only 102-103% and the effects of Peanut, hot pepper and chinese cabbage were not recognized either.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.307-327
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• 2008

Geochemical study on the rocks and minerals of the Gyeongju low and intermediate level waste repository was carried out in order to provide geochemical data for the safety assessment and geochemical modeling. Polarized microscopy, X-ray diffraction method, chemical analysis for the major and trace elements, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and stable isotope analysis were applied. Fracture zones are locally developed with various degrees of alteration in the study area. The study area is mainly composed of granodiorite and diorite and their relation is gradational in the field. However, they could be easily distinguished by their chemical property. The granodiorite showed higher $SiO_2$ content and lower MgO and $Fe_2O_3$ contents than the diorite. Variation trends of the major elements of the granodiorite and diorite were plotted on the same line according to the increase of $SiO_2$ content suggesting that they were differentiated from the same magma. Spatial distribution of the various elements showed that the diorite region had lower $SiO_2,\;Al_2O_3,\;Na_2O\;and\;K_2O$ contents, and higher CaO, $Fe_2O_3$ contents than the granodiorite region. Especially, because the differences in the CaO and $Na_2O$ distribution were most distinct and their trends were reciprocal, the chemical variation of the plagioclase of the granitic rocks was the main parameter of the chemical variation of the host rocks in the study area. Identified fracture-filling minerals from the drill core were montmorillonite, zeolite minerals, chlorite, illite, calcite and pyrite. Especially pyrite and laumontite, which are known as indicating minerals of hydrothermal alteration, were widely distributed in the study area indicating that the study area was affected by mineralization and/or hydrothermal alteration. Sulfur isotope analysis for the pyrite and oxygen-hydrogen stable isotope analysis for the clay minerals indicated that they were originated from the magma. Therefore, it is considered that the fracture-filling minerals from the study area were affected by the hydrothermal solution as well as the simply water-rock interaction.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.247-259
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• 1998

Groundwater quality of the natural mineral water was investigated in hydrochemical aspects in order to ensure that mineral water meets stringent health standards. There exist 20 mineral water plants in the Daebo granite and 4 mineral water plants in the Bulguksa granite, respectively. Both granite areas show some differences in water chemistry. The pH, EC, hardness, total ionic contents in groundwater of the Daebo granite area are higher relative to those of the Bulguksa granite area. The content of major cations is in the order of Ca>Na>Mg>K, while that of major anions shows the order of $HCO_3>SO_4$>Cl>F. The fact that the $Ca-Na-HCO_3$ type is most predominant among water types may reflect that the dissolution of plagioclase that is most abundant in granitic rocks plays a most important role in groundwater chemistry. Representative correlation coefficients between chemical species are variable depending on geology. In the Daebo granite area, $Ca-HCO_3(0.84),{\;}Mg-HCO_3(0.81),{\;}SiO_2-Cl(0.74),{\;}Na-HCO_3(0.70)$ show relatively good correlationships. In the Bulguksa granite area, fairly good correlationships are found among some components such as K-Mg(0.93), $K-HCO_3(0.92)$, Mg-Cl(0.92), $Cl-HCO_3(0.91)$, and K-F(0.90). According to saturation index, most chemical species are undersaturated with respect to major minerals, except for some silica phases. Groundwater is slightly undersaturated with respect to calcite, whereas it is still greatly undersaturated with respect to dolomite, gypsum and fluorite. Based on the phase equilibrium it is clear that groundwater is mostly in equilibrium with kaolinite and becomes undersaturated with respect to feldspars, evolved from the stability area of gibbsite during water-rock interaction. While the activity of silica increases, there is no remarkable increase in the acivities of alkali ions and pH, which indicates that some amounts of silicic acid dissolved from silica phases as well as feldspars were provided to groundwater. It is concluded that chemical evolution of groundwater in granite aquifers may continue to proceed with increasing pH.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.431-449
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• 2015

