• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1328-1334
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• 2010

Low-trans spread fat (LTSF) was produced by lipase-catalyzed synthesis of canola (CO) and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) at 65:35 (w/w). Blend of CO and FHSBO with 65:35 ratio was interesterified using Lipozyme TLIM (immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus, 20% of total substrate) in a 1 L-batch type reactor at $70^{\circ}C$ with 500 rpm for 24 hr. Then, physicochemical melting properties of LTSF were compared with commercial spread fat. At $20^{\circ}C$, solid fat contents (SFC) of commercial spread fat as a control and LTSF were similar, showing 19.1 and 18.1%, respectively. Major compositional fatty acids of LTSF were C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 (29.2, 41.8 and 13.3 wt%, respectively). Trans fatty acid content of the LTSF (0.2 wt%) was lower than that of commercial spread fat (5.5 wt%). In the RP-HPLC analysis from LTSF, major triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules were SOL (stearoyl-oleoyl-linoleyl), SOO, POS/PSP, and SOS. Also, polymorphic form and x-ray diffraction of LTSF showed coexistence of $\beta$' and $\beta$ form crystals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.2019-2027
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• 2013

In this study, we tried to develop a coating agent for the fresh-cut fruits used in cakes. First, the coating agent mixing ratios of sugar, pectin, sodium alginate, carrageenan, xanthan gum, vitamin C, and purified water were selected to be 55, 2, 2, 0.04, 0.1, 0.05, and 40.81% (w/w), respectively. In a freeze-thaw stability of the coating agent, the viscosity remained constant for 3 cycles of freezing and thawing repetition process, but showed a slightly decreasing trend in the 4th repetition process (P<0.05). On the other hand, the sugar content, pH, and chromaticity remained constant even in the 4th repetition process. Pineapple coated with the coating agent had smaller weight loss, hardness changes, and total bacteria distribution compared to the uncoated pineapple (P<0.05). In the chromaticity, both of the two pineapples experienced browning with increasing storage duration, as L value decreases and b value increases. However, when the color difference was compared, the progress of browning for the uncoated pineapple was faster than the coated pineapple. Also, the progress of browning at $4^{\circ}C$ was found to be slower than the progress of browning at $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the storage stability of the fresh-cut fruits could be improved by coating the fresh-cut fruits for cakes with the coating agent and storing at a low temperature, which would contribute to extending the shelf-life of cakes.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.184-191
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• 2004

Mutual growth limitation was observation when the two antagonistic fungi was come in contact with each other. Brown line was formed 2day after contact with Trichoderma spp., and then, green spores formed overnight. The laccase activity of L. edodes was stimulated when this fungus wsa co-incubated with Trichoderma spp. for a few days in liquid media. In sawdust-rice bran nixtures, outstanding broun line developed when the two antagonistic fungi co-cultured. The pH of the substrates changed from 5.5 to 4.5 after overgrowth, suggesting a difference in the degradation ability and the preference of the two fungi for the lignocellulose material.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.182-188
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• 2011

Purpose: Recently in Korea, there have been significant improvements in neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR). This study aimed to investigate the proportion of the NMR among IMR, with the goal of discerning the influence of improved NMR on the reduction of IMR in the last 5 years in Korea. Methods: All data were from Statistics Korea. Changes in the NMR percentage among IMR and the percentage of the death by the distribution of the birth weight and gestational were investigated. Results: The total birth rate decreased, but the total number of preterm and low birth weight infants increased. These was a large decrease in NMR and IMR. The proportion of NMR among INR exceeded 50%. Early NMR was higher than late NMR. Among the total infant death, the mortality of preterm and low birth weight infants was high. Conclusion: Between 2005 and 2009, the total birth has declined in Korea, but the frequency of low birth weight infants is trending upward. The improvements in NMR and IMR, and the downtrend of the NMR percentage in IMR, are encouraging. It seems that the continued decrease of mortality of preterm and LBWI is required for better improvements NMR and IMR in Korea. This result is expected to be used for the basic data to improve the management of the newborns in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.8 no.1_2
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• pp.57-62
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• 1974

