• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.167-195
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• 2012

This study focuses on the characteristic of socio-psychological gender of a consumer except a biological gender. Socio-psychological gender is the self-image of a consumer which is related to the gender role. The goal of this study is, first, to examine if socio-psychological gender has more effect on the purchase intention than biological gender. Second, by classifying a group with femininity among socio-psychological gender, it is to examine what kinds of shopping value it aims at. Finally, it is to examine the difference between men and women from the purchase intention according to the circumstances. The result of this study is summarized as follows. First, a consumer can have both characteristics of biological gender and socio-psychological gender. There are masculinity, femininity, bisexuality, and undifferentiated type for the classification of socio-psychological gender. This study shows that there is relatively much bisexuality which has masculinity and femininity at the same time. The outcome showed that the purchase intention was higher for the product which corresponds to socio-psychological gender of a consumer than biological gender. Second, it indicated that a group with femininity pursued pleasurable shopping as compared to a group with masculinity. By contrast, it showed that a group with masculinity aimed at practical shopping more greatly. Finally, it showed that while women are less sensitive to the purchase intention at the male-dominated circumstances, men's purchase intention get lower at the female-dominated circumstances.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1225-1233
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• 1997

Background : Cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis(CTL) is one of the most common extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Recently overall incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis has decreased, but the incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis has not decreased. Its duration of treatment is still controversial and the pathogenesis, prognosis and relationship with other site tuberculous are poorly published. So we did a retrograde study of 120 cases of confirmed CTL about its clinical manifestations. Method : All patients were applied fine needle aspiration(FNA) of palpable enlarged cervical lymph nodes and 114 patients were examined for AFB smear and 34 patients for TB culture with aspirated fluid. 57 patients were examined Mantoux test(5TU with PPD-S). With above methods, a total of 120 patients was diagnosed as having CTL. Results : 1) CTL is most prevalent in young women between the age of 20~30 years and the incidence of CTL in female is 2.5 times higher than that of male. It is located most commonly in the posterior cervical area. The most common presenting symptom is painless palpable enlarged cervical lymph nodes. 2) With FNA of enlarged cervical lymph nodes, the percentage of histopathological positivity is 82.3%. The percentage of AFB smear positivity is 38.6%, and that of TB culture positivity is 17.6%(p<0.001). 3) Pulmonary tuberculosis is noted in 79 cases(65.8%). And 42 cases(53.5%) of them had minimal pulmonary tuberculosis. In 14 cases(11.7%), other extrapulmonary tuberculosis coexsisted and pleural tuberculosis was most Common in the order. 4) CTL was treated with anti-tuberculous medication(first line drug) and median treatment duration was 18.5months. During treatment, the size of involved lymph nodes decreased gradually in 62 cases(75.8%), newly developed lymph nodes were found in 25 cases(30.4%), fluctuation formation in 22 cases(26.8%) and fistula formation in 14 cases(17.0%). Conclusion : CTL is prevalent in women between the age of 20~40 years and it involves posterior cervical area most commonly. CTL is treated with long-term anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. We think it is one manifestation of systemic disease and frequently coexisting with pulmonary tuberculosis. Despite anti-tuberculous chemotherapy, the size of involved lymph nodes was increased, new lymph nodes were developed or fluctuation and fistula formed in involved lymph nodes. After sufficient medication, when the patient felt pressure discomfort from enlarged lymph node or fistula was formed, we recommended total excision of involved lymph nodes.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.825-833
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• 2017

The Korean Ministry of Education has emphasized human resource development with creative and convergent ability for future science and technology development. Korean STEAM Education aims to enhance students' interest and their understanding of science and technology as well as to develop students' creative problem-solving skills. Through STEAM R&E project, students experience self-directed research in order to solve the problem in the context of everyday life. In this study, we aim to find out whether the creative leader competency of high school students changed after they experienced the STEAM R&E project. The creative leader competency consisted of three domains: cognitive, affective, and societal domain. We measured the creative leader competency using the questionnaire scales. The questionnaire was administered to 612 high school students who participated in the 2016 STEAM R&E project. Pre- and post- test scores were collected, and we analyzed it. We compared the mean difference between pre- and post- test scores as well as the mean differences among science high school, gifted school, science core school, and general high school. From the result, we found that all student' creative leader competency improved after participating in the STEAM R&E project in all three domains. The result also showed that students' test scores of science high school and gifted school showed no significant mean differences, while student's scores of both science core school and general high school improved significantly. From the results, we concluded that STEAM R&E activities could be an effective tool in cultivating creative leader competency, especially for general high school students and science core school students. We also suggested that further researches are needed to find how we could enhance students' creative leader competency.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.337-349
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• 2008