The study area is located in the western part of the Precambrian stock type of Sancheong anorthosite complex, the Jirisan province of the Yeongnam massif, in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. We perform a detailed field geological investigation on the Sancheong anorthosite complex, and report the characteristics of lithofacies, occurrences, foliations, and research formation process and its mechanism of the Sancheong anorthosite complex. The Sancheong anorthosite complex is classified into massive and foliation types of Sancheong anorthosite (SA), Fe-Ti ore body (FTO), and mafic granulite (MG). Foliations are developed in the Sancheong anorthosite complex except the massif type of SA. The foliation type of SA, FTO, MG foliations are magmatic foliations which were formed in a not fully congealed state of SA from a result of the flow of FTO and MG melts and the kinematic interaction of SA blocks, and were continuously produced in the comagmatic differentiation. The Sancheong anorthosite complex is formed as the following sequence: the massive type of SA (a primary fractional crystallization of parental magmas under high pressure)${\rightarrow}$ the foliation type of SA [a secondary fractional crystallization of the plagioclase-rich crystal mushes (anorthositic magmas) primarily differentiated from parental magmas under low pressure]${\rightarrow}$the FTO (an injection by filter pressing of the residual mafic magmas in the last differentiation stage of anorthositic magmas into the not fully congealed SA)${\rightarrow}$the MG (a solidification of the finally residual mafic magmas). It indicates that the massive and foliation types of SA, the FTO, and the MG were not formed from the intrusion and differentiation of magmas which were different from each other in genesis and age but from the multiple fractionation and polybaric crystallization of the coeval and cogenetic magma.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.375-387
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• 2017

Amphibolite-hosted Fe-Ti mineralization at the Soyeonpyeong Island, located in central western part of the Korean Peninsula is a typical orthomagmatic Fe-Ti oxide deposit in South Korea. The amphibolite intruded into NW-SE trending Precambrian metasedimentary rocks. Lower amphibolite is characterized by igneous layering, consisting of feldspar-dominant and amphibole-Fe-Ti oxide-dominant layers. The igneous layering shows complicated and/or sharp contact. In contrast, upper amphibolite has a more complicated lithofacies (garnet-bearing, coarser, and schistose), and massive Fe-Ti oxide ore alternates with schistose amphibolite. NS- and EW-trending fault systems lead to redistribute upper amphibolite-hosted Fe-Ti orebody and igneous layering of lower amphibolite, respectively. The whole-rock compositions of amphibolite and Fe-Ti oxide ore reflect their constituent minerals. Amphibolite shows significantly positive Eu anomalies whereas Fe-Ti oxide ore has weak negative Eu anomalies. Plagioclase (Andesine to oligoclase) and Fe-Ti oxide minerals have constant composition regardless of their distribution. Amphibole has a compositionally variable but it doesn't reflect the chemical evolution. Mineral compositions within individual layers and successive layers are relatively constant not showing any stratigraphic evolution. This suggests that there are no successive injections of Fe-rich magma or assimilation with Fe-rich country rocks. Contrasting Eu anomalies between amphibolite and Fe-Ti oxide ore also suggest that extensive plagioclase fractionation during early crystallization stage cause increase in $Fe_2O_3/FeO$ ratio and overall Fe contents in the residual magma. Thus, Fe-rich residual liquids may migrate at the upper amphibolite by filter pressing mechanism and then produce sheeted massive Fe-Ti mineralization during late fractional crystallization.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2001

