• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2018

The result of the study on the origin and preservation status of the 'Gongju Junghakdong old missionary house', the Registered Cultural Property No. 233, reveals that the building was approved on October 23, 1921, and missionary Alice H. Sharp was living in the building until her retirement from her missionary life of 39 years in Korea in 1939. In order to review internal and external preservation status of the building, condition of wood material, the composition of the window, the damage of the wall, and the leaning of the building were examined. In particular, in the case of window facilities, it is necessary to restore it to the original upper and lower sliding window. As a result of investigation of the preservation status of the external facilities, it is necessary to restore the original shape of the staircase and a deck of the building on south western side and the well. In addition, the results of the non-destructive diagnosis of the ground revealed that the building was built on uneven surface layer of 2-5 m thickness and the boundary between the surface layer and the upper part of the weathered rock is inclined following geomorphology. This phenomenon shows that when the water content of the ground increases in the rainy season, the bearing capacity of the ground is lowered, and there is a possibility of uneven subsidence. Especially, landslides may occur in case of heavy rain. Therefore, it is desirable to install a masonry facility at the southwest boundary of the site, and it is recommended to install a drainage facility to ensure rapid drainage.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.23 no.3 s.126
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• pp.44-50
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• 1984

한국여성은 전통적으로 대가족제도 속에서 육아 및 가사활동에만 종사해왔다. 그러나 산업화 및 사회구조의 변화로 여성들도 교육의 기회를 갖게 되었으며 전통적인 역할 수행에 대한 가치변화와 함께 여성의 사회적 역할을 필요로 하게 되었다. 반면에 가족 형태가 핵가족화 함으로서 가족 내에서의 자녀양육을 비롯한 가정적 역할이 더욱 중요시 되게 되었다. 오늘날 한국사회는 여성에게 현재의 사회구조와 핵가족 속에서는 시간적으로 동시에 수행할 수 없는 두 가지 상반된 역할을 강조하고 있는 것이다. 이러한 상반된 역할사이에서는 여성은 갈등과 좌절감을 느끼게 되며 이중적인 부담 속에서 생활하게 되었다. 본 원고에서는 전통적인 한국의 가족가치관을 살펴보고 건강관리 측면에서 여성의 역할을 살펴보고 건강관리 측면에서 여성의 역할을 살펴보고자 한다. 전통적 가족가치관과 여성-우리나라의 전통적 가족은 부계 중심의 혈연 계승을 중요시하는 가부장적 대가족제도라 할 수 있다. 따라서 부계 계승을 통한 가족의 영속성과 가 중심사상에 기반을 둔 철저한 가족주의적 가치관이 전통적 사회를 지배하여 왔다. 그러므로 자연히 개인보다 가족집단이 우의적인 지위에 있을 뿐만 아니라 모든 행동의 결정에도 중요한 준거 집단이 되었다. 이러한 가의 영속 및 번영을 가장 효과적으로 수행하기 위해서는 많은 자녀를 필요로 했으며 부계중심 가족에서 자연히 남아 선호사상이 강할 수밖에 없었으며 이것은 조상에 대한 의무요 책임이라 생각했다. 이러한 가부장권의 확대에 반비례해서 가정 내에서 여성의 지위와 역할은 축소되어갔다. 여성들의 절대적인 예속을 필요로 하여 삼종지도니 칠거지악이니 불경이부등의 도덕률을 만들었으며 여성들 스스로가 이러한 정절과 복종을 미덕으로 생각하도록 교육받음으로서 여성들 자신이 자기희생의 굴레 속에서 인내와 복종의 생활을 운명처럼 받아들이게 되었으며 남편과 자식을 위해서는 목숨까지도 희생하게끔 철저히 사회화되었던 것이다. 그러나 가족 제도 안에서의 남녀의 지위는 동위 항렬 내에서만 해당되고 항렬을 달리할 때는 삼종지도의 이론에 부합된다. 어머니로서의 존장련이 인정되어서 가정 내에서의 여성의 종속적인 지위에 비하여 모의 권한은 절대적이었다. 상례와 제례에서 어머니와 아버지에 대한 의식에는 차이가 없으며 내외 명부제도에 의해서 부인도 남편과 똑같은 대우를 받도록 되어있다. 이러한 존장련에 의한 모의 권리와 더불어 부부유별에 의해서 가사권의 독자적인 결정권도 인정되고 있었다. 건강관리 측면에서 여성의 역할- 전통적으로 건강관리에 관련된 한국여성의 역할은 1. 씨받이로서의 역할로 생명을 잉태하도록 돕고 건강한 아이의 수태를 위해 태교에 힘썼으며 2. 자녀의 의식주를 해결하는 가사 역할만을 담당하는 전통적인 여성의 역할만을 수행하였으며 출산한 생명을 건강하게 자라도록 건강관리를 철저히 하였으나 체계적인 건강관리는 되지 못하였으며 특히 식생활에 유의하였으나 정서, 사회면은 도외시 한 과잉보호현상이었다. 3. 결혼 후에는 남편의 건강관리를 위해 철저하였으며 특히 식생활에 유의하였고 정서적으로 부담을 주지 않도록 유념하였다. 4. 또한, 임종시 평안한 죽음을 맞도록 도왔다. 전통적으로 한국여성의 역할은 돕는 역할이었다.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.591-598
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• 2021

