• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.228-233
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• 2017

The aim of the current study was to examine genotoxicological safety of purified bee venom (Apis mellifera L.) The bacterial reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA) were evaluated with purified bee venom at concentrations of 0, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, and $500{\mu}g/plate$. Purified bee venom was negative in Ames test with both in the presence and absence of rat liver microsomal enzyme. According to these results, we concluded that purified bee venom did not cause bacterial reverse mutation. The safety of the purified bee venom at practical doses needs to be further evaluated in in vivo genotoxicity assays.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1406-1413
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• 2016

This study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of ethanolic extracts of Morus alba L. branch (ME). In the reverse mutation test, Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1357, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA were used to estimate the mutagenic potential of ME. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered ME at levels of 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg for the single-dose toxicity test and 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg/d for the repeated-dose toxicity test for 28 consecutive days. As expected, reverse mutation was not detected at any concentration of ME, regardless of application of the metabolic activation system with or without S9 mix. In the single-dose toxicity test, ME caused neither significant visible signs of toxicity nor mortality in rats, and $LD_{50}$ was estimated to be over 5,000 mg/kg. In the repeated-dose toxicity test, ME administration at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg for 28 days to male or female rats did not result in mortality. Similarly, no toxicologically significant treatment-related changes in body weight, food intake, or organ weights were noted. Several hematological and biochemical parameters in both genders showed significant differences, but these were within normal ranges. These results support the safe use of ME.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.374-382
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• 2011

We investigated the mutagenicity of methiozolin, newly developed herbicide, in vitro reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, chromosome aberration test using chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells and in vivo micronucleus test of mice. In the reverse mutation test, the methiozolin did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, Escherichia coli WP2uvrA with and without metabolic activation at $5,000{\mu}g$/plate. In the chromosome aberration test, the results showed no incidence of increased structural and numerical chromosome abberrations at any doses tested (80, 40, $20{\mu}g$/mL). In micronucleous test, the ratio of micronuclei was measured in polychromatic erythrocytes with treated methiozolin for ICR mice. No incidence of increased micronuclei were observed in polychromatic erythrocytes (1,500, 1,000, 500 mg/kg). Based on these results, we concluded that methiozolin has no mutagenic toxicity in vitro and in vivo systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.252-252
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• 1994

현재 시판되고 있는 정장용 생균 제제에 함유되어있는 정장균주의 하나인 Bifidohacterium bifidum은 항결핵제 중 rifampicin에 감수성으로 rifimpicin과 병용 투여시 본래의 정장 효과를 기대할 수 없다. 따라서, rifampicin에 내성인 돌연변이 균주를 얻기 위해 B. bifidum을 N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso- -guanidine(MNNG)로 처리하여 rifampicin에 내성인 30종의 균주를 선별 하였고, rifampicin에 대한 Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC)를 측정해 본 결과 내성이 1,000배 이상 상승하였다. 또한 rifampicin에 내성인 균주 RFR61을 자연 돌연변이시켜 ofloxacin에도 내성인 돌연변이 균주 20종을 선별 하였고, MIC를 측정한 결과 내성이 4배 이상 증가하였다. 또, fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase test를 실시해 본 결과, 모두 Bifidobacterium임이 확인되었다. 유기산 생성량을 측정하여 모균주의 유기산 생성량과 가장 유사한 3균주, B. bifidum RFRll, RFR21, RFR61 그리고 OFR9을 선별하였다. 이 네 균주의 E. coli 생육 억제능을 측정한 결과 모두 모균주와 유사한 E. coli 생육 억제능을 가지고 있었다. Rifampicin 내성균주들에 대하여 내성 유지 시험을 한 결과 복귀 돌연변이에 의해 내성이 소실될 가능성은 없는 것으로 여겨진다. 마지막으로, 내성 균주에 의한 rifampicin 불활성화 여부를 알아 본 결과 rifampicin이 불활성 화되지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 본 연구실에서 개발한 B. bifidum RFR11, RFR21 그리고 RFR61 균주들은 rifampicin에 내성이며, B.bifidum OFR9은 rifampicin과 ofloxacin에 이중 내성을 갖는 균주로서 모균주와 유사한 생화학적 특성을 갖는 우수한 정장 세균으로 여겨진다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.203-203
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• 1994

3) 결과 및 고찰 : 급성독성시험 : 대조군 및 G009투여군(최저 312.5mg/kg, 최고 5000mg/kg) 5용량에서 모두 사망예가 관찰되지 않았다 체중변화에 있어서도 대조군과 투여군 사이에 유의성 있는 차이는 없었다. 육안적 소견은 생존동물 모두에 약물에 기인한 내부장기의 이상이 관찰되지 않았다. 유전독성시험 : 마우스 골수세포를 이용한 소핵시험에서 약물 투여에 의한 어떠한 독성의 징후도 관찰되지 않았다. 포유류 배양세포를 이용한 염색체이상 시험에서 모든 농도에서 염색체 이상을 가진 세포의 출현빈도가 3% 이하로서 G009는 CHL세포에 대하여 염색체 이상유발성이 없었다. 살모넬라균을 이용한 복귀돌연변이 시험에서 투여군은 음성대조와 같은 정도 또는 그 이하의 복귀변이 집락수를 나타내었다.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.217-225
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the genotoxicity in comet and in vitro micronucleus assay and mutagenicity in Ames test of the extracts from leaves and stem of Morus alba L. The samples showed a very weak cytotoxicity on the NIH/3T3 cells by SRB assay. The cell viability of the extracts and fractions from leaves and stems of Morus alba L. was 80% over at $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, and that of the chloroform fractions from leaves and stems showed lower than others. The genotoxicity at $250\;{\mu}g/ml$ of 100% EtOH and water extracts on the NIH/3T3 cells in comet assay was about 40% compared to positive control, and most fractions from 100% EtOH extract of the leaves showed stronger genotoxicity than that offractions from the stem. The genotoxicity with S-9 mix in vitro micronucleus assay of the 100% EtOH and water extracts form Morus alba L. did not indicate any significant difference as compared with control group. The cytokinesis-binucleated cells were showed in the hexan, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol fractions from the extract of the leaves without S-9, and sample with S-9 showed CB cells in the chloroform fraction from the leaves. In the Ames test, the water and 100% ethanol extracts of Morus alba L. did not have a strong mutagenicity in TA98 and TA100, but the fractions of organic solvents of the ethanol extract had $10{\sim}26%$ of mutagenicity on the TA100 strain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.516-523
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• 2015

