• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2008

In this study, the characterization of minor livestock's excretions in terms of unit load generation and discharge was conducted by investigation and analysis of urine, manure and wastewater from stall of fowl, duck, horse, deer, goat and sheep. The results are summarized as follows: The unit load generation of fowl estimated by discharged amount and concentration analysis increases in egg layers due to the difference of planting head numbers, feed stuffs and manure disposal. In case of deer unit load generation by herbivora were calculated to be higher than data from existing references because of the gap between weight per livestock and the generation amounts of manure and urine. In case of sheep unit load generation by urine were analyzed two times higher than by manure but unit load generation by manure were reported higher than by urine in references, so large differences between this and previous study resulted.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.338-341
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 지하수내 TCE 농도가 높은 2개 지역을 선정하여 3회에 걸쳐 공기탈기법 시험을 실시하였다. 2개 지역의 지하수내 TCE 배경 농도는 각각 0.360, 0.317 mg/L이며 반응조에 주입된 공기는 각각 17.14, 44.78, 76.51 L/min의 비율로 주입하였다. 또한 반응조에서 배출되는 기체내의 TCE의 농도를 측정하기위해 PID(photo-ionization detector)를 장착하여 측정하였다. PID를 이용하여 배출되는 기체를 측정한 결과, TCE 농도는 $6{\sim}8$분만에 최고 농도로 배출되었고 시간이 지날수록 천천히 감소하는 형태를 나타내었다. 반응조내의 TCE 농도 변화는 공기 유입 속도에 따라 매우 큰 변화를 나타내었다. TCE가 17.14 L/min의 공기유입속도에서 160분 동안 64%, 44.78 L/min에서 135분 동안 93%, 76.51 L/min에서 120분 동안 95.3%가 제거되었다. 따라서 TCE를 제거하기 위한 DAS 기법은 공기의 주입비율에 따라 제거 속도의 큰 변화를 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.401-412
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• 2011

This study uses a vector error correction model to analyze the daily time series data of the spot price of EUA (European Union Allowance). As endogenous variables, five variables are considered for the analysis, including prices of crude oil, natural gas, electricity and coal in addition to carbon price. Data period is Phase 2 period (April 21, 2008 to March 31, 2010) to avoid Phase 1 period (2005-2007) where the EUA prices were distorted. Unit-root and cointegration test results reveal that all variables have a unit root and cointegration vectors exist, so a vector error correction model is adopted instead of a vector autoregressive model.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 1999

Purpose: Regurgitation, vomiting and feeding intolerance are frequent in the neonates. Esophageal function and gastric peristalsis are not fully developed in the neonates, so we should give attention to reduce the incidence of regurgitation and vomiting after feeding. It is necessary to shorten the gastric emptying by change of feeding types and postprandial postures. Gastric emptying time was measured by ultrasound in the neonates to evaluate the effect of feeding types and postprandial postures. Method: We measured gastric antral cross sectional area along the abdominal aorta at the level of the superior mesenteric artery in longitudinal section at NPO state (4 hours after feeding), 0 and every 30 min. after feeding until the value goes below or back to the NPO state. Fifteen neonates were examined in each breast-fed and formula-fed group in supine position. Eighteen and 15 neonates were examined in supine and prone posture after formula feeding, respectively. We used 5 MHz convex prove with Aloka Echo Camera SSD-650. Result: 1) Gastric emptying time of breast-fed infants was $76.0{\pm}20.02$ min. which was significantly shorter than $96.0{\pm}20.28$ min. of formula-fed infants. 2) Gastric emptying time on postprandial prone posture was $85.0{\pm}22.43$ min. which was not significantly different from $96.0{\pm}20.28$ min. on postprandial supine posture. Conclusion: Breast feeding is strongly recommended to the neonates to shorten gastric emptying time. So we can expect to reduce the incidence of regurgitation, vomiting and feeding intolerance. The postprandial posture depends on the traditional trend which is safe and comfortable to the mothers.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.53-61
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• 2016

Unburned Carbon(UBC) and NOx emissions from High-moisture coal and Dried coal were investigated in Drop Tube Furnace(DTF). When the same amount of the High-moisture coal and Dried coal were oxidized in DTF, the results show that UBC and NOx emissions of Dried coal case is higher than High-moisture coal case. As the moisture in coal decreases from 40% to 10%, the average gas temperature increases but the moisture concentration in DTF decreases. As the wall temperature increases from $900^{\circ}C$ to $1500^{\circ}C$, the UBC decreases and NOx emissions increases. Especially, the difference for UBC between High-moisture coal and Dried coal decreases with increasing wall temperature.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.61-74
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• 2003

