• 한국문헌정보학회지
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.105-123
• /
• 2007

이 연구는 OECD회원국의 국가경쟁력과 연구경쟁력의 상관관계를 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 양자를 분석한 결과, GERD, SCI논문수, 평균 인용회수, JCR 등재잡지 특허수 등이 국가 및 연구경쟁력의 주요 지표로 밝혀졌으며, 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 그 가운데 OECD 선진국이 생산하는 SCI 논문수와 사독형 학술지는 한국의 국가경쟁력과 연구경쟁력을 강화하는 핵심지표이므로 연구경쟁력과 대학도서관의 상관관계를 분석하는 후속연구가 필요하다.

• 월간양계
• /
• 제29권9호통권335호
• /
• pp.168-173
• /
• 1997

효과적인 백신 프로그램을 디자인하기 위해서는 질병과 면역에 대한 기본적인 이해가 필수적이다. 면역에 대해서 이해하기 위해서는 크게 체액성 면역과 세포성 면역으로 구분하여 이해하는 것이 유용할 수 있으며, 또한 이 두 가지 기전은 서로 상호협동적으로 작용한다는 사실을 이해하여야 한다. 숙주동물(닭)이 병원체이든 백신이든 일단 항원에 한 번 노출이 되면 이를 기억하는 기억 세포를 생성하여 두 번째 노출되었을 때 폭발적인 면역반응이 일어나도록 한다. 순환항체가 형성이 되면, 이 항체는 난황을 통하여 후대 병아리에게 전달될 수 있다. 면역의 형성은 백신이 가진 항원의 특성과 백신의 타입(생독, 사독)에 따라 다른 방식으로 나타난다. 면역에 대한 기본적인 개념을 충분히 숙지하고 다음의 사항을 고려하면 효과적인 백신 프로그램을 선택하기가 용이하다. (1) 전례 : 어떤 프로그램이 효과적이었는가? (2) 질병 : 어떤 질병이 문제가 되고 있는가? (3) 균주 : 균주의 차이는 중요한가? (4) 관리 : 백신의 사용을 불필요하게 할 효과적인 사양관리가 이루어질 수 있는가? (5) 모체이행항체 : 모체이행항체가 적절한 방어력을 가질 수 있을까? (6) 면역증강효과 : 그 중요성과 접종시기가 숙지되어 있는가? (7) 접종기술 : 접종기술에 문제가 있는데 프로그램이 제대로 효과를 발휘할 수 있을까?

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국가금학회 2004년도 제21차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
• /
• pp.23-25
• /
• 2004

본 실험은 감태와 crude lectin의 사료내 첨가가육계의 생산성 및 면역반응에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 1일령 Ross 수평아리 총234수를 공시하여 대조구(-), 대조구(+), 감태 1.0%, crude lectin 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 및 0.3 %로 6처리 3반복, 반복당 13수씩을 총 38일간 실험사료를 급여하였고, ND-IB 혼합 사독백신은 4일령에 피하접종하였다. 사료요구율에 있어서는 crude lectin 0.3 % 첨가구가 대조구(-)에 비해 유의하게 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). ND-IB 사독 혼합백신 접종 3주 후에는 감태와 crude lectin의 첨가구의 ND와 IB 백신 역가가 대조구(+)와 비교하여 상승하는 경향이나 상승효과가 있었다(P<0.05). 폐사율에 있어서 crude lectin 첨가구들은 살모넬라를 감염시킨 대조구(+)에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 닭에서 IFN-v, IL-2, 및 IL-6의 mRNA는 살모넬라 감염에 의해 높게 발현되었고, 감태와 crude lectin은 IFN-v의 발현에 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 감태 1.0 %와 crude lectin 0.05 % 첨가구는 IL-2와 IL-6의 mRNA 농도가 대조구(+)에 비해 높은 경향이나 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05).

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.49-64
• /
• 1984

1978년부터 1919년까지의 ND 대류행기간중계 군관리 기록이 확실하고 ND발생전후 ND 항체주사가 가능했던 5개 농장을 대상으로 ND에 대한 역학사항, 면역정도 및 피해상황을 조사한 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 생독 또는 사독 ND백신을 4회이상 접종한 20주령 이상된 계군에서는 비록 ND HI 역가가 3 log$_2$이하일지라도 ND로 인한 폐사율은 대체로 주간 1%미만으로 피해가 크지 않았다. 2. 이러한 계군에서의 산란율의 감소는 최종백신접종일로 부터 DN발생시까지 경과한 기간에 따라서 4주이내에 발병되었을 때는 뚜렷한 변동이 없었으나 6주이상 경과한 경우에는 산란율의 감소를 보였으며 그 정도는 경과한 기간에 비례하는 양상을 보여 주었다. 3. 사독백신만을 접종한 계군에서는 ND가 발생되었을 때 비록 산란감소가 없을지라도 호흡기증상은 심하게 나타났다. 4. 6i주령 이하의 어린 계군에서 ND로 인한 폐사를 방지할 수 있는 HI 역가는 3.0 log$_2$이상인 것으로 추정되었으며 비록 생독백신을 3회나 접종하였을지라도 이러한 정도의 면역이 형성되지 못한 계군에서는 약40%의 폐사율을 보일 정도로 피해가 컸다. 5. ND에 걸린후 내과회복한 계군의 HI 역가는 발병당시 임상증상 및 산란율의 멸소 또는 폐사율이 높은 계군일수록 높았으며 대부분 8 log$_2$ 이상이었다. 6. ND가 발생된 농장일지라도 계사조건(무창계사)과 관리상황(교통통제)에 따라서는 ND 무감염으로 경과하는 계군도 있었으며 유창계사조건일지라도 계군간의 전파기간이 1주 이상인 경우도 허다하였다.

• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.73-91
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to invastigate the researches of Snake Venom and snakes which used in treatment 1. The fist literature that used the snake for treatment is Shin Nong Ben Cao Jing 2. Composition of Snake Venom is consist of Enzymatic proteins ; Phospholipase A(A1-2), Protease, L-amino acid oxidase etc, and Non-enzymatic proteins ; Crotamine(Cytolysin), Proteolytic factor(Hematoxin), Crotoxin(Neurotoxin) etc. 3. Main toxins in Snake Venom are Hematoxin, Cytolysin, Neurotoxin and Cardiotoxin. Lethal dose 50 value of Agkistrodon brevicaudus is $45.87{\mu}g$/18g, Agkistrodon saxatilis is $10.28{\mu}g$/18g, Agkistrodon ussuriensis is $8.68{\mu}g$/18g, therefore Agkistrodon ussuriensis has strongist Snake Venom of all in Korea. 4. Pharmacological actions of Snake Venom are anticoagulation, thrombolytic function, hypotensor etc. 5. Systemic syndromes and signs after snakebite are Dizziness(25.7%), Vomitting(23.1%), Fever(22%), Visual disturbance(18%), Headache(17.7%) and Dyspnea(17.6%), etc. 6. Local syndrome and sign after snakebite is Discoloration(54.2%), Bleeding(20.2%), Bullae(10.7%), Skinulcer(10.8%), etc. 7. Pathological syndromes after snakebite are WBC increase, Urine protein, Urine sugar, Haematuria and elevation of S-GDT, S-GPT etc. These syndromes are leaded by Hematoxin and Cytolysin. 8. Complication signs after snakebite are Cellulitis, Gastritis, Lympoma, Abscess etc. 9. Common function of Viperidae(Agkistrodon acutus or Zaocys dhumnades etc) is expelling the wind(祛風), removing obstruction in the channels(通絡), antipastic function(止痙). And it is used in order to cure hemiparesis, hemiplegia, facial palsy and CVA disease, etc. 10. Using way of snake for medical treatment is various like Herbal alchol therapy, pill, powder and injection etc. The Study on the Snake Venom should be carried out continuously for using of medical treatment.

• 대한예방한의학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.125-144
• /
• 2016

Objectives : About 13% of the medicines used by traditional korean medicines(TKM), are called animal medicines and are derived from non-herbal sources such as animals and insects. However, the clinical use of these preparations from animal medicines is often based on tradition and belief, rather than on evidence of toxicity and efficacy. As a result, animal medicines containing toxin have caused serious problems from injecting patients with venom. Here, various venoms frequently used as TKM were reviewed in terms of their instinct toxity and tried to estimate their safety classification. Methods : The estimation of safety classification was based on human equivalent dose(HED)-based MOS (margin of safety) and clinical dose applied for patients. Results and Conclusions : Except that of snake venom due to no clinical dose, they were evaluated as class 3 for bee venom, class 4 for cantharidin, toxin from blister beetle, and class 1 for venom from scolopendrid. In conclusion, animal medicines showed a wide range of safety classification from class 1 to class 4. This wide range is estimated to result from extremely limited applications of each venom for patients because of their strong toxicity. However, it should be cautious for application in clinics since animal medicines can produce anaphylactic reactions particularly after veinous administration even with a tiny amount of venom.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.159-164
• /
• 1995

Fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of the venoms from the Korean snakes, Agkistrodon caliginosus, nosus, Agkistrodon saxatilis and Agkistrodon blomhoffi brevicaudus were compared by fibrin-plate method and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. The venom from A. blomhoffi brevicaudus showed the highest degree of fibrin(ogen)olytic activity, and a protease with the fibrin(open)olytic activity was purified by p-amino-benzamidine affinity chromatography and DEAE ion-exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of 50,800 and a capability to degrade the B$\beta$-chain of fibrinogen preferentially to the $A\alpha$-chain, but not the ${\gamma}$-chain. Fibrinolytic activity of the purified enzyme was approximately 3.8 plasmin unit/mg protein.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.209-236
• /
• 2000