The digital phase-locked loops(DPLL) is a circuit used for phase synchronization and has been generally used in various fields such as communication and circuit fields. State estimators are used to design digital phase-locked loops, and infinite impulse response state estimators such as the well-known Kalman filter have been used. In general, the performance of the infinite impulse response state estimator-based digital phase-locked loop is excellent, but a sudden performance degradation may occur in unexpected situations such as inaccuracy of initial value, model error, and disturbance. In this paper, we propose a minimum variance finite impulse response filter with optimal horizon for designing a new digital phase-locked loop. A numerical method is introduced to obtain the measured value interval length, which is an important parameter of the proposed finite impulse response filter, and to obtain a gain, the covariance matrix of the error is set as a cost function, and a linear matrix inequality is used to minimize it. In order to verify the superiority and robustness of the proposed digital phase-locked loop, a simulation was performed for comparison and analysis with the existing method in a situation where noise information was inaccurate.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2019

The grouting method is utilized to reinforce and waterproof poor grounds, enhance the bearing capacity of structures damaged resulting from settlement due to elevation and vibration or differential settlement, and for cutoff. The purpose of this research is to enhance the compressive strength of grout materials by using aramid fiber and develop a high-strength ground improvement method by using blast furnace slag powder. In this regard, this study has conducted a uniaxial compression test after checking the high charge (higher than 50%) of the ratio of blast furnace slag powder and cement at 100:0, 70:30 and 40:60%, adding the aramid mixture based on 0, 0.5 and 1.0% of the cement and furnace slag powder weight and creating sand gels based on surface oiling rate of 0.7 and 1.2%. For the environmental review evaluation, a heavy metal exudation test and a pH test measurement have been conducted. The experiment results showed that 1% increase of aramid fiber led to 1.3 times greater uniaxial compression intensity. As for the hexavalent chrome, a 30% increase in blast furnace slag powder led to approximately 50% decrease in heavy metal exudation. However, the pH test revealed that a 30% increase in blast furnace slag powder resulted in approximately 0.5 increase in pH. Further research on the pH part is needed in the future.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.5B
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• pp.501-509
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• 2006

The safety of levee that depends on the river flood elevation has been regarded as very important keys to build up various flood prevention systems. However, deterministic methods for computation of water surface profile cannot reflect the effect of possible inaccuracies in the input parameters. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology of uncertainty computation of design flood level based on steady flow analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. This study addresses the uncertainty of water surface elevation by Manning's coefficients, design discharges, river cross sections and boundary condition. Monte Carlo simulation with the variations of these parameters is performed to quantify the variations of water surface elevations in a river. The proposed model has been applied to the Kumho-river. The reliability analysis was performed within 38.5 km (95 sections) reach considered the variations of the above-mentioned parameters. Overtopping risks were evaluated by comparing the elevations of the flood condition with the those of the levees. The results show that there is a necessity which will raise the levee elevation between 1 cm and 56 cm at 7 sections. The model can be used for preparing flood risk maps, flood forecasting systems and establishing flood disaster mitigation plans as well as complement of conventional levee design.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2024

