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Selective Word Embedding for Sentence Classification by Considering Information Gain and Word Similarity (문장 분류를 위한 정보 이득 및 유사도에 따른 단어 제거와 선택적 단어 임베딩 방안)

  • Lee, Min Seok;Yang, Seok Woo;Lee, Hong Joo
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.105-122
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    • 2019
  • Dimensionality reduction is one of the methods to handle big data in text mining. For dimensionality reduction, we should consider the density of data, which has a significant influence on the performance of sentence classification. It requires lots of computations for data of higher dimensions. Eventually, it can cause lots of computational cost and overfitting in the model. Thus, the dimension reduction process is necessary to improve the performance of the model. Diverse methods have been proposed from only lessening the noise of data like misspelling or informal text to including semantic and syntactic information. On top of it, the expression and selection of the text features have impacts on the performance of the classifier for sentence classification, which is one of the fields of Natural Language Processing. The common goal of dimension reduction is to find latent space that is representative of raw data from observation space. Existing methods utilize various algorithms for dimensionality reduction, such as feature extraction and feature selection. In addition to these algorithms, word embeddings, learning low-dimensional vector space representations of words, that can capture semantic and syntactic information from data are also utilized. For improving performance, recent studies have suggested methods that the word dictionary is modified according to the positive and negative score of pre-defined words. The basic idea of this study is that similar words have similar vector representations. Once the feature selection algorithm selects the words that are not important, we thought the words that are similar to the selected words also have no impacts on sentence classification. This study proposes two ways to achieve more accurate classification that conduct selective word elimination under specific regulations and construct word embedding based on Word2Vec embedding. To select words having low importance from the text, we use information gain algorithm to measure the importance and cosine similarity to search for similar words. First, we eliminate words that have comparatively low information gain values from the raw text and form word embedding. Second, we select words additionally that are similar to the words that have a low level of information gain values and make word embedding. In the end, these filtered text and word embedding apply to the deep learning models; Convolutional Neural Network and Attention-Based Bidirectional LSTM. This study uses customer reviews on Kindle in Amazon.com, IMDB, and Yelp as datasets, and classify each data using the deep learning models. The reviews got more than five helpful votes, and the ratio of helpful votes was over 70% classified as helpful reviews. Also, Yelp only shows the number of helpful votes. We extracted 100,000 reviews which got more than five helpful votes using a random sampling method among 750,000 reviews. The minimal preprocessing was executed to each dataset, such as removing numbers and special characters from text data. To evaluate the proposed methods, we compared the performances of Word2Vec and GloVe word embeddings, which used all the words. We showed that one of the proposed methods is better than the embeddings with all the words. By removing unimportant words, we can get better performance. However, if we removed too many words, it showed that the performance was lowered. For future research, it is required to consider diverse ways of preprocessing and the in-depth analysis for the co-occurrence of words to measure similarity values among words. Also, we only applied the proposed method with Word2Vec. Other embedding methods such as GloVe, fastText, ELMo can be applied with the proposed methods, and it is possible to identify the possible combinations between word embedding methods and elimination methods.

Fungicide Resistance of Gibberella fujikuroi Isolates Causing Rice Bakanae Disease and Their Progeny Isolates (벼키다리병균(Gibberella fujikuroi) 균주 및 교배 후대균주의 살균제에 대한 저항성)

  • Kim, Jung-Mi;Hong, Sung-Kee;Kim, Wan-Gyu;Lee, Young-Kee;Yu, Seung-Hun;Choi, Hyo-Won
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.75-79
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    • 2010
  • A total of 25 isolates of Fusarium fujikuroi were obtained from diseased rice plants in Korea from 2006 to 2007 to assess their resistance against fungicides prochloraz and benomyl + thiram. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of F. fujikuroi isolates were examined by agar dilution method. Most of the isolates were sensitive to the fungicides. Out of 25 isolates, six were resistant to prochloraz and three to benomyl + thiram. In addition, the isolates CF245, CF249 and CF337 showed resistant to both fungicides. The progenies ($F_1$ isolates) obtained through two different crosses between sensitive parental isolates(CF202, CF232 and CF179) and resistant parental isolate (CF337) were evaluated for their mycelial growth at different temperatures and resistance against fungicides. Mycelial growth rate of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 was similar to the parental isolates. However mycelial growth rate of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF179 $\times$ CF337 was faster than their parent isolates. In case of prochloraz, distribution ratio of sensitivity(S) to resistance(R) against to the fungicide of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 and CF179 $\times$ CF337 was 86 : 14 and 78 : 22, respectively. In case of benomyl+thiram, all the $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 were sensitive to the fungicide, however ratio of sensitivity(S) to resistance(R) against to the fungicide of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF179 $\times$ CF337 was 35 : 65.