This study has been carried out to investigate pathogenic factor and medicine of ja-shi(자시) by referring to literatures. The results were obtained as follows. 1. In oriental medicine, Chashi(차시), Hamshichang(함시창), Hamshi(함시), Jabal(자발), Shichang(시창), Nojaon(로자온), Hamaon(하마온), Jokshiong(적시옹), Hamshidok(함사독), Tabshijong(탑사종), Shijong(시종) were the other names of ja-shi(자시). 2. The pathogenic factors of ja-shi(자시) are wind-heat, wetness-heat, Kihyeolungche(기혈응체), stomach-heat. wetness, wind wetness, and liking greasy and sweet food. 3. In the internal therapy of ja-shi(자시), Bojesodokum(普濟消毒飮), Sasunchunglyangum(四順淸凉飮), Takljsodoksan(托裏消毒散), Shihogalguntang(柴胡葛根湯), Sungsohwan(醒消丸), Gamisodokum(加味消毒飮) and etc. were used. And Radix glycyrrhizae(甘草), Fructus forsythiae(連翹), Radix angelicae gogantis(當歸), Radix scutellariae(황기), Radix bupleuri(柴胡), Radix p]atycodi(桔梗), Radix Ledebounellae(防風), Frustus arctii(牛蒡子), Rhizoma cimicifugae(升麻) and ete. were used as medicine. 4. In the external therapy of ja-shi(자시), Youigumhwangsan(如意金黃散), Okiogo(玉露膏), Igumsan(二金散), Gumhwangsan(金黃膏), Nungo(嫩膏) and etc. were used. And Radix angelicae dahuricae(白芷), Cortex phellodendri(黃栢), Rhizoma rhei(大黃), Indigo maturalis(靑黛), Radix glycyrrhizae(甘草) and etc. were used as medicine.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 1976

Agkistrodon halys (Crotalidae) is the only species of poisonous snakes in Korea, and is divided into three subspecies; Agkistrodon bromhoffii brevicaudus, Agkistrodon calaginosus and Agkistrodon saxatilis. With the three venoms, the pharmacological actions on the cardiovascular system and intestine as well as some toxicological characteristics were studied. In addition, the precipitin test in an agar gel medium was employed for immunological comparison of the venoms and the sera of envenomed patients. The results obtained were as follows: Lyophilized venoms contained solids of $211{\sim}273mg/ml$, and LD50 to mice were 1.73 and 0.86 mg/kg in venoms of Agkistrodon bromhoffii brevicaudus obtained on July and October respectively, and 0.40 and 0.32 mg/kg in Agkistrodon calaginosus and the venoms of Agkistrodon saxatilis obtained on October was 2.29 mg/kg. Isoelectric focusing of lyophilized snake venoms showed 19 to 22 protein fractions and 2 to 3 isoamylase fractions. Acute irreversible hypotension was caused by the intravenous injection of large doses of venoms in rabbits and cats, but at the small doses, acute hypotension followed by slow recovery. Little changes of cardiac movements by the venom injection despite of marked hypotension were showed except bradycardia and arrhythmia prior the death. Also no changes on the isolated rabbit atria by the snake venoms were noted. The hypotensive effect of the snake venoms was prevented by the bilateral vagotomy or atropine pretreatment (1 mg/kg), but they did not affect when already the hypotension has undergone. In the isolated rabbit duodenum, small doses of venom increased the phasic movement, while large doses decreased after spastic contraction. With the injection of venoms in dog, strong contraction of gall-bladder was caused and it was not blocked by the pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg) or atropine (1.4 mg/kg). In the venoms of Agkistrodon bromhoffii brevicaudus and Agkistrodon calaginosus, at least 5 antigenic components were detected, and four of them were shared in common with each other. Polyvalent antivenin (Wyeth Lab. USA) had three common precipitating antibodies with the venom of Agkistrodon bromhoffii brevicaudus and Akistrodon calaginosus. In the serum of envenomed patients, no precipitating antibodies were seen to the venoms and little changes in serum protein, GOT and GPT were observed. In conclusion, the snake venoms obtained in Korea were highly toxic and caused chiefly the vascular collapse leading to death. This vascular collapse was resulted largely by cholinergic effects, and not cardiotoxin of venoms. In human, it is likely that precipitating antibodies to venom were not produced by an envenomed incidence to poisonous snakes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.165-170
• /
• 1995

The biochemical properties of the fibrinolytic protease of 50,800 Da isolated from the venom of Kgdistrodon blomhoffi brevicaudus were characterized. The enzyme hydrolyzed the carboxyl side of arginine in the synthetic chromogenic peptides, N-Benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA and N-p-Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA, and the enzyme activity was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride indicating that the enzyme belongs to the serine protease family. The pretense showed maximum activity at pH 7.5 and inhibited by ZnCl$_2$, CuSO$_4$, but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor, pepstatin A, 2-mercaptoethanol and EDTA. The fm value determined with N-p-Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA was 0.2 mM. The thrombolytic activity of the purified enzyme was evaluated by platelet aggregation test in rabbits. While the platelet count ratio in blood of the rabbits injected with thrombin alone declined from 1.0 to 0.6 within 7 min and maintained around 0.6 for 24 hours thereafter, the ratio rapidly recovered from around 0.6 to 0.8 in 1 hr, to 1.0 in 24 hrs when the rabbits were sequentially treated with thrombin and the purified enzyme. The result showed that the serine protease from A. blomhoffi brevicoudus of 50,800 Da had a thrombolytic activity in vivo and the enzyme might be developed as a therapuetic agent for the treatment of thrombic disease.