• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.281-292
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation appling of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover, The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100. 25/75, 50/50. 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu, Mn/Zn, and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trials, respectively. The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial were $70\%$ in main-element and $10\%$ in other 3sub-elements. 1 . General differences had been showed in the relative contents, uptake amounts, and mutual ratios of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn between orchardgrass and white clover. The effects of Fe application on the all traits were generally insignificant. The Mn and Cu applications, however, showed consistent differences in the all traits. At the high relative content of Mn in the forages influenced by the Mn application, the relative contents of Fe, Cu and Zn were greatly decreased without the significant differences in common content. 2. The increase of uptake amount of each micronutrient was not positively correspond to the yield increase. In some cases, the uptake amount of micronutrient was greatly increased without the significant increase of yield. At the Mn application, the Mn uptake amount was relatively much more increased than increase of the yield. The uptake amount of each element was significantly increased by the application with Mn and Cu. However, it was not in the case of Fe and Zn. 3. The mutual ratios of micronutrients were more influenced by the applications of Mn and Cu, especially Mn, than those by the applications of Fe and Zn. In the Fe/cu trial, the ratios of Fe/Cu showed 6.0~ 10.5 in orchardgrass and 10.2~ $16.4\%$ level of difference in white clover. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the ratios of Mn/Cu, Mn/Zn, and Fe/Mn were greatly influenced by the treatments. It has been also found that the poor growth of white clover was caused by the unbalanced ratios of Fe/Mn, and it tended to be enhanced by the good applications and mutual ratios of other elements.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.818-831
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary behavior, health-related lifestyles and nutrient intake status of college students according to physical activity levels. The physical activity levels were measured using the Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. The subjects of this study were 438 college students (243 males and 195 females) in Incheon area and were divided by gender and by physical activity levels, which included low, moderate and high physical activity groups. The average age of male and female students were 23.7 and 21.0 years old, respectively. The prevalence of the low physical activity group was 11.5% for males and 30.8% for females and that of the high physical activity group was 38.7% for males and 22.6% for females. According to the criteria for obesity in Asia-Pacific region, 39.1% of the males and 64.1% of the female students investigated were in the normal range of BMI and 30.9% of the males and 4.6% of the female students were in the obesity category. However, percent of body fat in the female students was significantly higher than that of the male students. The soft lean mass of the high physical activity group was higher compared to the other groups. In the low physical activity group, frequency of “eating out” was lower compared to the other groups. The average consumption of energy was 74.4% for males and 80.1% for females of the estimated energy requirement (EER). The mean intakes of vitamin C, vitamin B2, folic acid and Ca were 67.3%, 84%, 52.7% and 36.7% for males and 64.8%, 99.9%, 51.1% and 40.1% for females of recommended intake (RI), respectively. Therefore, it was necessary for obesity prevention as well as health promotion to increase physical activity and to eat an adequate, balanced diet in female college students.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation application of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover. The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50. 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu(trial-1). Mn/Zn(trial-2), and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn(trial-3), respectively The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn(trial-4) were composed of $70\%$ for main element and $10\%$ for other 3 elements, respectively. 1. The contents of N-compounds in forages tended to be in inverse proportion to the yields. In the Mn/Zn trial, the 0/l00 to white clover resulted in the relatively high contents of soluble N-compounds and low ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds in company with a severe yield decrease. 2. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the 0/100 and 100/0 resulted in the somewhat high contents of N-compounds in white clover. It was likely to be caused by the concentration effect derived from yield decrease. In addition, the 100/0 resulted in the relatively high content of soluble N-compounds and low ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds. The protein synthesis in white clover was likely to be negatively influenced by the 100/0. 3. In the Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial, white clover showed the low contents of crude and pure protein at the 1st cut. It was likely to be caused by the unbalanced mutual ratios derived from the high application levels of each single element. 4. In white clover at the 5th cut, the 0/100 of Mn/Zn and 100/0 of Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn resulted in the relatively high content of K. It was likely to be caused by the concentration effect derived from yield decrease.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2014

