• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2020

The vertical distribution of vegetation can be classified according to the altitudinal gradient and the distribution of species along this gradient. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vegetation structure, species composition, dimensional density, and change according to altitude. These data illustrate the distribution of coniferous forest by altitude. By order of importance, the vegetation structure of this mixed forest consisted of Abies nephrolepis (12.2), Pinus koraiensis (10.86), and Acer komarovii (8.11). As a result of species composition according to the altitude, A. nephrolepis and Maianthemum bifolium increased in importance with increasing altitude. Tripterygium regelii emerged between 1,400 m and 1,600 m, which indicates that forest gaps were frequent at that elevation. The species diversity index was the highest from 1,400-1,500 m and coincided with the presence of forest gaps. The changes in A. nephrolepis of evergreen conifers increased significantly from 402 ± 5.4 ha.^-1 to 528 ± 11.6 ha.^-1 for two years, and decreased from 57 ± 1.3 ha.^-1 to 56 ± 1.6 ha.^-1 for P. koraiensis. The density of A. nephrolepis and P. koraiensis seedlings significantly increased at 1,500-1,600 m. The results of this study can be used as a basis to identify the mast seeding year with the increase or decrease of seedlings. In addition to documenting the evergreen conifer population of the Seorak Mountain, these results can be built upon for future monitoring of seedlings mortality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.277-289
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• 2019

This study was designed to analyze vegetation units using a phytosociological method and to identify the ecological characteristics of each vegetation unit, for forest vegetation from Misiryeong to Danmokryeong of Baekdudaegan, in which, in total, 150 plots were surveyed during May to October 2016. Using community classification according to phytosociology, the Quercus mongolica community group was classified at the top level of a vegetation hierarchy that was classified into an Abies koreana community and a Carpinus cordata community. The A. koreana community was divided into Thuja koraiensis and A. koreana typical groups. The T. koraiensis group was subdivided into Pinus pumila and Betula chinensis subgroups. The C. cordata community was divided into Sasa borealis and C. cordata typical groups. Thus, this forest vegetation comprised one community group, two communities, four groups, and two subgroups and indicated five vegetation units. After analyzing the correlations among the five vegetation units classified by this plant sociological method and the environmental factors like altitude, bare rock, number of present species, and coverage of tree layer with a coincidence method, the A. koreana community and C. cordata typical group were found to be distributed above 1,000 m in altitude, and the S. borealis group was distributed below 1,000 m in altitude. Except for vegetation unit 1, vegetation units tended to be mainly distributed where there was less than 20% bare rock. There was no typical tendency in the number of species present; vegetation unit 5 showed the most abundance among the vegetation units. Coverage by the tree layer mostly exceeded 60%, except for vegetation unit 1.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

This study was conducted to provide the informations for conservation and effective management of Picea yezoensis community in Mt. Deogyu and Mt. Gyebang. The vegetation of tree, subtree and shrub layer was consist of 8, 20, 26 species in Mt. Deogyu, and 12, 23, 33 species in Mt. Gyebang. Importance value by layer P. yezoensis, Betula ermanii, Abies koreana at tree layer, B. ermanii, Quercus mongolica at subtree layer, and Sasa borealis at shrub layer in Mt. Deogyu, and P. yezoensis, B. ermanii, Abies nephrolepis at tree layer, Acer komarovii and A. ukurunduense at subtree layer, and Tripterygium regelii at shrub layer in Mt. Gyebang were high, respectively. Species diversity in Mt. Deogyu and Mt. Gyebang were 0.779 and 0.984 at tree layer, 1.052 and 1.161 at subtree layer, and 0.823 and 1.304 at shrub layer, respectively. According to the DBH class of major species, P. yezoensis in Mt. Deogyu showed a reverse J-shaped curve, which was estimated that P. yezoensis community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable state.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.551-558
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• 2013