This study aims to analyze low-performing high school students' difficulties in constructed response (CR) mathematics assessments and explore ways to use writing activities to support student learning. The participants took CR assessments, engaged in guided writing activities across 15 lessons, and provided responses to our interviews. The study identified 20 types of student difficulties, which were sorted into two main categories: "mathematical difficulties" and "CR difficulties." The difficult nature of mathematics as a school subject included a lack of understanding of mathematical concepts, students' difficulty with mathematical symbols and notations, and struggles with word problems. Challenges specific to CR assessments included students' difficulties arising from the testing conditions unlike those of multiple-choice items, and included issues related to constructing appropriate responses and psychological barriers. To address these challenges in CR assessments, the study conducted guided writing activities as an intervention, through which six themes were identified: (1) internalization of mathematical concepts, (2) mathematical thinking through relational understanding, (3) diverse problem-solving methods, (4) use of mathematical symbols, (5) reflective thinking, and (6) strategies to overcome psychological barriers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.290-297
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• 1997

Background : Despite remarkable progress of understanding the pathophysiology and therapy of bronchial asthma, asthma morbidity and mortality are on the rise. Also hospitalization and attending rates of emergency department for asthma have been increasing gradually. We analyzed clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients who visited emergency room due to asthma attack in order to define clinical characteristics of these group of patients. Method : We reviewed 105 adult asthmatic patients who attended emergency department of Korea University Hospital between August 1995 and July 1996, retrospectively. Results : 103 patients(56 female, 47 males, mean age : 48.6 years) attended-68 self referral, 18 practitioner referral and 17 OPD transfer- and 86 patients(83.5%) were admitted. Attending emergncy department was clearly more frequent in December(13.6%) and May(12.6%). Time lag between onset of asthmatic attack and arrival at the hospital was $14.2{\pm}15.5$ hour and initial peak expiratory flow rate was $166.7{\pm}68.3L/min$.(43.3% predicted) The commonest cause for visiting emergency room was aggravation of asthma due to upper respiratory tract infection in mild asthmatics. About half of them had history of previous ER visits. Their prognosis was not bad, but after discharge, about half of patients escaped from OPD follow-up. Conclusion : As a group they merit detailed attention and follow up arrangement. Clinician need to monitor and review the treatment plans, the medications, the patient's management technique, and the level of asthma control. For this group, plans for longer term treatment, including asthma education program and adjustment of overall treatment plan should be made.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.29-65
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• 2012

Der neue strukturelle Ansatz der Kommbination eines Rahmen$\ddot{u}$bereinkommens und eines ausr$\ddot{u}$stungsspezifischen Sonderprotokolls bedingt einen neuen organisatorischen Anstz f$\ddot{u}$r die Zusammenarbeit zwischen internationalen Organisationen bei der Schaffung von internationalem Einheitsprivatrecht. So haben hier zwei internationale Organisationen gemeinsam die Verantwortung f$\ddot{u}$r einmultilaterales $\ddot{U}$bereinkommen $\ddot{u}$bernommen: auf der einen Seite UNIDROIT als die internationale Organisation, die generell f$\ddot{u}$r die Vereinheitlichung des Privatrechts kompetent ist; auf der anderen Seite ICAO als die f$\ddot{u}$r die private Luftfahrt zust$\ddot{a}$ndige internationale Organisation. Dieses neue, f$\ddot{u}$r die Luftfahrzeugausr$\ddot{u}$stung praktizierte organisatorische Modell eines joint venture zweier internationaler Organisation bei der Einheitsrechtsetzung, namlich die Betreuung eines allgemeinen privatrechtsvereinheitlichenden Rahmens$\ddot{u}$bereinkommens durch UNIDROIT und die Wahrnehmung der sektorspezifischen Belange in einem ausr$\ddot{u}$stungsspesifischen Sonderprotokoll durch die jeweils zust$\ddot{a}$ndige internationale Spezialorganisation, hat bereits f$\ddot{u}$r die Sektoren der Eisenbahn- und Weltraumausrustung Schule gemacht. Das in Kapstadt beschlossene v$\ddot{o}$lkervertragliche Regelungswerk hat erstmals ein einheitsrechtliches - grunds$\ddot{a}$atzlich weltweite Geltung anstrebendes - Sicherungsrecht geschafen. Dies kann f$\ddot{u}$r die Sachenrechtsintergration einen $\ddot{a}$hnlichen Durchbruch bedeuten, wis das Wiener UN-kaufrechts$\ddot{u}$bereinkommen von 1980 f$\ddot{u}$r das Schuldvertragsrecht. Voraussetzung daf$\ddot{u}$r ist allerdings die juristische Qualit$\ddot{a}$t und Praxisgerechtigkeit des Regelungswerkes und - insbesondere - das Funktionieren des Registersystems. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung f$\ddot{u}$r den Erfolg des $\ddot{U}$bereinkkommens wird auchsein, ob es Rechtssicherheit zu gew$\ddot{a}$hrleisten vermag.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