Varietal Response of Tobacco Plants Through Tissue Culture to Butachlor and Bialaphos Herbicides (조직배양(組織培養)에 의한 제초제(除草劑) Butachlor와 Bialaphos에 대(對)한 담배의 품종간반응(品種間反應))

  • Bae, Y.Z.;Kim, K.U.;Jeong, H.J.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.53-58
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    • 1988
  • This study was carried out to determine effect of butachlor [N.-(buthoxymethyl)-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl) acetamide] and bialaphos [2-amino-4(hydroxy)(methyl) phosphionyl] butyryl-alanylalanine sodium salt on the germination of tobacco seed, induction and growth of callus from tobacco. Further, fatty acids and ammonia content of tobacco calli were determined. Bialaphos had no effect on tobacco seed germination, but the growth of seedling was markedly affected by an application of 10 ppm bialaphos. However, regardless of varieties tested, tobacco seed germination was completely inhibited by $5{\times}10^{-5}M$ of butachlor. At an application of $5{\times}10^{-5}M$ butachlor, tobacco seeds were to some extent germinated and showed further growth. Hyangcho among varieties tested, showed the most tolerant response to butachlor. In induction of callus from various tobacco varieties and their growth, aromatic type of tobacco varieties exhibited the most tolerance against bialaphos. However, no distinct varietal differences were determined in the treatment of butachlor. The major fatty acids identified in tobacco calli were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid. No marked difference in terms of fatty acids was observed among tobacco varieties used, but it was observed that there was the higher ratio of quantity in unsaturated fatty acids over saturated one, bialaphos treatment accumulated about 9 times higher ammonia content than that of the untreated control, giving an evidence that bialaphos might inhibit glutamine synthetase activity.

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Growth Characteristics and Productivity of New Single Cross Maize Hybrid for Grain, 'Singwangok' (종실용 옥수수 신품종 '신광옥'의 생육특성과 수량성)

  • Son, Beom Young;Baek, Seong Bum;Kim, Jung Tae;Lee, Jin Seok;Hwang, Jong Jin;Kim, Sun Lim;Jung, Gun Ho;Kwon, Young Up;Huh, Chang Suk;Park, Jong Yeol
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.21-25
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    • 2014
  • Singwangok, a new single cross variety, was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2012. This hybrid, consisting of a high yield of grain, was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS172 and KS173. KS172 is the seed parent and KS173 is the pollen parent of Singwangok. It is a yellow-orange intermediate maize hybrid (Zea mays L.). After the preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial of Singwangok (Suwon185) in Suwon for 2 years, the regional yield trial of that was subsequently carried out for its growth characteristics and yield at 3 different locations from 2010 to 2012. It was named as Singwangok. The silking date of Singwangok is similar to the check hybrid, Jangdaok. The plant height of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok, but its ear height ratio is lower than that of Jangdaok. Moreover, it has a resistance to lodging. The ear number per 100 plants of Singwangok is more 17 than that of Jangdaok, whereas the ear length of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok. Further, the weight of 100 seeds of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok. It has a moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and a strong resistance to northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). Furthermore, it has a moderate resistance to the black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV), ear lot and corn borer. The grain yield of Singwangok, 7.81 ton/ha, was similar to that of Jangdaok. The seed production of Singwangok was well processed due to the good match during crossing between the seed parent, KS172 and the pollen parent, KS173, in Yeongwol; the F1 seed yield was 3.84ton/ha. Singwangok would be a suitable cultivar to all plain areas in Korea.

A New Rice Cultivar, "Onnuri" with A Medium-Late Maturity, High Yielding, High Grain Quality and Multiple Disease Resistance (벼 중만생 다수 고품질 복합내병성 신품종 "온누리")

  • Kim, Ki Young;Shin, Mun Sik;Ko, Jae Kwon;Kim, Bo Kyeong;Ha, Ki Yong;Nam, Jeong Kwon;Ko, Jong Cheol;Baek, Man Gee;Kim, Young Doo;Choung, Jin Il;Noh, Gwang Il;Kim, Woo Jae;Park, Hyun Su;Kwang, Huyn Jung;Shin, Seo Ho;Kim, Chung Kon
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.40 no.3
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    • pp.324-327
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    • 2008
  • 'Onnuri' is a japonica rice cultivar developed from the cross between 'Milyang 165' and HR14732-B-67-2-3 at Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA, in 2005. This cultivar has a short grain shape and about 121 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in Korean climate condition. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows resistance to blast, bacterial blight pathogen from $K_1$ to $K_3$ and stripe virus, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled kernel of 'Onnuri' is translucent with non-glutinous endosperm. It has about 18.6% of amylose content and better palatability of cooked rice compared with 'Chucheongbyeo' cultivated in Kyunggi province. The milled rice yield of 'Onnuri' is about 5.94 MT/ha under the standard fertilizer level of the ordinary transplanting cultivation. 'Onnuri' would be adaptable to southern plain of Cheonan, middle-northern plain, and southern mid-mountainous of Korea.