Ethanol extracts from Rhododendrom brachycarpum and Abies koreana were investigated for their anti-allergic activities using RBL-2H3 cell line. After treatment with ethanol extracts of various concentrations on the immune response induced mast cell by concanavalin A (Con A), the expressions of cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL-13) were determined by using RT-PCR and the degranulation of mast cells was determined by measuring ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release. Expression level of IL-4 was decreased by the extract from Rhododendrom brachycarpum in $10^{-7}$, $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-3}%$ concentrations. Expression level of IL-13 was also decreased by both extracts. ${\beta}$-Hexosaminidase release by RBL-2H3 cells was inhibited at the $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-3}%$ concentration of extracts from Rhododendrom brachycarpum and Abies koreana, respectively. These results demonstrate that ethanol extracts of Rhododendron brachycarpum and Abies koreana exert anti-allergic effects by regulating the reduction of IL-4 and IL-13 genes expression and also the secretion of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2007

This study was performed to anticancer activities and immune modulatary activities according to the parts of the S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. The cytotoxicity on human kidney cell (HEK 293) was showed below 27.4% in adding the methanol extracts. The anticancer activity were increased in over 60% by barks extracts in AGS and MCF-7 cells. The immune cell growth using human immune B and T cells was improved by the barks extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. in adding 1.0mg/ml concentration. The secretion of the IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ from human immune B and T cells was showed secretion for the amount of cytokines by bark extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. NK cell growth was increased against control all of the extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. Densitometric analysis of Bcl-2 revealed that possible to decrease potentialities of taking cancer in adding of extracts from S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. From the results, the roots and barks extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. were showed useful biological activities.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 1989

Among 100 species in 54 families of plants tested, leaf extracts from Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Malussieboldii, Reynoutria japonia and Rheum coreanum were inhibitory on mycelium growth of phytophthora spp.. Especially, Allium sativum and Malus sieboldii were strongly inhibitory. Allium sativum, Malussieboldii and Rhem coreanum were strongly inhibitory on zoosporangium germination of P. capsici. Malus sieboldii only were strongly inhibitory on zoosporangium germination of P. nicotiana and P. infestans.And Malus sieboldii were strongly effected on disease control of these pathogens. These results indicate the possibility of finding antagonistic plants in the nature for the control of certain pathogens in soil.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.46-46
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• 2018

본 연구는 봉화군 청옥산 산림유전자원보호구역에 분포하는 관속식물을 파악하고자 수행하였다. 청옥산 보호구역은 산림청에서 '희귀식물자생지' 유형으로 지정하여 관리하고 있으며, 면적은 약 2,051ha에 달하며 주로 신갈나무군락과 소나무군락이 우점하고있다. 현지조사는 2017년 3월부터 10월까지 계절별로 수행하였다. 조사결과, 보호구역내 관속식물은 86과 258속 390종 4아종 54변종 6품종으로 총 454분류군의 분포가 확인되었다. 이 중 한국특산식물은 가야물봉선, 처녀치마, 할미밀망, 키버들 등 11분류군이며, 산림청 지정 희귀식물은 취약종(VU)에 주목, 백작약, 꼬리진달래 3분류군, 약관심종(LC)에 등칡, 도깨비부채, 정향나무, 말나리, 나도개감채 등 14분류군이다. 식물구계학적 특정식물로는 IV등급인 회리바람꽃, 가지괭이눈, 산겨릅나무, 귀박쥐나물 등 10분류군, III등급인 애기감둥사초, 중나리, 토현삼, 선갈퀴, 금강제비꽃, 노랑갈퀴, 분비나무 등 23분류군, II등급 32분류군, I등급 30분류군이 확인되었다. 외래식물은 오리새, 털별꽃아재비, 왕포아풀, 주걱개망초, 지느러미엉겅퀴, 족제비싸리 등 18분류군이 임도 주변에서 확인되었다. 조사된 관속식물을 용도별로 구분하면 식용식물 181분류군, 섬유용식물 6분류군, 약용식물 143분류군, 관상용식물 52분류군, 사료용식물 172분류군, 염료용식물 9분류군, 목재용식물 22분류군으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.512-520
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• 2020