This study was conducted to quantify a carbon budget of major vegetation types established in the campus of the National Institute of Ecology (NIE). Carbon budget was measured for Pinus thunbergii and Castanea crenata stands as the existing vegetation. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) was determined by applying allometric method and soil respiration was measured by EGM-4. Heterotrophic respiration was calculated as 55% of total respiration based on the existing results. Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) was determined by the difference between NPP and heterotrophic respiration (HR). NPPs of P. thunbergii and C. crenata stands were shown in $4.9ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ and $5.3ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Heterotrophic respirations of P. thunbergii and C. crenata stands were shown in $2.4ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ and $3.5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. NEPs of P. thunbergii and C. crenata stands were shown in $2.5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ and $1.8ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Carbon absorption capacity for the whole set of vegetation types established in the NIE was estimated by applying NEP indices obtained from current study and extrapolating NEP indices from existing studies. The value was shown in $147.6ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ and it was calculated as $541.2ton\;CO_2ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ converted into $CO_2$. This function corresponds to 62% of carbon emission from energy that NIE uses for operation of various facilities including the glass domes known in Ecorium. This carbon offset capacity corresponds to about five times of them of the whole national territory of Korea and the representative rural area, Seocheongun. Considered the fact that ongoing climate change was originated from imbalance of carbon budget at the global level, it is expected that evaluation on carbon budget in the spatial dimension reflected land use pattern could provide us baseline information being required to solve fundamentally climate change problem.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2010

Menopause increases the onset of hypertension and heart disease. Whereas it increases the blood LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and total-cholesterol levels, the HDL-cholesterol concentration is reduced. Accordingly, we examined the effect of internal organs of Todarodes pacificus (IOT) on improvement in blood flow ability and changes in serum lipid content by using ovariectomized rats. For this study, the following four groups of 9-week-old Sprague-Dawley strain female rats were evaluated over 6 weeks: normal rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (CON) and ovariectomized rats that were treated with IOT extracts. Ovary removal promoted platelet aggregability. However, IOT administration in the CON group after ovary excision resulted in a hinderance of coherence. The blood vessel passing time of ovariectomized rats was slower than the SHAM group. But the blood flow ability, which was slowed down for ovary removal, was improved by IOT administration. Serum triglyceride levels were significantly reduced by IOT administration. Moreover, blood HDL-cholesterol levels were reduced by ovary removal. However, IOT administration after ovary excision significantly increase HDL-cholesterol levels. The biological activity of IOT could be confirmed from these results. Moreover, IOT can be used in the development of functional foods which are meant to improve blood circulation and anti-platelet aggregation function. According to these results, we could know that IOT improved blood flow and anti-platelet aggregation. Therefore, it is expected that IOT can be used for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.402-419
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• 1994

Telecommunication and intormation technology have been conceived as crucial as well as revolutionary elements for recent and future social and economic development, and their development have led to a spatial reorganization and locational change of economic activities. Information technology has resulted in important changes in the organization structure and location of firm. This study draws attention to the understanding of the relationship between the diffusion of information technology and changes in firm activities with the special reference to the service industry of the United States. Information technology has had a significant impact on the growth and changes of the service industry of the United States through changes in the organizational and employment structure, market structure, and locational changes. The impact of information technology on location changes of the service industry shows two opposite patterns, concentration and decentralization. Among these patterns, the location change in the service industry of the United States reveals predominantly the decentralization tendency such as suburbanization and transfer to lower ranking cities rather than concentration. In case of Korea, however, it is anticipated that the rapid development of information technology may lead to the concentration of the service industry in Seoul and Capital region.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.158-170
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• 2001

Background : Although an oxidants and antioxidants imbalance has been considered in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is a paucity of reports focussing on the smoking-induced changes of oxidants and antioxidants in COPD. Method : The concentration of antioxidants (ascorbic acid, uric acid, retinol, and $\alpha$- & $\gamma$-tocopherol) was measured in the serum and induced sputum of 30 healthy controls and 34 stable COPD patients using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The inhibition of lipid peroxidation as an index of antioxidant capacity was measured in the serum by a TBA assay. Results : The serum concentration of ascorbic acid, $\alpha$-tocopherol, and retinol were significantly lower in the patients with COPD than in healthy controls ($484.8{\pm}473.3$ vs $1497.8{\pm}819.2\;pmol/L$, $48.38{\pm}17.34$ vs $73.96{\pm}26.29\;pmol/L$, p<0.001, and $9.51{\pm}8.33$ vs $15.01{\pm}5.88\;pmol/L$, p<0.05, respectively, mean$\pm$SD). However, there were little differences in the ascorbic acid and uric acid concentrations in the induced sputum between the COPD patients and the controls. The induced sputum to serum ratio of ascorbic acid was significantly higher in COPD patients compared with healthy control (0.375 vs 0.085, p<0.05). In the normal controls, the serum ascorbic acid concentration was lower in smokers than in nonsmokers ($1073{\pm}536$ vs $1757{\pm}845\;pmol/L$, p<0.05), but the level was still higher than that of the COPD patients (p<0.05). The serum retinol levels were correlated with $FEV_1$ in COPD patients (r=0.58, p<0.05). The products of lipid peroxidation were increased in normal smokers and COPD compared with norma1 nonsmokers ($115.56{\pm}19.93$ vs $120.02{\pm}24.56$ vs $91.87{\pm}20.71\;{\mu}mol/{\mu}mol$ Pi of liposome, p<0.05). Conclusion : Cigarette smoking may induce the dep1etion of serum antioxidants and this depletion of antioxidants is suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2005