이 논문(論文)은 1973년(年) ICSH주최로 열린 panel에서 적혈구파괴(赤血球破壞) 장소(場所)를 결정(決定)하기 위한 생체(生體) 체표계측법(醫表計測法)의 표준화(標準化)에 관(關)한 토론(討論) 결과(結果)를 초록(抄錄)한 것이다. 체표계측(體表計測)은 체외(體外)에서 계측기(計測器)를 이용(利用)하여 각(各) 장기(臟器)에서의 방사표지물질(放射標識物質)의 분포(分布) 및 시간경과(時間經過)에 따른 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)하는 것으로서 $^{51}Cr$를 사용(使用)하여 적혈구수명(赤血球壽命)을 측정(測定)할 때 간(肝), 비(脾), 심장(心臟)의 방사능(放射能)을 계측(計測)한다. 이 방법(方法)은 각(各) 장기(臟器)에서의 적혈구파괴(赤血球破壞)의 정도(程度)를 예측할 수 있다. 특(特)히 용혈성(溶血性) 빈혈환자(貧血患者)에서 비장적출(脾臟摘出) 여부를 결정(決定)하는데 도움이 된다. 이 panel에서는 주(主)로 오차(誤差)의 원인(原因)이 되는 여러가지 요인(要因)에 대(對)하여 토론(討論)하였으며 일반적으로 다음과 같은 것에 의견(意見)의 일치(一致)를 보았다. 즉(卽) 비장(脾臟)의 위치(位置)는 $^{99m}Tc$로 비주사(脾走査)를 실시하여 결정(決定)하는것이 좋고, $^{51}Cr$은 체중(體重) 1kg당 $1.5{\mu}Ci$를 사용하여, 계측기(計測器)는 NaI crystal(직경이 5cm이상, 두께가 3.75cm이상)의 scintillation doctor를 사용하고, 계측(計測)은 $^{51}Cr$로 표지(標識)된 적혈구(赤血球) 주입후(注入後) 15분(分) 이후(以後)에 하고 다음날 계측(計測)한 후(後) 2주(週) 동안에 적어도 6번 계측(計測)한다. Data 처리는 excess count법(法)과 비(脾)와 간(肝)의 비(比)로서하는 것이 좋다.定値)에 차이(差異)가 있어 그 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋) 및 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)에 적지않은 난점(難點)이 생겨 표준화(標準化)된 공통적(共通的)인 방법(方法)의 사용(使用)이 중요(重要)하다는 사실(事實)이 인식(認識)되게 되었다. 1966년(年) 호주(濠洲)의 Sydney에서 개최(開催)되었든 제11차(第11次) 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)때 열린 제4차(第4次) International Committee for Standardization in Haematology(ICSH)에서 Diagnostic Applications of Radioisotopes in Haematology에 관(關)한 expert panel을 갖을것을 의결(議決)하여 다음과 같은 12명(名)의 위원(委員)이 결정(決定)되었으며 위원회(委員會)의 의장(議長)에 Dr. Szur, 총무(總務)에 Dr. Glass가 각각(各各) 선임(選任)되었다. 그간(間) 1967년(年) 영경(英京) London에서 첫 회합(會合)이 있은후(後) New York, Vienna(IAEA후원(後援)) Brthesda(NIH후원(後援))에서 전문위원회(專門委員會)를 갖고 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)에 관(關)한 의견(意見)의 일치(一致)를 보았다. ICSH와 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)에서는 이번에 결정(決定)된 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)을 널리 소개(紹介)하며, 측정법(測定法)과 얻어진 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋)에 표준화(標準化)를 기(期)할 목적(目的)으로 이에 연관성(聯關性)있는 전문지(專門誌)에 게재(揭載)할 것을 요청(要請) 받었기에 이에 전문(全文)을 소개(紹介)하는 바이다. 이들은 방사성(放射性) chromium 법(法)의 모든 세부적(細部的)인 면(面)을 표준화(標準化)하고 있으며 그간(間) 가장 논란(論難)의 대상(對象)이 되었던, $^{51}Cr$-표지방법(標識方法)에 있어서의 세가지 변법(變法),