This study investigated the antimutagenic and anticancer effects of Platycodon grandiflorum extract (PGE) and its fractions against carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and genotoxicity. The Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test employing histidine mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 was used to examine the mutagenicity of PGE and its fractions. Bacterial reversion assay with S. Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 did not show a significantly increased number of revertant colonies. The same test was used to examine the ability of PGE and its fractions to prevent acquisition of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine- and 4-introquino-line-1-oxide-induced mutations. PGE and its fractions inhibited mutagenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate fraction from PGE (PGEA) exhibited a higher antimutagenic effect than other fractions. PGE and its fractions suppressed the growth of cancer cell lines, including human cervical adenocarcinoma, human hepatocellular carcinoma, human breast adenocarcinoma, human lung carcinoma, and transformed primary human embryonic kidney cells. In addition, we evaluated the antitumor activity of PGEA and its fractions in sacorma-180 solid tumor-bearing mice. In vivo anticancer activity results showed that PGE and its fractions could more effectively suppress tumor growth than the control. PGEA showed higher in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects than PGE and other fractions, and PGEA inhibited NDMA formation. Thus, we showed that PGEA has antimutagenic and anticancer activities, making it a candidate anticancer material under these experimental conditions.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.93-96
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• 2011

It has been shown that a nucleotide substitution at position 770 in Escherichia coli 16S rRNA, which is implicated in forming the evolutionary conserved B2c intersubunit bridge, has a detrimental effect on ribosome function. In order to isolate second-site revertants that complement ribosomes containing C770G, we performed a random mutagenesis of the 16S rRNA gene and selected clones that could produce more CAT protein translated by specialized ribosome. One of the clones contained two nucleotide substitutions at positions 569 and 904 (C569G and U904C) and these mutations partially complemented the loss of protein-synthesis ability caused by C770G. Further studies using the isolated revertant will provide information about which part of 16S rRNA is interacting with C770 and the consequence of the structure formed by these interactions in the process of protein synthesis.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2003

The genotoxicity of pendimethalin [N-(l-ethylpropyl)-2, 6-dinitro-3, 4-xylidine, C$\_$13/H$\_$19/N$_3$O$_4$, M.W.=281.3, CAS No. 40487-42-1], one of selective herbicide, was evaluated in bacterial gene mutation system, chromosome aberration in mammalian cell system and in vivo micronucleus assay with rodent. In bacterial gene mutation assay, pendimethalin revealed dose-dependent mutagenic potential in 313 ∼ 5,000 ${\mu}$g/plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 1537 both in the absence and presence of S-9 metabolic activation system, and TA 100 only in the absence of S-9 mixture. In the TA 1535, slight increase of revertant was also observed in the presence of S-9 metabolic activation system. No mutagenic potential was observed in the TA 1535 without metabolic activation system and TA l00 in the presence of S-9 mixture. In mammalian cell system using Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast, no clastogenicity of pendimethalin was observed both in the absence and presence of S-9 metabolic activation system in the concentration range of 2.32∼9.28 ${\mu}$g/ml. And also, in vivo bone marrow micronucleus assay, pendimethalin revealed no clastogenic potential in the dose range of 203∼810 mg/kg body weight after oral administration in mice. Consequently, in vitro chromosome aberration with mammalian cells and in vivo bone marrow micronucleus assay revealed no clastogenic potential of pendimethalin. However, pendimethalin revealed mutagenic potential in bacterial gene mutation assay.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.37-37
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• 1993

1) 급성독성시험: 랫드와 마우스 공히 투여후 5~6일에 농도의존적의 강한 독성이 발현 되었으며 표적장기로는 소화기계, 임파계, 조혈기계 등으로 나타났다. 랫드에서의 반수 치사량은 암수 각각 771.9(505.6~1178.4)mg/kg과 479.8(302.7~760.4)mg/kg이었으며 마우스에서는 암수 각각 527.4(393.7~701.1)mg/kg과 463.0(308.8~694.2)mg/kg 이었다. 2) 유전독성: S. typhimurium을 이용한 복귀돌연변이시험, CHL세포를 이용한 염색체이상 시험, 마우스에서의 소핵시험결과 DA-125는 돌연변이 유발능을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 3) 국소자극성: 혈관주위주사에 의한 피부자극성 시험결과 DA-125는 adriamycin의 3배 용량에서 궤양, 괴사등 유사한 병변이 유발되었으나, 병변회복은 adriamycin에 비해 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 또한 토끼에서의 안점막자극시험 결과에서 DA-125는 실제적으로 자극이 없는 것으로 나타났다.