• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of composted livestock manure application on soil nutrient change. PVC pot $(30\times100cm)$ was filled with either volcanic ash soil (Gujwa series) or non-volcanic ash soil (Aewol series) and the 20 cm surface soils were applied with composted livestock manures of cattle pig and poultry at the rates of 0, 50, 100 and 150 ton/ha, respectively. After 210 days soils samples of phosphate, potassium, calcium, and magnesium affected by application of the compost. The applied composted were equivalent to the application of organic matter of $23\sim111$ ton/ha and nitrogen of $80\sim450$ ton/ha. Availability rate of phosphate after the application of composted livestock manures ranged from 1.6 to 91.7% according to the different composted. It was much higher in the non-volcanic ash soil than in the volcanic ash soil. Availability rate of potassium fractional recovery rate change ranged from 22 to 94% according to the different manures. It was larger in the composted Availability rate of calcium 38 to 93% and $9\sim90%$ in volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil, respectively, It was higher in the composted manures followed by cattle and composted pig manures. Availability rate magnesium ranged from 12 to 41% and $1\sim9%$ in volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil, respectively. The rate was higher in the composted poultry manure followed by pig and composted cattle manures.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.348-354
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Globally, concern about emerging infectious diseases of livestock is growing. For the disposal of the animal carcass, it is necessary to recycle the carcass into an agriculturally usable product. The objective of this study was to investigate the composting conditions of liquid by-product obtained from degradation of animal carcass. METHODS AND RESULTS: Optimum conditions of liquid fertilizer were investigated using different microorganisms, pHs, and volumes of microorganisms (Lactobacillus rhamnosus+Pichia deserticola). Based on the results from the optimum conditions, compost maturity and quality of liquid fertilizer were evaluated for 112 days. The compost maturity of liquid fertilizer were higher in the order of LP(Lactobacillus rhamnosus + Pichia deserticola) > BC(Bacillus cereus) > BS(Bacillus subtilis). The optimum condition under different volumes of LP was injection of 0.5 mL/100 mL. The compost maturity under different pHs were higher in the order of pH 7 > $$5{\geq_-}9{\frac{._-}{.}}11$$. The liquid by-product at 56 days after composting was completely decomposed. The concentrations of T-N, T-P and $K_2O$ in liquid fertilizer at 56 days were 0.94, 0.17 and 3.78%, respectively, and the sum of those concentrations was 4.89%. CONCLUSION(S): Liquid fertilizer of by-product using pig carcass was decomposed with optimum conditions(LP, pH 7, injection of 0.5 mL/100 mL) in 56 days after composting, and was suitable for official standard of commercial fertilizer.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2012