Despite an improved bone reactions of Mg-incorporated implants in the animals, little yet has been carried out by the experimental investigations in functional loading conditions. This study investigated the clinical and histologic parameters of osseointegrated Mg-incorporated implants in delayed loading conditions. A total of 36 solid screw implants (diameter 3.75 mm, length 10mm) were placed in the mandibles of 6 beagle dogs. Test groups included 18 Mg-incorporated implants. Turned titanium Implants served as control. Gold crowns were inserted 3 months. Radiographic assessments and stabilitytests were performed at the time of fixture installation, $2^{nd}$ stage surgery, 1 and 3 months after loading. Histological observations and morphometrical measurements were also performed. Of 36 implants, 32 displayed no discernible mobility, corresponding to successful clinical function. There was no statistically significant difference between test implants and controls in marginal bone levels (p=0.413) and RFA values. The mean BIC % in the Mg-implants was $54.4{\pm}20.2%$. The mean BIC % in the turned implant was $48.9{\pm}8.0%$. These differences between the Mg-implant and control implant were not statistically significant (P=0.264). In the limitation of this study, bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area of Mg-incorporated oxidized implant were similar to machine-turned implant. The stability analysis showed no significantly different ISQ values and marginal bone loss between two groups. Considering time-dependent bone responses of Mg-implant, it seems that Mg-implants enhanced bone responses in early loading conditions and osseointegrated similarly to cp Ti implants in delayed loading conditions. However, further investigations are necessary to obtain long-term bone response of the Mg-implant in human.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 1982

Chungkook-jang Koji was fermented with rice straw at $40^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. The changes of proximate composition, pH, titrable acidity, nitrogen compounds, protease activity and free-amino acids during the fermentation were investigated. Moisture, lipid and protein contents remained essentially unchanged during the fermentation. The pH was gradually increased from 6.4 to 7.46 and 7.82 at $40^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$, respectively, after 72 hour fermentation. Amino type and water soluble nitrogen increased as fermentation progressed. however, the former slightly decreased after 60 hour fermentation. Chungkook-jang fermented at $40^{\circ}C$ showed somewhat higher protease activity than $50^{\circ}C$. However, protease activity at both fermentation temperatures showed the same trend; that is, it increased until 48 hour fermentation and thereafter decrease. Free amino acid content of Chung-kook-jang after 72 hour fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$ was 6 times greater than that of the steamed soybean, while it was 2.5 times greater at $50^{\circ}C$. Based on these results. it seems that the optimum fermentation conditions for Chungkook-jang were $40^{\circ}C$ and 72 hours.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 1987

An attempt was done at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station in 1986-'87 to obtain herbicide tolerant variant through cell culture. Immatured rice grain was more rapidly and efficiently formed callus in dehulled rice culture method for both rice cultivar types, Tongil type (Indica/Japonica) and Japonica-type. However, Japonica-type cultivar was generally superior than Tongil-type Cultivar in callus formation. Expression rate of herbicide tolerant variant varied depending upon rice cultivar, plant species and herbicide properties. In case of Nagdongbyeo (Japonica) at the first subculture, 46.3% of total callus pieces appeared as herbicide tolerant variant in herbicide media of CGA142464 and followed by NC-311 (11.6%), Butachlor (7.5%), 2.4-D (2.1%), Quinclorac (0.89%), and Propanil (0.25%), in order. This degree of appearance of herbicide tolerant variants rapidly increased as passage of subculture was advanced. Herbicide tolerant callus hardly regenerated as normal plant even though large variations exhibited among culture media.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.50-66
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• 2016

This study attempts to understand and explain how "Directed Attention Restorative Environment (DARE)" is managed and fostered in "Gang-Hak (講學)" and "Yu-Sik (遊息)" spaces both inside and outside of Oksan Seowon Confucian Academy, Gyeongju. Directed Attention is a pivotal element in human information processing so that its restoration is crucial for effective thinking and learning. According to Kaplan & Kaplan's Attention Restoration Theory, an environment, in order to be restorative, should have four elements: 'Being Away,' 'Extent,' 'Fascination,' and 'Compatibility.' We could confirm OkSan Seowon Confucian Academy has an inner logic that integrates two basically different spacial concepts of "Jangsu" and "Yusik" and thus fosters the Attention Restorative Environment. Particularly, the Four Mountains and Five Platforms (四山五臺) surrounding the premises provides an excellent learning environment, and is in itself educational in terms of the Neo-Confucian epistemology with "Attaining Knowledge by way of Positioning Things (格物致知)" as its principle precept, and of its aesthetics with "Connectedness with Nature" as its central tenet. This study attempts to recapture the value of Korea's cultural heritage concerning the Human/Nature relationship; and it may provide useful insights and practical guidelines/grounds in designing today's schools and campuses, where the young people's needs for the Directed Attention- and Attention Restorative- Servicescapes seem to be greater than ever.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.11A no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2004

