• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.51-54
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• 2009

다양한 미디어에서 인물과 색채는 가장 중심적인 요소로서 활용되므로 인물의 표정에서 느껴지는 감성과 색채 자극에 대한 감성적 반응에 연구는 심리학 분야에서 각각 심도 있게 연구되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 감성 자극물로서의 얼굴 표정과 색채가 상호 작용을 하였을 때 이에 대한 감성적 반응에 대하여 조사하는데 그 목적이 있다. 즉, 인물의 표정과 배경 색상을 배치하였을 때 인물의 표정에서 느껴지는 감성이 어떻게 변하는지에 관한 실험 연구를 진행하여 이를 미디어에서 활용할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 60명의 피실험자들을 대상으로 진행한 실험연구에서는 Ekman의 7가지의 universal facial expression 중 증오(Contempt)의 표정을 제외한 분노(Anger), 공포(Fear), 역겨움(Disgusting), 기쁨(Happiness), 슬픔(Sadness), 놀람(Surprising) 등의 6가지의 표정의 이미지를 인물의 표정으로 활용하였다. 그리고, 배경 색채로서 빨강, 노랑, 파랑, 초록의 색상들을 기준으로 각각 밝은(light), 선명한(vivid), 둔탁한(dull), 그리고 어두운(dark) 등의 4 가지 톤(tone)의 영역에서 색채를 추출하였고, 추가로 무채색의 5 가지 색상이 적용되었다. 총 120 장(5 가지 얼굴표정 ${\times}$ 20 가지 색채)의 표정에서 나타나는 감성적 표현을 평가하도록 하였으며, 각각의 피실험자는 무작위 순위로 60개의 자극물을 평가하였다. 실험에서 측정된 데이터는 각 표정별로 분류되었으며 배경에 적용된 색채에 따라 얼굴 표현에서 나타나는 감성적 표현이 다름을 보여주었다. 특히 색채에 대한 감성적 반응에 대한 기존연구에서 제시하고 있는 자료를 토대로 색채와 얼굴표정의 감성이 상반되는 경우, 얼굴표정에서 나타나는 감성적 표현이 약하게 전달되었음을 알 수 있었으며, 이는 부정적인 얼굴표정일수록 더 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 색상과 톤의 경우 공통적으로 나타나는 현상으로서 광고 및 시각 디자인 분야의 실무에서 활용될 수 있다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.471-480
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• 2007

Negative emotions play an important function as to human's existence. In this research, we employed the audio-visual film clips to induce negative emotions and examined the classified responses in the autonomic nervous system(ANS) due to each negative emotion.30 adults(22.6 years $old{\pm}1.24$, 15 males and 15 females) took part in this experiment. Through the preliminary experiment, 2 minutes film's stimuli were selected as the emotion-induced stimuli. During the period when participants were viewing and listening to the selected movie, EDA and ECG were examined as soon as one stimulus was displayed, participants were tested by completing the psychological appraisals of their experienced emotion due to each emotional stimulus. With regard to the result of analyzing the psychological responses, each negative emotion appropriately and effectively induced its target emotion. While concerning the result of analyzing ANS responses, each negative emotion induced its respective activation in ANS. What is more, compared with other types of negative emotional stimuli, the scaring stimulus induced higher activation of the sympathetic nervour system(SNS) as to the indexes in EDh and ECG. This research made segmentation of ANS responses to each negative emotion, which has its significance.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.224-231
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• 2019

The current paper was conducted to unravel the influence of affect induction as a background emotion in the process of cognitive task to judge the degree of sequence in groups with or without anxiety symptoms. Four types of affect induction and two sequential task types were used as within-subject variables, and two types of college students groups classified under the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) as a between-subject variable were selected to determine reaction times involving sequential judgment among the lexical relevance information. DmDx5 was used to present a series of stimuli and elicit a response from subjects. Repeated measured ANOVA analyses revealed that reaction times and error rates were significantly larger with anxiety participants compared to the normal group regardless of affect and task types. Within-subject variable effects found that specific affect type (sorrow condition) and number-related task type showed a more rapid response compared to other affect types and magnitude-related task type, respectively. In sum, these findings confirmed the difference in tendency with reaction time and error rates that varied as a function of accompanying affect types as well as anxiety level and task types suggesting the that underlying background affect plays a major role in processing affect-cognitive association tasks.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.677-684
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• 2018