The charnockite of Jirisan area occurs within the Precambrian high grade metamorphic terrane associated with anorthosite body as many foreign examples. Sm-Nd ages were determined from whole rock-garnet pairs, which turned out $1827\pm$32($2\sigma$) Ma for the massive charnockite and $1820\pm$22(2$\sigma$) Ma for the foliated charnockite with $$\varepsilon$_{Nd}(T)$ of $-5.5\pm$0.2 and $-6.0\pm$0.5 respectively. $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ initial ratios calculated with the these ages are 0.71319 and 0.71532 respectively. The fact that massive and foliated charnockites show identical age, identical Nd isotopic initial ratio, and similar Sr isotopic initial ratios suggest that they were generated at the same time from the same material even through their present textures are different. Initial ratios of Nd and Sr of the charnockites are quite distinct from the mantle values indicating the influence of continental crust. Sm-Nd age determined from the titanium bearing anorthositic rocks intruding the anorthosite body, using mineral separates of garnet, plagioclase, and mafic fraction, is $1792\pm$90(2$\sigma$) Ma with $$\varepsilon$_{Nd}(T)=-3.9$\pm$0.2$. The ^${87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ initial ratios calculated with this age are 0.70616~0.70619. The charnockites and the anorthositic rocks occurring in contact each other also reveal the same age within the error, which suggest a genetic relationship between them. However, chemical compositions of the charnockites and Hadong-Sancheong anorthosites cannot be explained by igneous differentiation. Their differences in Nd and Sr initial isotopic ratios indicate different source materials. Therefore, temporal association between them suggests the possibility of the anorthosite acting as a thermal source for the generation of the charnockite as other studies.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-54
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• 2015

Syenite is not a common rock, unlike granitic rocks formed the major component of the continental crust. The aim of this study is to decipher the occurrences and detailed descriptive characteristics of the syenite distributed in Sancheong area, and to investigate the petrogenesis of the syenitic magma based on geochemical study. The dominant minerals in syenite are alkali feldspar (usually orthoclase and rarely microcline), plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, and quartz. Syenites are found in a wide variety of colors. The anhedral hornblende and biotite filling the boundary of feldspar and quartz indicate that the hydrous minerals were crystallized lately, and that water was insufficient at the beginning of crystallization in magma. According to the analysis of mineral composition, amphibole in syenite is mostly ferro-edenite, and the pressure is calculated as 3.3~4.9 kb with 11.9~17.3 km of emplacement depth. Biotite and pyroxene are plotted in the region of annite and hedenbergite, respectively. Based on petrochemical studies of major elements, syenite belongs to alkaline series, metaluminous, and I-type. On the other hand, the variation patterns of trace and rare earth elements of syenite differ from the patterns of diorite and granite. In the geochemical characteristics, syenite is different from gabbro-diorite spatially adjacent to syenite, as well as granite. These results suggest that each rock has been generated from the different sources of magma. Additionally, based on the experimental data, the syenitic magma can be formed (1) by the partial melting at a high pressure and dry system, (2) when the initial crystallization minerals to be residue with migration of the residual melts separated from the ascending cotectic magma (3) when fluorine compositions to be plentiful in the protolith and/or at depth of the magma. Based on the petrographic characteristics of the syenite, Sancheong syenitic magma may have been formed by partial melting in a dry system.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.77-98
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• 2011

The igneous complex consisting of mangerite and gabbro in the Odaesan area, the eastem part of the Gyeonggi Massif, South Korea, intruded early Paleo-proterozoic migmatitic gneiss. The mangerite is composed of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, plagioclase, pethitic K-feldspar, quartz. The gabbro has similar mineral assemblage but gabbro has minor amounts of amphibole and no perthitic K-feldspar. The gabbro occurs as enclave and irregular shaped body within the mangerite, and the boundary between the mangerite and gabbro is irregular. Leucocratic lenses with perthitic K-feldspar are included in the gabbro enclaves. These textures represent mixing of two different magmas in liquid state. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age dating gave $234{\pm}1.2$ Ma and $231{\pm}1.3$ Ma for mangerite and gabbro, respectively. These ages are similar with the intrusion ages of post collision granitoids in the Hongseong (226~233 Ma) and Yangpyeong (227~231 Ma) areas in the Gyeonggi Massif. The mangerite and gabbro are high Ba-Sr granites, shoshonitic and formed in post collision tectonic setting. These rocks also show the characters of subduction-related igneous rock such as enrichment in LREE, LILE and negative Nb-Ta-P-Ti anomalies. These data represent that the mangerite and gabbro formed in the post collision tectonic setting by the partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle during subduction which occurred before collision. The heat for the partial melting was supplied by asthenospheric upwelling through the gab between continental and oceanic slabs formed by slab break-off after continental collision. The distribution of post-collisional igneous rocks (ca. 230 Ma) in the Gyeonggi Massif including Odaesan mangerite and gabbro strongly suggests that the tectonic boundary between the North and South China blocks in Korean peninsula passes the Hongseong area and futher exteneds into the area between the Yangpyeong-Odaesan line and Ogcheon metamorphic belt.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.19
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• pp.1-18
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• 2018