High energy photon beams from medical linear accelerators produce large scattered radiation by various components of the treatment head, collimator and walls or objects in the treatment room including the patient. These scattered radiation do not provide therapeutic dose and are considered a hazard from the radiation safety perspective. Scattered dose of therapeutic high energy radiation beams are contributed significant unwanted dose to the patient. ICRP take the position that a dose of 500mGy may cause abortion at any stage of pregnancy and that radiation detriment to the fetus includes risk of mental retardation with a possible threshold in the dose response relationship around 100 mGy for the gestational period. The ICRP principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) was recommended for protection of occupation upon the linear no-threshold dose response hypothesis for cancer induction. We suggest this ALARA principle be applied to the fetus and testicle in therapeutic treatment. Radiation dose outside a photon treatment filed is mostly due to scattered photons. This scattered dose is a function of the distance from the beam edge, treatment geometry, primary photon energy, and depth in the patient. The need for effective shielding of the fetus and testicle is reinforced when young patients ate treated with external beam radiation therapy and then shielding designed to reduce the scattered photon dose to normal organs have to considered. Irradiation was performed in phantom using high energy photon beams produced by a Varian 2100C/D medical linear accelerator (Varian Oncology Systems, Palo Alto, CA) located at the Yonsei Cancer Center. The composite phantom used was comprised of a commercially available anthropomorphic Rando phantom (Phantom Laboratory Inc., Salem, YN) and a rectangular solid polystyrene phantom of dimensions $30cm{\times}30cm{\times}20cm$. the anthropomorphic Rando phantom represents an average man made from tissue equivalent materials that is transected into transverse 36 slices of 2.5cm thickness. Photon dose was measured using a Capintec PR-06C ionization chamber with Capintec 192 electrometer (Capintec Inc., Ramsey, NJ), TLD( VICTOREEN 5000. LiF) and film dosimetry V-Omat, Kodak). In case of fetus, the dosimeter was placed at a depth of loom in this phantom at 100cm source to axis distance and located centrally 15cm from the inferior edge of the $30cm{\times}30cm^2$ x-ray beam irradiating the Rando phantom chest wall. A acryl bridge of size $40cm{\times}40cm^2$ and a clear space of about 20 cm was fabricated and placed on top of the rectangular polystyrene phantom representing the abdomen of the patient. The leaf pot for testicle shielding was made as various shape, sizes, thickness and supporting stand. The scattered photon with and without shielding were measured at the representative position of the fetus and testicle. Measurement of radiation scattered dose outside fields and critical organs, like fetus position and testicle region, from chest or pelvic irradiation by large fie]d of high energy radiation beam was performed using an ionization chamber and film dosimetry. The scattered doses outside field were measured 5 - 10% of maximum doses in fields and exponentially decrease from field margins. The scattered photon dose received the fetus and testicle from thorax field irradiation was measured about 1 mGy/Gy of photon treatment dose. Shielding construction to reduce this scattered dose was investigated using lead sheet and blocks. Lead pot shield for testicle reduced the scatter dose under 10 mGy when photon beam of 60 Gy was irradiated in abdomen region. The scattered photon dose is reduced when the lead shield was used while the no significant reduction of scattered photon dose was observed and 2-3 mm lead sheets refuted the skin dose under 80% and almost electron contamination. The results indicate that it was possible to improve shielding to reduce scattered photon for fetus and testicle when a young patients were treated with a high energy photon beam.