Recently, negative emotional responses by drivers are a growing problem, which leads to not only a traffic accident but a crime so called 'road rage' in countries with heavy traffics including South Korea. Under such a circumstance, measuring stress- and fatigue-induced emotional responses by means of wireless communication and a wearable system would be useful. The purpose of this study is to implement a system that measures various signals from a driver, derives and monitors his emotional responses from the measurements and verify its derivations with reliability. This paper, as a first part of the research, describes how the system has been implemented with experimental methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.74-79
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 한국인'의 정서 연구에 적합한 시각자극의 표준화를 위해서 한국정서사진체계(Korean Affects Picture System: KAPS)의 제작을 수행하면서 얻어진 결과를 간략히 보고하고자 한다. 총 210개의 시각자극 사진을 선정하여 슬라이드로 제작하고, 충남대학교 남녀 대학생 442명 (20-25세)을 대상으로 의미변별척도와 기본정서 평정척도를 사용하여 주관적 정서반응을 측정하였다 의미변별척도 평정치의 요인분석 결과 18개의 양극성 형용사는 3개의, 정서차원, 즉 즐거움, 각성도, 지배성 차원으로 구분되었다. 이는 국제정서사진체계 (IAPS)의 시각자극을 사용하여 미국인을 대상으로 수행한 연구 결과 및 한국인을 대상으로 수행한 연구 결과와 잘 일치하고 있다. KAPS에 포함되는 시각자각 수는 연구가 계속됨에 파라 지속적으로 확대되며, 실험방법 및 각자의 사진에 대한 세 차원(즐거움, 각성도, 통제력) 및 비연속 기본 정서(기쁨. 공포, 슬픔, 혐오, 놀람, 분노)에 관한 주관적 평정치를 포함하는 manual을 제작하여 정서연구자들에게 제공한다. 다른 연구자들에 의해서 얻어진 평정치 자료들도 계속해서 추가 보완될 것이다. 이를 통해서, 안으로 우리 나라에서의 정서 연구방법의 표준화 및 인구성과의 공유화를 위한 토대를 만들 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2007

Premenstural dysphoric disorder(PMDD) imposing 4-5% of women is possibly caused by an enhanced responsiveness to the changes of sex steroid hormones and the decrease of serotonin, melatonin and GABA. The common clinical features between PMDD and depression, seasonal affective disorder, panic disorder and anorexia nervosa suggest a relatedness between PMDD and each of them. The diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV-Tr for PMDD requires psychological symptoms, that commonly include irritability, anger, depression, mood swing, affect lability, tension, anxiety, fatigue and food craving. As of today, the best pharmacological treatment for PMDD is the selective serotonin reuptake inhibiter, and leuprolide, danazol, estradiol, spironolactone and bromocriptine are possible alternatives. Nonpharmacological treatments for patients with mild to moderate symptom severity are diet, exercise, light therapy, psychotherapy and keeping a diary.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.179-184
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• 2023