This paper propose a method that controls facial expression of 3D avatar by having the user select a sequence of facial expressions in the space of facial expressions. And we setup its system. The space of expression is created from about 2400 frames consist of motion captured data of facial expressions. To represent the state of each expression, we use the distance matrix that represents the distances between pairs of feature points on the face. The set of distance matrices is used as the space of expressions. But this space is not such a space where one state can go to another state via the straight trajectory between them. We derive trajectories between two states from the captured set of expressions in an approximate manner. First, two states are regarded adjacent if the distance between their distance matrices is below a given threshold. Any two states are considered to have a trajectory between them If there is a sequence of adjacent states between them. It is assumed . that one states goes to another state via the shortest trajectory between them. The shortest trajectories are found by dynamic programming. The space of facial expressions, as the set of distance matrices, is multidimensional. Facial expression of 3D avatar Is controled in real time as the user navigates the space. To help this process, we visualized the space of expressions in 2D space by using the multidimensional scaling(MDS). To see how effective this system is, we had users control facial expressions of 3D avatar by using the system. As a result of that, users estimate that system is very useful to control facial expression of 3D avatar in real-time.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1986

It has been well documented that the peripheral autonomic nervous system plays an important role in exocrine pancreatic secretion. However, the role of the central nervous system in pancreatic function is still obscure even though the central nervous system has been known to control gastrointestinal functions through the autonomic nervous system. Since the reticular formation in the mesencephalone seems to integrate the autonomic function, the present study was undertaken to investigate a possible influence of the reticular formation upon the exocrine pancreatic secretion. Twenty·two albino rats fasted for 24 hours were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of urethane in a dose of 1 g/kg, The pancreatic duct was cannulated to collect pancreatic juice and bile juice was diverted to the jejunum. The gastroduodenal junction was ligated to Prevent passage of gastic juice into the duodenum. A pair of electrodes were bilaterally inserted in the reticualr formation of the mesencephalone with aid of a stereotaxic apparatus. When the volume of pancreatic juice secreted for 10 min became constant, the reticular formation was electrically stimulated for 10 min. Parameters of the electical stimulation was 1.3V, 40 Hz and 2 msec. When the pancreatic secretion returned to the level before the electrical stimulation, cervical vagotomy (11 rats) or administration of propranolol (11 rats) in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg through the jugular vein was carried out. Ten minutes after the treatment, the electrical stimulation of the reticular formation was repeated. The brain was fixed by perfusion of 10% formaline solution through the heart, and then placement of the electrode tip was examined histologically. Protein concentration and amylase activity in samples of Pancreatic secretion were measured. The electrical stimulation of the reticular formation significantly increased in volume $({\mu}l/10\;min)$, Protein output $({\mu}g/10\;min)$ and amylase output (U/10 min) in the pancreatic secretion. The stimulatroy effects were not affected by the cervical vagotomy but completely abolished by propranolol. Meantime, it was also observed that both vagotomy and propranolol significantly reduced the pancreatic secretory function. These results indicate that the reticular formation in the mesencephalone may exert a stimulatory effect upon the Pancreatic secretory function not through the vagus nerve but through the sympathetic pathway in anesthetized rats.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2016

Urbanization in Korea has increased significantly and subsequently, various facilities have been concentrated in urban areas at high speed in accordance with a growing urban population. Accordingly, damages have occurred due to a variety of disasters. In particular, fire damage among the social disasters caused the most severe damage in urban areas along with traffic accidents. 44,432 cases of fire occurred in 2015 in Korea. Due to these accidents, 253 were killed and property damage of 4,50 billion won was generated. However, despite the efforts to reduce a variety of damage, fire danger still remains high. In this regard, this study collected fire data, generated from 2007 to 2014 through the Jinju Fire Department and the National Fire Data System(NFDS) and calculated fire risk by analyzing the clustering of fire cases and facilities in Jinju-si based on the current DB of facilities, offered by the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. As a result, the risk ratings of fire occurrence were classified as four stages under the standards of the US Society of Fire Protection Engineers(SEPE). Business facilities, entertainment facilities, and automobile facilities were classified as the highest A grade, detached houses, Apartment houses, education facilities, sales facilities, accommodation, set of facilities, medical facilities, industrial facilities, and life service facilities were classified as U grade, and other facilities were classified as EU grade. Finally, hazardous production facilities were classified as BEU grade, the lowest grade. In addition, in the case of setting the standard with loss of life, the highest risk facility was the hazardous production facilities, while in the case of setting the standard with property damage, a set of facilities and industrial facilities showed the highest risk. In this regard, this study is expected to be effectively utilized to establish the fire reduction measures against facilities, distributed in urban space by calculating risk grades regarding the generation frequency, casualties, and property damage, through the classification of fire, occurred in the city, according to the facilities.