A Mid-late Maturing Rice Cultivar with High-Quality and Bacterial Blight Resistance "Jinbaek" (벼 중만생 고품질 흰잎마름병 신균계(K3a) 저항성 품종 "진백")

  • Kim, Ki-Young;Shin, Mun-Sik;Kim, Bo-Kyeong;Ko, Jae-Kwon;Noh, Tae-Hwan;Ha, Ki-Yong;Ko, Jong-Cheol;Kim, Woo-Jae;Nam, Jeong-Kwon;Baek, Man-Gee;Noh, Gwang-Il;Park, Hyun-Su;Baek, So-Hyeon;Shin, Woon-Chul;Mo, Young-Jun;Choung, Jin-Il;Kim, Young-Doo;Kang, Hyun-Jung;Kim, Chung-Kon;Hwang, Hung-Goo;Kim, Je-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.314-318
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    • 2009
  • A new rice cultivar "Jinbaek" carrying Xa3 and xa5 was derived from the cross between 'HR15204-38-3' with xa5 gene resistant to bacterial blight K1, K2, K3 and K3a, and F1 plant derived from the cross between Junam and Sindongjin with Xa3 gene. "Jinbaek" has approximately 125 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in the west-southern coastal and Honam plain of Korea. Culm length of "Jinbaek" is 71 cm. In reaction to biotic stresses, it shows moderate resistance to blast, and wide spectrum resistance to bacterial blight pathogen, K1, K2, K3, and K3a but susceptible to rice stripe virus and blast. The milled rice of "Jinbaek" exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and midium short grain. It has lower amylose content (18.8%) and protein content (6.2%) compared with Nampyeong. The milled rice yield of this cultivar was 5.30 MT/ha in local adaptability test of three years from 2006 to 2008. This cultivar would be adaptable to the bacterial blight-prone area in the south-western coast and Honam plain of Korea.

A New Tongil-type Glutinous Rice Variety 'Hangangchal 1' of Multi-Diseases and Insect Resistance (중생 복합내병성 통일형 찰벼 품종 '한강찰 1호')

  • Song, You-Chun;Cho, Jun-Hyeon;Jung, Kuk-Hyun;Ha, Woon-Goo;Kim, Se-Ri;Kwak, Do-Yeon;Park, No-Bong;Kim, Young-Doo;Kim, Sang-Yeol;Oh, Seong-Hwan;Lim, Sang-Jong;Shin, Mun-Sik
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.201-205
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    • 2011
  • 'Hangangchal 1' is a new glutinous rice cultivar of second generation Tongil-type with a mid-maturing ecotype that developed by the rice breeding team of Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute (YARI), RDA. in 2006. This cultivar was derived from a cross between 'Hangangchal', a Tongil-type glutinous cultivar and 'YR8208-20', a high yield potential in 1986/1987 winter season. 'Hangangchal 1' was selected by pedigree and bulk breeding methods from $F_3$ to $F_6$ populations. A promising line, YR10498-8-1-3, was selected and designated as 'Milyang 167' in 1997. The local adaptability test of 'Milyang 167' was carried out at seven locations during 3 years in 1998, 2005, and 2006. It has tolerance to lodging with good canopy architecture as 87cm of culm length. This cultivar is resistant to bacterial blight $K_1$, $K_2$, and $K_3$ race, rice stripe virus, rice dwarf virus, and leaf blast disease. The milled rice endosperm of 'Hangangchal 1' is glutinous and its whiteness was almost similar compared to 'Shinseonchalbyeo'. The yield of milled rice of 'Hangangchal 1' was average 5.97 MT/ha at ordinary cultivation of 9 kg/10a N fertilizer level in local adaptability test. This cultivar would be adaptable to the mid and southern plain of Korea.