We assessed the nectar source potential of a prospective honey plant, Idesia polycarpa, by analyzing nectar volume, free sugar content, and free amino acid content. Idesia polycarpa is a dioecious tree; the males bloom approximately four days earlier than females, and the blooming period is approximately 17 days-from March 14th to March 30th. Upon investigating the patterns of nectar secretion, it was found that male flowers peak on the third day of blooming at 5.0 ± 2.5 μL, and female flowers peak on the second day of blooming, at 1.1 ± 0.4 μL. There was a significant difference between males and females in the total nectar volume (9.7 ± 2.9 μL for males and 1.7 ± 0.5 μL for females) and the dried nectar volume (2.2 ± 0.6 μL for males, 0.8 ± 0.3 μL for females) during the blooming period. The free sugar content of floral nectar was 54.6 ± 15.4 ㎍/μL for males and 20.5 ± 4.9 ㎍/μL for females, and the sugar content per flower was higher in males (170.7 ± 15.4 ㎍) than in females (24.9 ± 5.5 ㎍). Our analysis of the amino acid content showed that 20.4 ± 3.9 mg/L (comprised of 19 amino acids) is produced in male flowers and 3.2 ± 0.1 mg/L (11 amino acids) in female flowers. In the male flower, the main amino acid was glutamine, followed by asparagine and proline, whereas in the female nectar, asparagine was the main amino acid, followed by glutamic acid and glutamine. Idesia polycarpa blooms after the blooming period of a major honey plant, Robinia pseudoacacia, and its nectar volume and nectar characteristics, such as free sugar content and amino acid content, make it a viable honey plant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.294-302
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• 2018

This study was conducted to compare anti-inflammatory effect of Robinia pseudoacacia L. using different extraction methods (water extraction, ethanol extraction and high temperature extraction). We investigated anti-inflammatory effect of Robinia pseudoacacia L. extract (RP1, water extract; RP2, ethanol extract; RP3, high temperature extract) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation using Raw 264.7 cell. Cells were treated with various concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 or $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) of water extract, ethanol extract and high temperature extract. Cytotoxicity was not observed on Raw 264.7 cells, LPS-stimulated production of NO (nitric oxide), $PGE_2$ (prostaglandin $E_2$) and cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$) was reduced by RP3 treatment more than RP1 and RP2. In conclusion, these results indicated that inflammation on Raw 264.7 cells was improved by RP3. Treatment of RP3 could be used to natural medicine for improving inflammatory response. However, further experiment is required to observe how the high temperature extraction at $500^{\circ}C$ for 48 h influences on alteration of active ingredient in Robinia pseudoacacia L., and conducts the inflammation signal pathway on Raw 264.7 cells.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.211-239
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• 1997

The flora of Oesorak in the Soraksan National Park including Chombongsan(Mountain) and Kwanmobong(Peak) were surveyed from February to August, 1996. These areas have very rich and diverse flora;620 taxa with 89 families, 321 genera, 526 species, 2 subspecies, 89 varieties and 3 forms in the Oesorak, 404 taxa with 251 genera, 350 species, 1 subspecies, 51 varieties and 2 forms in the Chombongsan(Mountain), 286 taxa with 206 genera, 233 species, 1 subspecies, 50 varieties and 2 forms in Kwanmobong(peak). The Oesorak had very distinct floristic characteristics such as the wild habitats of Asarum maculatum(Aristolochiaceae) and Ilex macropoda(Aquifoliaceae). In the phyorgeographical point of view, the six species such as Sapium japonicum (Euphorbiaceae), Euphorbia joldini(Euphorbiaceae), Ilex macropoda (Aquifoliaceae), Styrax japonica (Styracaceae), Carex sideros ticta (Cyperaceae) and Asarum maculatum (Aristolochiaceae) were naturalized into this region, while the 17 taxa such as Abies neprolepis(Pinaceae), Pinus pumila(Pinaceae), Thuja koraiensis(Cupressaceae), Allium senescens(Liliaceae), Lilium distichum(Liliaceae), Saxifraga punctata(Saxfragaceae), Rosa marretii(Rosaceae), Bupleurum euphorbioides(Umbelliferae), Androsace cortusaefolia (Primulaceae), Peducularis mandshurica(Scrophulariaceae) and Leontopodium coreanum (Compositae) were distrivuted to this region. The colonizing weedy species such as Ixris repens (Compositae) were distributed to this region. The colonizing weedy species losa(Labiatae) and Rosa rugosa(Rosaceae) were naturalized into ca. 900m at sea level mainly due to the sand soil from the seashore. Mountain roadbed is susceptible than other areas to the slippery road problems, due largely to snow and rain, particularly during winter. Sand soils from seashore are utilized to minimize this slip in traffic operation.