Physicochemical properties of liquid fertilizer samples of resource organization, which are domestically produced and distributed, are analyzed. Major contents of the research results are as follows. 1. The ratio of complete decomposition for liquid fertilizer is 49% at Public Resource Center and 33% at Liquid Fertilizer Supply Center. The combined ratio of both half-decomposed and un-decomposed liquid fertilizers is over 50% at both centers. 2. The ratio of complete decomposed liquid fertilizer, 67%, is the highest in Gangwon and Gyeonggi-do area. The ratio of un-decomposed liquid fertilizer is high in Chungbuk and Chungnam area. The sum of ratios of the half- and un-decomposed is over 60% in the areas except Gyeonnggi-do and Gangwon-do. 3. As a result of regional comparison of the physicochemical properties of liquid fertilizers, concentration variation in most of the items are large, and the degree of uniformity is found to be considerably low. In particular, concentration variation in T-N and $NH_4$-N is the most noticeable. 4. The items that physicochemically correlated to the degree of decomposition of liquid fertilizer are appeared to be T-N, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, EC, $SCOD_{Mn}$, and ORP. 5. The physicochemical average values of the liquid fertilizer estimated as "complete decomposed" are appeared to be T-N 829 mg/L,$NH_4$-N 517 mg/L, $NO_3$-N 151 mg/L, $SCOD_{Mn}$ 1,205 mg/L, EC 10.32 mS/cm, ORP -117.12 mV.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develop an measuring system and method for fermentation degree of liquid swine manure by visible ray. The constituent changes of liquid swine manure were examined. pH gradually increased with time, but EC gradually decreased. Malodor strength decreased gradually with aeration treatment with time. Control needed more time to decrease malodor strength than aeration treatment. In aeration treatment, there was no germination of seeds (radish, chinese cabbage) up to 6 weeks and germination rate at 15th week was over 50%. However, in control, there was no germination up to end of experiment. Circular chromatography method showed that there was change after 10th week in aeration treatment but there was no change up to end of experiment in control. As a result, the fermentation degree of liquid swine manure would have relations among pH, EC, germination rate, malodor concentration, and reaction of circular chromatography. The simple analytical instrument for liquid swine manure consisted of a tungsten halogen and deuterium lamp for light source, a sample holder, a quartz cell, spectrometer for spectrum analyzer, a malodour measuring device, a software, etc. Results showed that the simple analytical instrument that was developed can approximately predict the fermentation degree of liquid swine manure by visible ray. Generally, the experiment proved that the simple analytical instrument was reliable, feasible and practical for analyzing the fermentation degree of liquid swine manure.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.378-383
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• 1999

Changes of the spectroscopic characteristics of the organic matter fractions and circular filter paper chromatograph were assessed for the bark and piggery manure composts during the composting. as an approach to base the criteria of the compost maturity evaluation. Contents of humic acid-C (HA-C) and fulvic acid-C (FA-C) in both bark and piggery manure composts were decreased as the composting got closer to maturity, but the ratios of HA-C/FA-C were increased. During the composting. ${\Delta}log$ K values were decreased, but RF values were increased. Humic acid of the mature bark compost after 120 days of composting was A-type, as compared to Rp-type for the raw bark and B-type for the immature compost. However. humic acid of the mature piggery manure composts after 40 days of composting was B-type, indicating the humification of the organic matter fractions continued at this stage. Circular filter paper chromatograph of the mature bark compost exhibited the regular sawteeth pattern at the edge, but that of the mature piggery manure showed an irregular sawteeth pattern. Results demonstrated that spectroscopic characteristics and circular filter paper chromatograph of the organic by-product composts might be employed for the compost stability assessment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 1996

Variations of temperature and physicochemical environment during composting of a mixtures(2:1, v/v) of cattle manure and rice hulls(CMR) in two different composting methods, static windrow(SW) and aerated static pile system(ASPS), were monitored for evaluating the efficient composting system in greenhouse. The pH of composting materials increased to around 8.9 initially, then decreased and stabilized slowly to the neutral value. Composting materials in ASPS showed a rapid stabilization in pH value from the 4th week comparing to the speed in SW. Thermophilic stage for ASPS Lasted at 3 week whereas 6 weeks for WS. Required time to get thermophilic zone in compost was shorter in ASPS than in WS. Reduction rate in total carbon(T-C) was higher in ASPS than in WS. Organic matter was reduced more rapidly in ASPS than in SW showing 9 percent difference after the 6th week. Total nitrogen(T-N) increased while composting process, showing 9 percent after 6th week in WS and 1.8 percent after 7th week in ASPS. C/N ratio was stabilized after 6th week showing 17 and 21 level in WS and ASPS each. Quantity of ash and mineral content increased during composting in both system, showing higher content in ASPS. Composting process by intermittent, aerated static pile system in greenhouse had a significant effect on the reduction of required period for composting.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 1996