A New Soy-paste Soybean Cultivar, 'Daeyang' with Disease Resistance, Large Seed and High Yielding (장류용 내병 대립 다수성 신품종 '대양')

  • Kim, Hyun-Tae;Baek, In-Youl;Han, Won-Young;Ko, Jong-Min;Park, Keum-Yong;Oh, Ki-Won;Yun, Hong-Tae;Moon, Jung-Kyung;Shin, Sang-Ouk;Kim, Sun-Lim;Oh, Young-Jin;Lee, Jong-Hyeong;Choi, Jae-Keun;Kim, Chang-Heung;Lee, Seung-Su;Jang, Young-Jik;Kim, Dong-Kwan;Son, Chang-Ki;Kang, Dal-Soon;Kim, Yong-Deuk
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.690-694
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    • 2010
  • A new soybean cultivar for soy-paste, 'Daeyang', was developed from the cross among 'Jangyeobkong', 'Hwaeomputkong' and 'Suwon192' by the soybean breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2007. A promising line, SS97214-80-1, was selected and named this line 'Milyang163'. It was prominent and had good result from regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) for three years from 2005 to 2007 and released as the name of 'Daeyang'. It has a determinate growth habit, purple flower, grey pubescence, yellow seed coat, yellow hilum, large spherical seed (25.2 g per 100 seeds). 'Daeyang' is resistant to soybean mosaic virus and moderately resistant to bacterial pustule, the major soybean disease in Korea. The average yield of 'Daeyang' was 2.58 ton per hectare in the regional yield trials (RYT) carried out for three years from 2005 to 2007 which was 3 percent higher than the check variety, 'Taekwang'.

A New Black Pericarp, Medium-Ripening Glutinous Rice Cultivar 'Boseogheugchal' (중생 흑자색 찰벼 신품종 '보석흑찰')

  • Lee, Jeom-Ho;Lee, Sang-Bok;Kim, Hong-Yeol;Yang, Chang-Ihn;Kim, Myeong-Ki;Jeon, Yong-Hee;Lee, Kyu-Seong;Kim, Yeon-Gyu;Jeong, O-Yeong;Hwang, Hung-Goo;Choi, Yong-Hwan;Yang, Sae-Jun;Cho, Young-Chan;Oh, Sea-Kwan;Yea, Jong-Du;Lee, Jeong-Hee;Won, Yong-Jae;Lee, Jeong-Ill;Chung, Kuk-Hyun;Hwang, Ki-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.43 no.6
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    • pp.600-605
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    • 2011
  • 'Boseogheugchal', a new black pericarp glutinous rice cultivar (Oriza sativa L.), was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea during the period from 1997 to 2008 and released in 2008. It was derived from a cross between SR18638-B-B-B-18-2/ Heugmi H31. The maturity of this cultivar is about 135 days from seedling to heading. This cultivar has about 12 tillers per hill and 94 spikelet numbers per panicle. Ripening ratio is about 72% and 1000 grain weight is 21.6 g in brown rice. This new variety shows grain shattering resistance and susceptible for blast, bacterial leaf blight and stripe virus. 'Boseogheugchal' has glutinous endosperm and low protein contents. It has higher anthocyanin content compared to black pigmented check cultivar 'Hegjinjubyeo'. The yield performance of brown rice was 4.82 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. 'Boseogheugchal' is adaptable to central plain area of Korea.

A New Early-Maturing, High Quality Rice Cultivar 'Joami' (조생 고품질 벼 신품종 '조아미')

  • Kang, Jong-Rae;Nam, Min-Hee;Kwak, Do-Yeon;Jung, Jin-Il;Kim, Dae-Sik;Kim, Jeong-Il;Song, You-Chun;Yeo, Un-Sang;Lee, Jong-Hee;Park, No-Bong;Park, Dong-Soo;Yi, Gi-Hwan;Cho, Jun-Hyeon;Kim, Chun-Song;Lee, Ji-Yoon;Jeon, Myeong-Gee;Shin, Mun-Sik;Oh, Byeong-Geon;Kang, Hang-Won;Ahn, Jin-Gon
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.615-622
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    • 2010
  • A new rice cultivar, 'Joami', was developed by the rice breeding team of Sangju Substation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration. It was selected by a bulk and pedigree methods from a cross-combination among 'Sambaegbyeo', 'Yukara', and 'Tonggae112'. A promising line of YR20557-1-1-3-B-3 was designated as 'Sangju 36' in 2006. Local adaptability test of 'Sangju 36' was conducted at ten sites throughout the Korean peninsula during three years from 2006 to 2008. 'Sangju 36', thereafter, was registered as 'Joami' in 2008. The cultivar headed on July 30 in the test of local adaptability. Endosperm of 'Joami' is translucent with clear chalkiness and has 5.4% higher head rice ratio than that of 'Odaebyeo'. The yield potential of 'Joami' in milled rice is about 5.40 MT/ha under ordinary fertilizer level of local adaptability test, which was 6% higher than that of 'Odaebyeo'. In an alpine area of Korea, the rice variety needs a cold tolerance and a resistance to blast disease. 'Joami' showed a tolerance reaction at Chuncheon cold tolerance screening nursery and exhibited resistance reaction to blast disease in nation-wide disease screening nursery. Therefore, 'Joami' would be well adaptable to mid-mountainous area at central and southern part of Korean peninsula.