• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.25 no.1 s.48
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 1995

Craniofacial asymmetry was analyzed in 39 patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate(UCLP). The samples are devided into three groups nine below 9 years, twenty three from 9 years 1 month to 14 years and seven over 14 years group. Seventeen measurements were obtained from the tracing of PA X-ray cephalometric headfilms to evaluate the asymmetric characteristics and changes accdording to aging in UCLP. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Facial asymmetry in UCLP is variable(1.22-3.47 $mm/^{\circ}$) and the length from midsagitta1 reference line to maxillary 1st molar, to upper central incisor and the length of mandibular ramus showed significant asymmetry 2. Nasal septum and anterior nasal spine were deviated In the cleft side and the lower border of nasal cavity was 1ower in cleft side. 3. The deviation of nasal septum was continued significantly till after 14 years old.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.225-235
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analysis the effects of nasal Continuous Postive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) for preterm infants using systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Thirteen peer-reviewed journals including preterm infants and apnea and nCPAP published between 1973 and 2013 were included. Effect size and statistics of homogeneity were done using STATA 10.0. Results: The design for 9 studies was Randomized Control Trial. In most of studies the pressure of nCPAP was set to 4-6 cm$H_2O$. The effect size of 5 studies for the effect on apnea rate using nCPAP compared to nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilator (nIPPV) showed that the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) was -0.11 and was not significantly different (Z=0.41, p=.680). But the difference in nCPAP for nasal Synchronizes Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilator (nSIPPV) (subgroup) was significant (SMD=-.44). The effect size of 7 studies on effect for ventilator weaning of using nCPAP compared to nIPPV showed the Risk Ratio (RR) as 1.60 and was not significantly different (Z=1.12, p=.268). But the difference between nCPAP and nSIPPV (subgroup) was significant (RR=3.94). Conclusion: The results indicate a need for an advanced care system and suggest continuous studies of apnea in preterm infants.

• Neonatal Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.293-300
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the change in usage and clinical outcomes of using a humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in preterm infants. Methods: A retrospective review of patients with gestational age <32 weeks born at our neonatal intensive care unit from January 2008 to March 2011 was performed. First, data were compared between Era 1 (January 2008 to February 2009) and Era 2 (March 2009 to March 2011) to describe the increased usage of HHFNC. Second, the patients (gestational age 25-30 weeks) were divided into two groups to compare clinical outcomes. nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and HHFNC groups who received either NCPAP or HHFNC as a respiratory support within 14 days of birth. Results: Compared to Era 1, HHFNC usage increased from 10 to 55% in Era 2, whereas NCPAP usage decreased from 40 to 5%. No difference in pulmonary or adverse outcomes including the incidence of reintubation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), days on oxygen and a ventilator, and other outcomes was observed between the HHFNC and NCPAP groups. Days to reach full feed (32.2${\pm}$16.7 vs. 24.7${\pm}$10.2, P=0.05) and regain birth weight (20.9${\pm}$16.9 vs. 17.2${\pm}$4.3, P=0.04) decreased in the HHFNC group. Conclusion: HHFNC was feasible and did not differ in respiratory and other outcomes, but days to reach full feed and regain birth weight decreased in the HHFNC, when compared with the NCPAP. An additional prospective multicenter designed study is needed to better define safety and efficacy of HHFNC.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.626-632
• /
• 2010

Purpose: Nasal bone fractures are often classified as minor injury. However, the incidence of posttraumatic nasal deformity remains alarmingly high. It is because of unnoticed septal fracture. This study was conducted to determine the necessity of septoplasty for patients with nasal bone fracture accompanying grade I septal fractures. Methods: Among 105 patients with nasal bone fractures, 52 who had grade I septal fracture were diagnosed based on physical examination and computed tomography. Patients' age ranged from 14 to 65 years (mean 29.25 years), and 35 were male and 17 female. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to surgical treatment methods: patients who underwent closed reduction only (group 1, n=28) and those who underwent simultaneous closed reduction and septoplasty (group 2, n=24). The treatment outcomes were evaluated by comparing changes in nasal airway volume measured by acoustic rhinometry before the surgery, 3 months and 6 months after the surgery according to the timing of surgical repair and surgical treatment methods. Results: Nasal airway volume increased after the surgery by 17.8% in 3 months after the surgery, 25.2% in 6 months in group 1 and by 22.7% in 3 months, 35.8% in 6 months in group 2. The increase in airway volume after the surgery by 26.3% in 3 months after the surgery, 34.2% in 6 months after the surgery in operation within 1 week after trauma and by 12.1% in 3 months, 22.2% in 6 months after the operation later 1 week after trauma. The difference was statistically significant. Three patients in group 1 complained of intermittent nasal obstruction, two of whom showed a decrease in nasal airway volume by acoustic rhinometry. Conclusion: Most patients with nasal bone fractures accompanying grade I septal fractures have been treated with closed reduction in clinical settings. However, the results of this study suggest that septoplasty be performed after a correct diagnosis of septal fracture is made through comprehensive physical examination and computed tomography. Septoplasty is important to obtain more favorable outcomes and reduce complication.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the colonization rate of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in neonates by different clinical characteristics, to presume the origin of MRSA acquisition, and to identify the risk factors associated with MRSA colonization. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1,733 neonates admitted to Seoul Eulji hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between January 2008 and December 2011. Nasal, inguinal and rectal swab specimens were obtained upon admission and each week until discharge. We classified the route of MRSA acquisition as; hospital associated (HA-MRSA) and community associated (CA-MRSA) according to the case definition. Results: Among 1,733 neonates, 415 (23.9%) were colonized with MRSA. Gestational age, birth weight, delivery type, maternal antibiotics usage before delivery, birth place and care place before admission were influencing factors in colonization of MRSA. The colonization rate was significantly high in neonates without maternal prophylactic antibiotics use before delivery than in the other group (relative risk 2.77, 95% CI 1.88-4.07; P<0.01), and outborns showed higher MRSA colonization rate compared to inborns (relative risk 2.28, 95% CI 1.17-4.42; P=0.015). Conclusion: We identified the neonatal MRSA colonization rate to be 23.9%. We estimated HA-MRSA colonization rate to be 10% (51/511) and CA-MRSA colonization rate to be 36% (309/858). We ascertained that risk factors in MRSA colonization in neonates were prophylactic use of antibiotics in mothers and the birth place.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.43 no.12
• /
• pp.1083-1091
• /
• 2010

Distributed hydrologic models typically require spatial estimates of precipitation interpolated from sparsely located observational points to the specific grid points. However, widely used estimation schemes fail to describe the realistic variability of daily precipitation field. We compare and contrast the performance of statistical methods for the spatial estimation of precipitation in two hydrologically different basins, and propose a two-step process for effective daily precipitation estimation. The methods assessed are: (1) Inverse Distance Weighted Average (IDW); (2) Multiple Linear Regression (MLR); (3) Climatological MLR; and (4) Locally Weighted Polynomial Regression (LWP). In the suggested simple two-step estimation process, precipitation occurrence is first generated via a logistic regression model before applying IDW scheme (one of the local scheme) to estimate the amount of precipitation separately on wet days. As the results, the suggested method shows the better performance of daily rainfall interpolation which has spatial differences compared with conventional methods. And this technique can be used for streamflow forecasting and downscaling of atmospheric circulation model effectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.52 no.12
• /
• pp.1358-1363
• /
• 2009

Purpose:The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriages in children using a multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) assay kit. Methods:We obtained nasopharyngeal swabs from 33 children without any underlying disease from July 25 to July 28, 2008. The children were free from the signs of respiratory tract infections at the time of sampling. DNA was extracted from the swabs and subjected to multiplex RT-PCR using a primer set for the detection of pneumococci ($Seeplex^{(R)}$ PneumoBacter ACE Detection Seegene, Seoul, Korea). The amplified PCR products were separated on 2% agarose gels and stained with either ethidium bromide or screen tape system (Lab901 Scotland, UK). Results:A total of 33 children (male, 15 female, 18) aged between 3.2 and 16.3 (median, 8.2) years were included in this study. The mRT-PCR detected colonized bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis) in 30 children (90.9%). Of these, 13 children (39.4%) showed more than 2 bacteria: 12 children were positive for 2 bacteria (S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae) and 1 child was positive for 3 bacteria (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and C. pneumoniae). Conclusion:mRT-PCR was found to be a sensitive tool for the detection of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriages. Clinical significances of the bacteria detected by mRT-PCR will have to be evaluated in the future.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.176-180
• /
• 2011

Metastases to the orbit usually affect the intraorbital fat and bone than the extraocular muscles. Metastasis to the extracoular muscles commonly occurs unilaterally, and diffuse enlargement of the bilateral extraocular muscles due to metastasis is extremely rare. In this report, we will describe a case of diffuse metastasis to the bilateral extraocular muscles from nasal rhabdomyosarcoma masquerading as thyroid associated orbitopathy. We will also discuss about the MR imaging findings helpful for differential diagnosis from thyroid associated orbitopathy.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.104-113
• /
• 2002