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.248-257
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• 2006

Total naturalized plant species in the streams of Jeonju were listed as 109 taxa; 24 families, 75 genera, 106 species, 3 varieties. Dividing by stream, Jeonju stream has 75 taxa; 20 families, 55 genera, 73 species, 2 varieties. Samcheon stream has 86 taxa; 19 families, 64 genera, 84 species, 2 varieties. Soyang stream has 80 taxa; 21 families, 60 genera, 77 species, 3 varieties. Urbanization Index (UI) of total streams (109 taxa) was 40.2%. UI was 27.7% in Jeonju stream (75 taxa), 31.7% in Samcheon stream (86 taxa), 29.5% in Soyang stream (80 taxa). Dividing by degree of naturalization classification, 25 taxa (9.2%) were found in class 5, 17 taxa (6.2%) in class 4, 32 taxa (11.8%) in class 3, 27 taxa (9.9%) in class 2 and 8 taxa (2.9%) in class 1. Dividing by introduction period, 48 taxa (44%) aye in period I, 19 taxa (17%) in period II, 42 taxa (39%) in period III. Dividing by growth type, 48 taxa (44%) are annuals, 25 taxa (23%) are biennials, 33 taxa (30%) are perennials. Dividing by the place of origin, 39 taxa (35%) are from Euyope, 33 taxa (30%) from North America, 11 taxa (10%) from Tropic America, 9 taxa (8%) from Europe Asia,5 taxa (5%) from South America, 5 taxa (5%) from China.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.296-304
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the relation between water quality and structure of the aquatic ecosystem in the Lake Gachang from February to December in 2010. The annual mean COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) in Lake Gachang was 3.5 mg $L^{-1}$, indicating, level II of environmental standards and the trophic state was mesotrophic. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton showed that Bacillariophyceae was mostly dominant species throughout the year except August. In case of zooplankton, rotifers dominate in the most seasons, but copepod (Nauplii) in August. The macrophyte plants showed diverse species composition consisted of 9 varieties, 77 species, 64 genera, 34 families and 24 orders. Surveyed species of macroinvertebrates were classified into 1 phyla, 2 classes, 4 orders, 7 families, 9 species. The macroinvertebrates showed FFG (Functional Feeding Groups) such as GC (Gathering-Collector) and SH (Shedder). A total of 42 species of fish was collected including $Zacco$ $koreanus$ and $Coreoperca$ $herzi$. In this study, we investigated environmental factors including pollutant source, load, water quality and distribution characteristics of biota such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophyte plants, macroinvertebrates, fish.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

The distributions of planktonic and periphytic algae were studied from April 2003 to February 2004 at Gwangju Stream. A total of 274 species, belongs to 8 classes, 19 orders, 6 suborders, 35 families, 4 subfamilies, 79 genera, was identified as algal flora of Gwangju Stream. The most diverse phytoplankton flora was observed at Bangrim bridge and Yangdong market sites with 137 species, and followed by Yuchon bridge site (118 species). The richness of phytoplankton fluctuated throughout the studied period from all the sampled sites. The precipitation was a major factor affected the richness of phytoplankton. The diatoms predominated the phytoplankton of Gwangju Stream with 57.7~77.0% of total phytoplankton. The maximum cells of phytoplankton was observed at Yuchon bridge site with 23,792 cells $mL^{-1}$ in August 2003, and minimum at Jeungsimsa site with 82 cells $mL^{-1}$ in April 2003. The periphyton of Gwangju Stream was predominated by the diatoms. In February 2004, all the periphyton of Yuchon bridge site were diatoms. Other sites also showed the predominance of diatoms throughout the studied period. The standing crops of phytoplankton were highly correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration with R=0.795. TN and TP also showed high relationships with phytoplankton standing crops in Yangdong market site with R=0.796 and R=0.760, respectively. The rains of 7-days ago showed high relationships with phytoplankton standing crop at Dongsan tower site with R=0.810. However, other climatic factors showed no clear relationships with phytoplankton cells.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.361-374
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• 2007