담즙산은 cholesterol의 대사산물로 체내에서 cholesterol을 제거하는 주경로로서, 체내 cholesterol 대사를 조절하는 중요한 수단이다. 최근에 복합담즙산 분해활력이 높은 L. acidophilus에 의한 혈중 cholesterol 저하효과에 관한 많은 연구들이 보고되고 있으며, 이것은 복합담즙산의 분해로 생성되는 유리 담즙산의 분 배출 증가와 장내 cholesterol 흡수에 필요한 복합 micelle 형성의 방해에 의한 것으로 알려져 있다. 즉, 유리 담즙산은 장내에서 복합담즙산보다 용해성이 낮아서 흡수되지 않고 분으로 배출되기 쉬워, 간에서는 분으로 배출된 양만큼의 부족한 복합담즙산을 보충하기 위해 cholesterol을 이용하여 새로운 복합담즙산을 생성하기 때문에 결국은 체내의 혈중cholesterol 수준을 감소시키는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 담즙으로 분비되는 복합담즙산은 소장내에서 cholesterol의 용해 흡수에 도움을 주지만 유리 담즙산은 cholesterol 용해성이 낮기 때문에, 장내 cholesterol 흡수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-35
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• 2017

This study investigates a decomposition analysis of the determinants of the reduced $CO_2$ emissions in seven OECD countries that implemented carbon taxes from 1995 to 2013. Recent studies on decomposition analysis of changes in $CO_2$ emissions focused on technology-based physical factors; however, this study analyzes the effects of a carbon tax as an economic factor. According to the results obtained by using the Log Mean Divisia Index, the energy intensity effect and the carbon tax effect contributed the most towards the reduction of total $CO_2$ emissions in the seven OECD countries. The results for each country show that the emissions decreased due to the energy intensity effect, while the effects of carbon tax and carbon tax revenues differed by policy and environment of the countries.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2000

Purpose: We performed this study to evaluate the changes of gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) in diabetic patients with or without autonomic neuropathy. Materials and Methods: This study included 37 diabetic patients (25 women, 12 men, mean age 51 years) and 24 normal controls (10 women, 14 men, mean age 38 years). After intravenous injection of 185 MBq of $^{99m}Tc$-DISIDA, serial anterior abdominal images were acquired before and after fatty meal. Regions of interest were applied on gallbladder and right hepatic lobe on 60 and 90 minute images to calculate GBEF. Results: GBEF was significantly reduced in diabetes with autonomic neuropathy ($43{\pm}12.3%$) and without autonomic neuropathy ($57.5{\pm}13.2%$) compared with normal controls ($68{\pm}11.6%$, p<0.05). And also, GBEF was significantly reduced in diabetes with autonomic neuropathy compared with diabetes without autonomic neuropathy (p<0.05). Fasting blood glucose level, age, sex, hemoglobin Alc, body mass index, serum lipid level were not different in these two diabetic patient groups (p>0.05). When 50.2% of GBEF was used as the criteria for diabetic autonomic neuropathy, the sensitivity and specificity were 80%, 76.5%, respectively. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.846. Conclusion: GBEF of diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy was significantly reduced than that of diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.482-488
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• 2006

Purpose : To evaluate the factors which contribute to the time of the first stool and the first urine passage. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed a chart of 1,221 infants ${\geq}34$ weeks of gestational age admitted to the normal newborn nursery of Il Sin Christian Hospital, Busan, from November 2004 to April 2005. We compared the time to first stool and urine according to maternal factors(maternal age, parity, mode of delivery, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and maternal diabetes) and infant factors (gender, Apgar score, gestational age, type of feeding during first 24 hours, age at the first feeding, number of feeds during the first 12 hours and age at discharge). Results : In total, 95.3 percent of our infants had passed their first stool by 24 hours and 99.8 percent of them had a stool by 36 hours. A total of 95.8 percent of our infants had passed urine by 24 hours of age and 98.3 percent of them by 36 hours. Comparing preterm and term infants, the time to first urine is $6.5{\pm}5.8$ hours and $12.1{\pm}6.6$ hours, respectively(P=0.000). The time to first stool is $20.7{\pm}13.5$ hours and $10.0{\pm}6.3$ hours, respectively(P=0.000) Early-fed infants were significantly earlier in time to first urine(P=0.023) and first stool(P=0.012). There was no statistically significant relationship between the number of feeds in 0-12 hours, mode of delivery, Apgar score, parity, gender, type of feeding, maternal diabetes and the time of the first urine and first stool. Conclusion : Gestational age, birth weight and age at first feeding were significantly related to the time of the first urine and first stool passage. When there is delayed passage of the first urine and first stool, we should consider close observation of other associated symptoms and other factors previously mentioned, to avoid extensive evaluation and intervention.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.100-100
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• 2003