The Stele for National Preceptor Hongbeop from the Jeongtosa Temple site in Chungju is one of the most important stone cultural heritage items for exemplifying the style of the Goryeo era. Despite its obvious value, this relic has been stored in a weathered condition at the National Museum of Korea. It had suffered various dismantling and displacements during the Japanese colonial period and had long been exposed in the open air. The stele was selected as a subject for the Stone Monuments Restoration Project launched by the National Museum of Korea in 2015. In preparation for its outdoor exhibition as part of the restoration project, this study investigated the characteristics of its materials, produced a map of its deterioration from weathering, and carried out ultrasonic analysis of the materials to provide findings useful for conservation treatment. The materials analysis revealed that the turtle-shaped pedestal of the stele was made from two-mica granite consisting of medium-grained quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. Its body stone is crystalline marble, the rock-forming mineral in which is medium-grained calcite in a rose-pink color with dark grey spots. The dragon top of the stele is made of crystalline marble, the major component of which is medium-grained calcite of a light-grey color. The deterioration consists of 21.5% abrasion on the stone body, with its south face most damaged, and 18.6% granular disintegration, with the north face most damaged. The ultrasonic material characterization conducted for mapping the general condition of weathering shows low values on the parts-assembly area of the turtle-shaped pedestal and on the upper portion of the stone body. It is considered that there is dislocation due to partial blistering and fracturing as well as to the differences in surface treatment. Prior to the outdoor exhibition of the stele, the surface was cleaned of contaminants and was consolidated based on the scientific investigation in order to prevent weathering from the external environment.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-47
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• 2009

We performed petrological, geochemical, and geochronological study for the Pyeonghae granite gneiss and the Hada leuco-granite gneiss intruding the Paleoproterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks (pyeonghae formation and Wonnam formation) of the Pyeonghae area located in northeastem part of the Yeongnam (Sobaeksan) massif. The Pyeonghae granite gneiss generally has higher abundance of mafic minerals (biotite etc.), and posesses higher ${Fe_2}{O_3}^t$, MgO, CaO, $TiO_2$, $P_{2}O_{5}$ contents but lower $SiO_2$ and $K_{2}O$ contents than the Hada leuco-granite gneiss which tends to have slightly high $Al_{2}O_{3}$ and $Na_{2}O$ contents and slightly high larger negative Eu anomalies. However both gneisses reveal very similar REE concentrations and chondrite-normalized patterns and apparently show differentiation trend affected by crystallization of biotite, plagioclase, apatite and sphene. Their peraluminous and calc-alkaline chemistry suggests tectonic environment of volcanic arc. SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age determinations yield upper intercept ages of $1990{\pm}23\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) and $1939{\pm}41\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$), and weighted mean $^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb$ ages of $1982{\pm}6.3\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) and $1959{\pm}28\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) for the Pyeonghae granite gneiss and the Hada leuco-granite gneiss respectively, showing overlapping ages within the error. Our study suggests that the Precambrian granitoids in this area intruded contemporaneously with the Buncheon granite gneissin volcanic arc environment.