본 연구는 우울감을 느끼거나 대화 상대 부재로 어려움을 겪는 사용자와 정서 교감형 시스템간의 대화로 구성된 한국어 데이터 셋을 구축하고 이때 시스템이 사용할 수 있는 효과적인 응대 전략을 제안하는데 목적이 있다. 데이터셋은 사용자와 시스템 간의 대화 쌍을 기본 단위로 하며, 사용자의 7가지 기본 감정(행복, 슬픔, 공포, 놀람, 분노, 혐오, 중립)과 시스템의 4가지 응대 전략(명료화, 공감적 응대, 제안, 페르소나)에 따라 주석이 된다. 이 중, 공감적 응대 전략은 10가지 독특한 반응 유형(수용적 경청, 후행 발화 요청, 승인/동의, 비승인/재고 요청, 놀람, 격려, 느낌 표시, 상대 발화 반복, 인사, 의견 제시) 및 4가지 후행 발화 요청 유형(무엇, 왜, 어떻게, 그밖에)을 포함하는 구조로 구체화되었다. 이러한 주석은 시스템이 사용자의 다양한 감정을 식별하고 적절한 공감 수준을 나타내는 응답을 생성하는 데 있어 연구적인 의의가 있으며, 필요시 사용자가 부정적 감정을 극복할 수 있는 활동을 제안하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다는 점에서 실제적인 의의가 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1120-1133
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to validate the failure attribution factors affecting emotional changes after a failed service by local restaurant users, and the relapse effects of the perceived failure of a customer's brand relationship. In this study, the implications of this study can be divided into the null theory and the homogenous theory, in which the study of the relationship between individual belief that influences the null theory and the post-gender emotional response is minimal. The independence of the crash response (angerous VS compassion) has been equally validated as building a belief-gathering-emotion three-step model. First, emotional BRQ (intimate and love) has a reduction effect on controllable geeks, and behavioral BRQ (relative existence) has an extended effect on controllable geeks. From a management perspective, restaurant managers should be less aware of the repeatability of a customer's service failure and call for customer sympathy. Integratedly, restaurant managers must control the customer's perception of service failure and restore the impact of the customer's BRQ on emotional reactions. A variety of service recovery measures should be established and the cerumen should be controlled. In addition, since BRQs have different effects on anger and sympathy (extended VS), different service failure recovery plans should be presented depending on the characteristics of the customer BRQ. For example, measures such as monetary compensation or fair dealing, emotional distribution to close and loving customers, and persuasion of reciprocal benefits to interdependent customers should be developed according to circumstances. This study explored the effectiveness of the geeks after a service failure and has limitations that do not take into account the various regulatory factors in the BRQ-return-Empression process. Thus, in further studies, the effects of adjusting service failure strength should be considered and a more complete model should be built.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2002

Childhood psychic trauma appears to be a crucial factor in the development of serious disorders both in childhood and in adulthood. Traumatized children show strong tendency to revisualize or re-feel a traumatic events. Play and behavioral reenactments are frequent manifestations of both the single blow and the long-standing traumas in childhood. Those children who suffer the results of single, intense terror appear to exhibit detailed memory, retrospective reworkings and misperceptions. In long-standing or repetitive trauma, children would show psychic numbing, self-hypnosis, dissociation and rage. Child's brain is undergoing critical and sensitive periods of differentiation. During this time, developing central nervous system is exquisitely sensitive to stress. Stressor-activated neurotransmitters and hormones can play major roles in neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurochemical differentiation. Internal opiate system operates in some trauma and causes the victim to fail to respond, to avoid, to shut off feelings. Evidence is also accumulating in traumatology that dysfuntion of locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental neucleus system leads to catecholamine receptors hypersensitivity. This change result in hypervigilance, increased startle, affective lability, and increased autonomic nervous system hyperreactivity. Another site of action of trauma on the brain is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Individuals with PTSD do not have enough cortisol to halt the alarm reaction. When children are exposed to long-standing extreme events, massive attempts to protect the psyche and to preserve the self are put into gear. These developmental traumas mobilize various kinds of defense mechanisms. Massive denial, dissociation, self anesthesia, identification with aggressor and aggression turned against the self often lead to profound character changes in the youngsters.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

Basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust have been widely used to investigate emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity in many studies. On the contrary, surprise emotion, Suggested also as one of the basic emotions suggested by Ekman et al. (1983), has been least investigated. The purpose of this study was to provide a description of cardiovascular responses on surprise stimulus using electrocardiograph (ECG) and photoplethysmograph (PPG). ECG and PPG were recorded from 76 undergraduate students, as they were exposed to a visuo-acoustic surprise stimulus. Heart rate (HR), standard deviation of R-R interval (SD-RR), root mean square of successive R-R interval difference (RMSSD-RR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), finger blood volume pulse amplitude (FBVPA), and finger pulse transit time (FPTT) were calculated before and after the stimulus presentation. Results show significant increase in HR, SD-RR, and RMSSD-RR, decreased FBVPA, and shortened FPTT. Evidence suggests that surprise emotion can be characterized by vasoconstriction and accelerated heart rate, sympathetic activation, and increased heart rate variability, parasympathetic activation. These results can be useful in developing an emotion theory, or profiling surprise-specific physiological responses, as well as establishing the basis for emotion recognition system in human-computer interaction.