양식 산업에 있어 사육 생물의 빠른 성장은 가장 요구되는 특성이다. 특히, 선발육종을 통한 성장 개선은 사료의 효율적 이용과 연관되어 있으며, 균형 잡힌 단백질 대사 등을 통해 이루어진다. 대부분의 경골어류는 단백질 대사의 마지막 부산물로 암모니아를 생성하여 배설하며, 이를 통한 사료 내 단백질의 효율적 이용성을 비교하는 척도로 제시되어 왔다(Ming, 1985). 따라서 본 실험에서는 한국해양연구원에서 선발육종 해 온 참돔과 일본 양식산 참돔 및 이들의 교배 자손들을 대상으로 일간 먹이 공급, 절식 그리고 1회 만복 공급에 따른 암모니아성 질소 배설률을 조사하였으며, 일간 먹이 공급에 따른 각 교배 자손들의 분 배출 특성을 알아보았다. 실험어는 일본 양식산인 JPN 교배구 자손과 한국해양연구원 선발육종산인 KORDI F4 교배구 자손, 그리고 JPN$\times$KORDI F4♂ 교배구 자손을 대상으로 실시하였다. 체중이 각각 17.1$\pm$0.1 g (JPN 교배구; 그룹 1), 17.7$\pm$0.1 g (JPN♀$\times$KORDI F4♂; 그룹 2), 21.5$\pm$0.1 g (KORDI F4; 그룹 3)인 참돔 치어를 각각 15마리씩 3반복 수용하여 실험에 이용하였다. 실험어는 지름이 33 cm이고 높이가 34 cm인 둥근 투명 플라스틱 수조에 수용하고 분 수집기인 TUF column (passing effluent water through a special test tube) system을 이용 어체중의 3%에 해당하는 사료 량을 일간 세 번에 나누어 동일량을, 09시부터 17시까지 4시간 간격으로 공급한 14일째에 일간 먹이 공급에 따른 24시간 동안의 참돔 종간 잡종 치어의 총암모니아성 질소(total ammonia nitrogen, TAN) 배설률 및 분 배출률을 조사하였다. 이 조사가 끝난 후 3일간 절식시킨 다음 내인성 암모니아성 질소 배설을 조사하였으며, 이어서 1회 만복 사료 공급한 다음 이에 따른 암모니아성 질소 배설 경향을 알아보았다. 일간 먹이 공급에 따른 각 실험구의 암모니아 배설은 세 가지 계통 참돔치어 모두 먹이 섭취 후 암모니아 배설로 인한 TAN 농도가 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 시간당 TAN 배설률을 적분한 결과, 그룹 1과 2 그리고 3의 일간 TAN 배설률은 각각 637.3$\pm$36.5 mg/kg fish/day, 684.3$\pm$18.5 mg/kg fish/day 그리고 772.8$\pm$17.3 mg/kg fish/day로 나타나 그룹 3의 일간 TAN 배설률이 가장 높은 결과를 보였다. 3일간 절식 후 그룹 1, 2, 그리고 2의 TAN 배설률은 각각 8.08~14.15 mg/kg fish/hr, 6.50~12.20 mg/kg fish/hr, 그리고 6.67~8.60 mg/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보여 거의 일정한 농도로 나타났다. 시간당 TAN 배설률을 적분한 결과, 그룹 1, 2 그리고 3의 일간 TAN 배설률은 각각 286.9$\pm$28.3 mg/kg fish/day, 215.7$\pm$5.5 mg/kg fish/day 그리고 179.3$\pm$7,7 mg/kg fish/day로 나타나 먹이 공급과는 달리 내인성 TAN 배설의 경우 그룹 1의 배설률이 가장 높은 결과를 보였다. 1회 만복 먹이 공급에 따른 TAN 배설 경향은 그룹 1과 2의 TAN 배설률은 먹이 공급 6시간 후 가장 높은 값인 44.19$\pm$2.90 mg/kg fish/hr와 41.70$\pm$1.40 mg/kg fish/hr을 보였고, 그룹 3에서는 4시간 후에 가장 높은 값인 31.23$\pm$1.39 mg/kg fish/day로 나타났다. 일간 먹이 공급에 따른 각 실험구의 총 분 배출량은 그룹 1의 경우 총 분 배출량은 2.17$\pm$0.1 g/kg fish와 91.15$\pm$4.53 g/kg feed로 나타났고, 그룹 2에서는 2.26$\pm$0.14 g/kg fish와 95.02$\pm$3.18 g/kg feed, 그룹 3에서는 2.81$\pm$0.73 g/kg fish와 132.85$\pm$34.0 g/kg feed로 나타나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으나(P>0.05), 그룹 3의 배출 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 시간 경과에 따른 분 배출 비율은 그룹 1의 경우 먹이 공급 24시간 후 총 분의 60.6%를 보여 반면, 그룹 2와 3에서는 각각 67.8%와 77.8%를 보여 그룹 1이 다른 그룹에 비해 분 배출 비율이 낮은 것으로 나타났다.