The effects of enzyme inhibitors and penetration enhancers on the permeation of leucine enkephalin (Leu-Enk) and its synthetic analog, [${D-ala}^2$]-leucine enkephalinamide (YAGFL) across the nasal, rectal and vaginal mucosae were evaluated. Enzyme inhibitors and penetration enhancers employed for Leu-Enk permeation study were amastatin(AM), thimerosal(TM) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt(EDTA), and sodium taurodihydrofusidate (STDHF). Those for YAGFL permeation study were TM, benzalkonium chloride(BC) and EDTA, and STDHF, sodium deoxycholate(SDC), sodium glycholate(SGC), glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (GAA), L-$\alpha$-Iysophosphatidylcholine(LPC) and mixed micelle (MM, STDHF: linoleic acid = 15 mM : 5 mM). The addition of TM alone on the donor and receptor solutions for Leu-Enk permeation study across all the three kinds of mucosae failed to inhibit the degradation; it completely degraded in 6 hrs, and no permeation occurred. However, with addition of three kinds of inhibitors together, the fluxes across nasal, rectal and vaginal mucosae were $\20.7{pm}2.5$>/TEX>,$\0.3{pm}0.05$>/TEX> and $\1.4{pm}0.5$ $\mu$\mid$textrm{m}$/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr, respectively. Moreover, the addition of STDHF in the presence of the above three inhibitors enhanced permeation across nasal, rectal and vaginal mucosae 1.3, 15 and 1.3 times, respectively. YhGFL also degraded in the donor and receptor solutions rapidly as time went. With mixed inhibitors of TM and EDTA, the percents of YAGFL remaining in the donor solutions facing nasal, rectal and vaginal mucosae were 69.7, 69.8 and 79.8%, respectively; the percent permeated increased to 10, 2.1 and 5.7%, respectively. The addition of STDHF in the presence of either BC/EDTA or TW/EDTA increased the permeation 2.2, 11.0 and 2.9 times, and 2.21, 14.0 and 2.7 times for nasal, rectal and vaginal mucosae, respectively. With SDC, SGC, GAA, LPC ud MM in the presence of TM/EDTA increased permeation; especially, they increased permeation across vaginal mucosae effectively, and the enhancement factors were 12.5, 7.6, 8.7, 5.7 and 5.5, respectively. The degradation extent of YAGFL was correlated with protein concentrations in the epidermal and serosal extracts. The flux of YAGFL across nasal mucosa increased dose-dependently.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
• /
• 2012.03a
• /
• pp.89-89
• /
• 2012

선행 연구에서는 m-Aramid와 p-Aramid의 Ring 방적사/Core 방적사 조건에 따른 방적사 물성에 대해서 연구하였는데, Ring 방적사의 혼용율, 스핀들 속도에 따른 물성 변화, Core 방적사의 공정특성에 따른 방적성, 피복성에 대해 연구를 하였다. 그 결과 Ring 방적사의 경우 m-Aramid의 혼용율이 증가할수록 사 강도는 증가하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었고, 스핀들 속도가 증가함에 따라서 불균제도 및 사결점이 다소 증가하였다. Core 방적사의 경우 Core에 p-Aramid를 사용했을 때 방적성과 피복성은 양호 하였지만, 강한 p-Aramid에 의해 톱 롤러코트의 마모가 되는 경향을 볼 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 Ring 방적사/Core 방적사에 대해 좀더 구체적인 제조공정조건에 의한 물성 변화를 알아보았고, 좀더 다양한 섬유소재를 적용해서 제조하였다. Ring 방적사의 경우 p-Aramid 혼용율에 따른 실험을 하였는데, m-Aramid에 대한 p-Aramid의 혼용율을 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% 로 하여 Ne30을 제조하였으며, Core 방적사는 Core를 p-Aramid 200D로 하고 Sheath를 Cotton으로 하여 Core 공급속도비 (1.06, 1.10, 1.14), 연계수(T/M, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2), Sheath/Core 혼섬율(70/30, 60/40, 50/50)에 따라 제조하였다. 추가로 Core 방적사는 Sheath에 Cotton 대신 FR-Rayon과 선염 Cotton을 사용하여 각각 Sheath/Core 혼섬율 70/30의 비율로 방적사를 제조하여 다양한 소재에 따른 방적사의 물성을 측정하였다. 제조된 시험 원사들의 측정 물성은 번수(Ne), 균제도(U%), 사결점(IPI), 강력(cN), 신도(%), 비강도(cN/Tex) 등이며, 편직을 통해 편성물의 외관을 확인하였다. Ring 방적사의 경우 p-Aramid의 혼용율이 증가할수록 강도는 완만하게 증가한 반면, 신도는 급격하게 감소하였다. Cotton Core 방적사의 경우는 공급속도비가 높아질수록 균제도가 높아지는 것을 볼수 있었고, Core 공급속도비가 높아질수록 외관상 피복도는 높아진 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이렇게 연구된 Aramid 소재를 이용한 방적사 제조 공정조건변화에 따른 물성 및 피복도 결과는 기존 방적업체에서 Aramid를 이용한 방적사 제조시에 공정조건을 확보하는데 도움이 될 것이라 생각되며, 방적사 시제품 생산시에 발생할 수 있는 시행착오를 줄임으로써 시제품 제조를 위한 생산비용의 Loss를 절감할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.