The study on the ripening of leather waste sludge was performed to vemistabilize the sludge effectively using a laboratory scale darkened wood box reactor ($10{\times}10{\times}20cm$). The acceptable feed conditions for earthworm of Eh, alkalinity were obtained in the 30th and 35th days, respectively. The value of pH was gradually decreased from 7.8 to 7.1 through the ripening time. The contents of heavy metals of the ripened sludge were estimated as lower levels compared to the other regulatory standards for compost. After the ripening time for 50days, the physico-chemical properties of the sludge were estimated as pH 7.1, water content 72%, redox potential 85mV, electrolytic conductivity $2,620{\mu}mhos/cm$ and alkalinity 450 ppm as $CaCO_3$, respectively. In the ripened sludge, survival rate of the earthworms for 50 days was about 75%, and the live weight increase rate was about 230% at the temperature range of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. Moreover, hatching rate of the earthworm cocoons was about 87% and the highest value was obtained in the 20~30th days. From the above results, it was evaluated that leather waste sludge could be vermistabilized effectively by earthworms, when the sludge was ripened during 50 days.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.130-138
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• 2004

Food wastes with different regional origins were mixed with bulking agent such as paper mill sludge or night soil, and aged for 21 days or 28 days. And aged food wastes were fed to the earthworm(tiger worm, Eisenia fetida) for 60 days. There were no significant physico-chemical differences among the food wastes with different regional origins. EC values and NaCl concentrations in food wastes were too high for earthworms to survive. Food wastes mixed with paper mill sludge were vermicomposted more efficiently than food wastes mixed with night soil, but the over-all vermicomposting rates on the food wastes were much lower than that on paper mill sludge because EC values and NaCl concentrations were still high for earthworm to compost the feeds. Earthworm population did not increase its biomass on the food wastes mixed with paper mill sludge or night soil, whereas earthworm population fed with paper mill sludge increased its biomass by 20% for 60 days. It could be concluded that a solution for reducing NaCl concentrations in food waste should be developed to vermicompost food waste.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.1 s.84
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• pp.51-55
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• 1998

After bottle culture of Pleurotus ostreatus, sawdust was taken out from the bottle and accumulated in the middle of March, and then composted. As the result, Y value was decreased rapidly 30 days after composting, and it was decreased slowly after 30 days. It is considered that 118 days is required for composting, however, it is possible to use for casing material after at least 48 days composting. The pH and total nitrogen content of sawdust based on composting period had tendency to increase as composting was processed. Total carbon and C/N rate had tendency to decrease as time went on. Based on the rate of 10, 30 and 50%, each sawdust was added to clay loam used as casing material for culturing A. bisporrus. Among various treatments, the mycelial growth of A. bisporus was more favorable in the treatment of 30% sawdust than in the single treatment of clay loam. Based on the date necessary for primodium formation of A. bisporus, the primodium formation in the treatment of 30% sawdust was reduced to about 5 days as compared with that of any other treatments When 30% sawdust was added to clay loam used as casing material for culturing A. bisporus, the yield of its fruiting body was increased to 28%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1985

To get well matured farm yard manure from ricestraw as quickly as possible during winter season, straw piles wrapped with polyethylene film and/or straw thatch were stored in the vinyl house or open air. Their maturities and changes of temperature in heap were investigated from the beginning of December 1983 to March of next year. Heat increment in vinyl house was high $2-5^{\circ}C$ than at open air at the lowest temperature but it didn't rise over the freezing point. However, the highest temperature was arisen over than $20^{\circ}C$ averagely at the vinylhouse compared to those of open air during three months. Temperature in piles of straw manure was reached to about $70^{\circ}C$ in maximum and rose again very rapidly after repiling in the vinyl house, whereas increment of temperature after repiling was delayed and took long times to reach the maximum temperature at open air. Wrapping with P.E. film also affected the insulation of decomposing heat of straw pile and promoted the repeat of piling even at open air. By these results, ricestraw would be decomposed rapidly by insulation with P.E. film in the vinyl house and could be reached to matured compost for application to field on next spring season. P.E. film covered for vinyl house was endured until May of next year without tear by weathering.