Rare earth elements(REEs) have been used as an useful tool in understanding the various geological processes such as evolution and differentiation in the crust. The REEs also have been used as an analog of actinides for radioactive wastes at the water-rock interactions. Using physicochemical properties of the REEs and actinides, we have shown that Eu is an optimum analogue for understanding the behavior of Am in subsurface environments. Factors affecting sorption behavior of radioactive nuclides in groundwater were investigated by batch experiments. Four nuclides such as $^{241}Am,\;^{152}Eu,\;^{160}Tb\;and\;^{60}Co$ were selected to test our hypothesis, and $^{160}Tb$ and $^{60}Co$ were specifically used to compare to the sorption behavior between $^{241}Am-^{152}Eu$ and other radioactive nuclides. Four different rock samples and one groundwater were used in the batch experiments where solution pH for all experiments was fixed at 5.5. Our results demonstrate that $^{241}Am,\;^{152}Eu,\;and\;^{160}Tb$ show similar sorption behavior whereas $^{60}Co$ is different in sorption behavior at the mineral-water interface, suggesting that the sorption behavior of $^{60}Co$ is affected by different rock types. Our results also show that 1) Eu in REEs is optimum analogue of fate and transport of Am in subsurface environments, and 2) mineral compositions such as $SiO_2,\;TiO_2,\;P_2O_5$ and distribution of REEs such as Eu anomaly play key roles in affecting sorption behavior of radioactive nuclides even though physicochemical properties of geological materials such as specific surface area and cation exchange capacity can not be ruled out.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.409-428
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• 2018

Yeongdong area is located on the border zone between Precambrian Yeongnam massif and central southeastern Ogcheon metamorphic belt, in which Cretaceous Yeongdong sedimentary basin exists. Main geology in this area consists of Precambrian Sobaeksan gneiss complex, Mesozoic igneous and sedimentary rocks and Quaternary alluvial deposits. Above this, age-unknown Ogcheon Supergroup, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and Tertiary granites also occur in small scale in the northwestern part. This study focuses on the link between the various geology and Rn concentrations in groundwater. For this, twenty wells in alluvial/weathered zone and sixty bedrock aquifer wells were used. Groundwater sampling campaigns were twice run at wet season in August 2015 and dry season in March 2016. Some wells placed in alluvial/weathered part of Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Jurassic granite terrains, as well as Cretaceous porphyry, showed elevated Rn concentrations in groundwater. However, detailed geology showed the distinct feature that these high-Rn groundwaters in metamorphic and granitic terrains are definitely related to proximity of aquifer rocks to Cretaceous porphyry in the study area. The deeper wells placed in bedrock aquifer showed that almost the whole groundwaters in biotite gneiss and schist of Sobaeksan gneiss complex and in Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of Yeongdong basin have low level of Rn concentrations. On the other hand, groundwaters occurring in rock types of granitic gneiss or granite gneiss among Sobaeksan gneiss complex have relatively high Rn concentrations. And also, groundwaters occurring in the border zone between Triassic Cheongsan granites and two-mica granites, and in Jurassic granites neighboring Cretaceous porphyry have relatively high Rn concentrations. Therefore, to get probable and meaningful results for the link between Rn concentrations in groundwater and surrounding geology, quite detailed geology including small-scaled dykes or vein zones should be considered. Furthermore, it is necessary to take account of the spatial proximity of well location to igneous rocks associated with some mineralization/hydrothermal alteration zone rather than in-situ geology itself.