Emphysema is characterized by air space enlargement and alveolar destruction. The mechanism responsible for the development of emphysema was thought to be protease/antiprotease imbalance and oxidative stress. A very recent study shows that alveolar cell apoptosis causes lung destruction and emphysematous changes. Thus, this study was performed to support the evidence for the role of apoptosis in the development of emphysema by characterizing cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced apoptosis in A549 (type II pneumocyte) lung epithelial cells. CSE induced apoptosis at low concentration (10% or less) and both apoptosis and necrosis at high concentration (20%). Apoptosis was demonstrated by DNA fragmentation using FACScan for subG1 fraction. Discrimination between apoptosis and necrosis was done by morphologic analysis using fluorescent microscopy with Hoecst 33342/propium iodide double staing and electron microscopy. Cytochrome c release was confirmed by using immunofluorescence with monoclonal anti-cytochrome c antibody. However, CSE-induced cell death did not show the activation of caspase 3 and was not blocked by caspase inhibitors. This suggests that CSE-induced apoptosis might be caspase-independent apoptosis. CSE-induced cell death was near completely blocked by N-acetylcystein and bcl-2 overexpression protected CSE-induced cell death. This results suggests that CSE might induce apoptosis through intracellular oxidative stress. CSE also activated p53 and functional knock-out of p53 using stable overexpression of HPV-E6 protein inhibited CSE-induced cell death. The characterization of CSE-induced cell death in lung epithelial cells could support the role of lung cell apoptosis in the pathogenesis of emphysema.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.182-227
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• 1998

Korean government decided to adopt an explicit population control policy in 1961 and from the following year the establishment and operation of the national family planning programme was included in each of the Five-Year Economic Development Plans that began in 1962. This policy was pursued in the understanding that without proper population control measures korea could not be able to achieve economic development. Korean national family planning programme is characterized by contraceptive target system through public health network with distribution of free contraceptives by family planning field workers and clinical contraceptive services such as IUD, vasectomy and tubaligation at designated clinics by the government. In addition, IE&C activities by the Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea and programme evaluation and research by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs contributed to the development of the government programme. Between 1960 and mid 1980s the nation's total fertility rate was reduced from 6.0 to population replacement level of 2.1 and thereafter it has been maintained at 1.6 to 1.7 of below replacement level. With a short period of less than three decades fertility transition was completed in Korea. It is estimated that if the current level of below replacement fertility continues, the population in Korea stabilize at around 52.78 million people by the year 2028, and it will begin to decrease thereafter. Under this circumstances, the government adopted new directions and strategies of the population policy in June 1996, focused primarily on population quality and social welfare than on demographic arenas. In spite of over 80 percent of high contraceptive prevalence among married women, high incidence of induced abortions is maintained. Moreover, the prevalence of sex selective induced abortions using procedures to determine the sex of the fetus has resulted in an imbalance in the sex ratio at birth. In order to overcome those problems associated with reproductive health new policy for population quality control and health promotion programme should be highly strengthened in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.983-989
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• 2020

The balance between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts is key to bone health. An imbalance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts leads to various bone-related disorders, such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and osteopetrosis. However, the bone-resorption inhibitor drugs that are currently used may cause side effects. Natural substances have recently received much attention as therapeutic drugs for the treatment of bone health. This study was designed to determine the effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae ethanol extract (TME) on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. To measure the effect of TME on osteoclast differentiation, RAW264.7 cells were treated with RANKL with or without TME for 5 days. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity was significantly inhibited by treatment of TME without cytotoxicity up to 2 mg/ml. In addition, TME effectively suppressed expression of osteoclast differentiation-related marker genes and proteins such as TRAP, NFATc1, and c-Src. TME also significantly inhibited the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway without affecting ERK and JNK signaling in RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Consequently, we conclude that TME suppresses osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclastogenic genes expression through the p38 MAPK signaling pathways. These results suggest that TME and its bioactive components are potential therapeutics for bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis.