• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.595-597
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• 2011

A 5-year-old, intact male Beagle was presented with chronic abdominal pain. The dog was diagnosed with dirofilariasis by positive heartworm antigen detection via ELISA and concurrent microfilaria. Thoracic radiographs revealed cardiomegaly with dilation of the main pulmonary artery. Echocardiography revealed the adult worms in the main pulmonary arteries, but other abnormalities other than heartworm infection were not present. To find the cause of the abdominal pain, exploratory laparoscopy was performed. Ectopic migrating adult heart worms were visualized through exploratory laparoscopy and the clinical sign resolved after removing the heart worm. This report describes removing the ectopic migrating adult heartworms using exploratory laparoscopy in the abdominal cavity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 1994

The present study was undertaken to assess the role of cytokines in the activation of peritoneal macrophages from Toxoplasma-infected mice. Peritoneal macrophages from Toxoplasma-infected mice (10 cysts of Beverley strain/mouse) were harvested 8 weeks after infection, and incubated with the mitogen-induced lymphokine, recombinant mouse $interferon-{\gamma}(IFN-{\gamma})$, recombinant mouse tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}{\;}(TNF-{\alpha})$ alone or in combination with 4$IFN-{\gamma}(IFN-{\gamma}/TNF-{\alpha})$ for 24hr at 37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$. Macrophage activation was measured by the amount of $H_20_2{\;}and{\;}N0_2^{-}$ production, and antiToxoplasma activities of macrophages. $IFN-{\gamma}{\;}or{\;}IFN-{\gamma}/TNF-{\alpha}-treated$ macrophages from Toxoplasma-infected mice revealed significantly higher $H_20_2$ production than resident macrophages from Toxoplasma-infected mice. The production of $N0_2^{-}{\;}by{\;}TNF-{\alpha}-,{\;}IFN-{\gamma}-{\;}or{\;}IFN-{\gamma}/TNF-{\alpha}-treated$ macrophages from Toxoplasma-infected mice were significantly higher than that by resident macrophages, whereas lymphokine-treated group produced similar amount as that produced by resident macrophages. Anti-Toxoplasma activities of cytokinetreated macrophages from Toxoplasma-infected mice were Significantly higher than those of resident macrophages. $IFN-{\gamma}-treated$ macrophages were significantly increased production of $H_20_2{\;}and{\;}N0_2^{-}$, and anti-Toxoplasma activities of macrophages between normal and Toxoplasma-infected mice, whereas the other cytokine-treated groups were not significant differences between them. These data suggested that IFN-{\gamma}was the only one of cytokines capable of significantly activating the peritoneal macrophages from Toxoplasmainfected mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1987

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of peritoneal exudate cells in the transfer of immunity against the liver cuke, Clonorchis sinensis in the inbred BALB/c mice. Ten donor mice were divided into 2 groups. One group consisted of 5 mice was infected orally with 20 metacercariae of C. siitensis, and the other group was injected intraperitoneally with 20 excysted larvae. Thirty days after immunization, the peritoneal exudate cells tore obtained from the donor mice. Twenty recipient mice were divided into 4 equal groups for the purpose of primary immunization. The mice of Group I were injected intraperitoneally with $2{\times}10^6$ peritoneal exudate cells of the donor mice infected orally, those of Group II were injected intraperitoneally with $2{\times}10^6$ peritoneal exudate cells of the donor mice injected intraperitoneally. Those of Group III were injected orally with 20 metacercariae of C. sinensis. The group IV mice served as controls. Four days after the primary iMmunization all recipient mice were challenged orally with 20 metacercariae of C. sinensis, and then killed 30 days after the challenging infection. When the peritoneal exudate cells were injected into the recipient mice, pronounced reduction in eggs per gram of the feces was found in the mice o( Group I and Group II, but no reduction in those of Group III. In the worm burdens of C. sinensis, the number of flukes found in the mice of Group II was only significantly less than those in the control group (IV). In addition the number of plaque forming cells per spleen in the mice of Group II was found larger than those in Group I. It is likely that donor peritoneal exudate cells transferred to the recipients might result in the production of relative immunity.

• 보건세계
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• v.47 no.1 s.521
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• pp.12-15
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• 2000

HIV 감염자가 병원에 입원하며 의사가 가장 먼저 생각하는 일은 어떤 기회감염으로 이런 증상을 갖게 되었을까 하는 것이다. 생각할 수 있는 병도 많고 생각해야 할 병도 많지만 그 중에서도 가장 먼저 떠올리게 되는 것이 결핵이 아닌가 한다. 우선 빈도면에서 비교적 흔하고, 임상증상도 정상인과 같지 않은 점이 많아서 혼돈을 일으키는 경우가 많다. 림프종을 생각할 만큼 크고 빠르게 자란 목의 덩어리도 조직검사를 하면 결핵성 림프절염인 경우가 있고 복강내 림프절이 커지거나 뇌막염을 일으키기도 한다. 결핵약으로 치료를 하는 경우에도 해열되는데 기간이 많이 필요하고 치료 도중에 약화되는 경험을 하기도 하였다. 우리나라에서 발표된 보고에서도 서울대학교에서 발표한 173명의 환자들에서 가장 흔한 기회감염은 결핵이었다. 25$\%$의 환자에서 결핵이 발생하였으며, 환자 100명당 1년 동안의 결핵 발생률은 9.6이었다. 면역부전이 진행할수록 이 빈도는 증가한다고 보고한 바 있다. 따라서 HIV감염자를 관리, 치료하는 경우에는 결핵에 대한 충분한 이해가 필요한데 얼마전 New England Journal of Medicine에 HIV감염자에서의 결핵이라는 제목으로 발표된 자료가 있어 이를 정리하였다. 여러모로 도움이 되는 내용이지만 우리나라에서 사용할 수 있는 약제에 한계가 있고 BCG예방접종을 하기 때문에 피부반응 검사로 결핵발생을 예측하기도 어렵다는 점을 고려하면 모든 내용이 우리나라의 현실에 적용되는 것은 아니다.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 1972

To grow Myocbacterium leprae in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages, studies were made with trypsin-purified Myco. laprae on 1) the dynamics of infection of mouse peritonal macrophages in vivo with Myco. leprae by intraperitoneal inoculation, 2) growth experiment of Myco. leprae in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages by in vivo infection and in vitro cultivation and 3) the observation of pathological changes in spleens of mice induced by intraperitoneal inoculation of Myco. leprae. Results are summarized as follows; 1. Continuing and significant decreases were observed in the numbers of both acid-fast bacilli in cultured macrophage and of macrophages harboring.acid-fast bacilli by the length of inter vats between the time of intraperitoneal inoculation of Myco. leprae and the time of initiation of macrophage culture. 2. No evidence of multiplication of Myco. leprae in the peritoneal macrophages in vivo was found up to 5 months after intraperitoneal inoculation. 3. With cultures of macrophages made 24 hours and 1 week after intraperitoneal inoculation of Myco. leprae and maintained in vitro up to 2 to 3 months, microscopic examination of the stained preparations of cultured macrophages indicated that an apparent increase in the number of acid-fast bacilli in the macrophages did occur. 4. Quantitative experiment with in vivo infected-in vitro cultured macrophages revealed certain features of increase in the number of total acid-fast bacilli in the cultured macrophages 7 and 9 weeks after initiation of the cultures. 5. Pathological changes in the spleens mice inoculated with Myco. leprae were of mainly degenerative nature in the red pulp. No multiplication of Myco. leprae was observed in the spleens of mice up to 5 months after intraperitoneal inoculation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.240-240
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• 1996

Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis 및 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 의한 mouse 복강내감염증에 대하여 DA-1131은 IPM/CS와 MEPM/CS에 비하여 현저히 우수한 치료효과를 나타내었다. 백혈구감소 mouse에서의 P. aeruginosa에 의한 복강내감염증에 대하여도 DA-1131은 IPM/CS와 MEPM 및 MEPM/CS보다 동등 이상의 우수한 치료효과를 나타내었다. K. pneumoniae를 감염균으로 한 mouse 호흡기감염 후 생존율 평가 시험에서 DA-1131 투여 mouse는 IPM/CS 및 MEPM/CS에 비하여 현저히 우수한 생존율을 나타내었고, 동시에 MEPM/CS와 유사한 폐내 생균수의 감소 pattern이 확인되었으며, IPM/CS에 비하여 균의 재증식을 억제하는 효과가 우수하였다. P. mirabilis에 의한 mouse 요로감염증에서는 DA-1131 투여군의 신장내 생균수감소는 MEPM/CS와 동등한 수준인 것으로 나타났으나 IPM/CS에 비하여는 매우 우수하였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 1997

Tachyzoite antigens of Toxoplosnc gondii (RH) were partially purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. The cultivated ToxopLusmc in uiuo (mouse) and in nitro (Hep-2 cell) and peritoneal fluid of T. Bondii infected mice were collected for antigen analy- sis. Tachyzoite antigens collected from infected mouse showed positive bands of 76 kDa, 70 kDa,64 kDa, 53 kDa, 46 kDa, 44 kDa, 41 kDa, 35 kDa, 25 kDa, 18 kDa, and 13 kDa on immunoblot with anti-Toxoplcsmn rabbit sera, and those from infected Hep-2 cells revealed reactive bands of 70 kDa,64 kDa,53 kDa,35 kDa,28 kDa, and 13-10 kDa. After applying to an IgG-Sepharose column, two elusion peaks, E-1 and I-2 fractions, were obtained from both soluble antigen of T. gondii and the peritoneal fluid of infected mice, respectively. Immunoblots of soluble antigen with immunized rabbit sera revealed positive bands of 97 kDa, 63 kDa, 53 kDa and 35 kDa from I-1 fraction and 53 kDa and 35 kDa from I-2. In the case of the eluted peaks from mice peritoneal fluid, E-1 showed protein bands of 84 kDa,76 kDa,53 kDa and 29 kDa bands and 53 kDa and 45 kDa from I-2 on immunoblots. Serum IgG antibody titer of mice immunized with T gonnii tachyzoites was increased on 1 week after booster immunization when analysed by ELISA using crude antigen, while it was elevated on 3 weeks after booster immunization by ELISA using puri- fied antigen.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.175-186
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• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the qualitative immunologic changes by ionizing radiation. we studied the altered capacities of the macrophages and lymphocytes to produce cytokines in conjunction with resistance to Listeria monocytegenes (LM) infection in mice Materials and Methods : BALB/c mice and Listeria monocytogenes were used. The mice were infected intraperitoneally with $10^5LM$ at 1 day after irradiation (300cGy) and sacrificed at 1, 3, 5 days after infection, and then the numbers of viable LM per spleen in the irradiated and control group were counted. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-\alpha$), interferon-gamma ($IFN-\gamma$). interleukin-2 (IL-2), and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed after irradiation. Results : Under gamma-ray irradiation with a dose range of 100-850cGy, the number of total splenocytes decreased markedly in a dose-dependent manner, while peritoneal macrophages did so slightly Cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more $TNF-\alpha$ in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation, but their capacity of $TNF-\alpha$ Production showed a decreased tendency at 5 days after in vivo total body irradiation. With 100cGy and 300cGy irradiation, cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more NO in the presence of LPS during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation than without irradiation. Activated splenocytes from irradiated mice (300cGy) exhibited a decreased capacity to Produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ with Concavalin-A stimulation at 3 days after irradiation. When BALB/c mice were irradiated to the total body with a dose of 300cGy, they showed enhanced resistance during early innate phase, but a significant inhibition of resistance to LM was found in the late innate and acquired T-cell dependent phases. Conclusion : These results su99es1 that increased early innate and decreased late innate and acquired immunity to LM infection by ionizing radiation (300cGy) may be related to the biphasic altered capacity of the macrophages to produce $TNF-\alpha$ and the decreased capacities of the lymphocytes to produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ in addition to a marked decrease in the total number of cells.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 1995

This study aims to assess the possible strain-dependent variations in detection of ToxopLosmn antigens and antibodies. The virulent RH strain or avirulent Beverley strain of T gondii were injected into mice, intraperitoneally, and their antigens, antibodies and parasites were identified from the blood or tissues: liver, brain and spleen by ELISA, Western blot and PCR. In mice infected with RH strain, circulating antigens and parasitemia were first detected from 2 days after infection, and ToxopIasma DNA were found in the blood, liver, brain and spleen from 3 days after infection. It was impossible to detect specific IgM and IgG antibodies to T gondij and any specific band was not found by Western blot. In mice infected with Beverley strain, circulating antigens were detected between day 10 and day 35. The Toxoplusma DNA was found in the blood and liver from day 15 until day 60, and in the brain from day 20. But Toxoplosma DNA in the spleen were mainly detected between day 10 and day 30. The IgM antibodies were first appeared on day 10 post-infection, and were noted obviously increased between day 15 and 25. The IgG antibodies were first detected on day 15, and showed progressively increased titers. The antibody binding bands were specific according to infection period. Sera from mice infected with Beverley strain reacted mainly with the antigen of 27.5-kDa and 32.5-kDa. In conclusion, mice infected with RH strain revealed Toxoplosma antigens strongly, but not antibodies. However. mice infected with Beverley strain revealed both the Toxoplasma antigens and antibodies. The present results showed that immune responses are different between avirulent and virulent T gonnii.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1991

An in vitro immune effector mechanism against the target encysted metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani was demonstrated in the rat system. Peritoneal exudate cells, mainly macrophages from normal rats, showed adherence to and killing of encysted metacercariae of p. westermani in the presence of complement-independent serum from rats infected with Paragonimus metacercariae. These reactions were specific for the excysted metacercariae, as tissue-migrating juvenile worms were not affected. Damage of encysted metacercariae of p. westermani due to antibody and macrophages was assessed by morphological observation, by cell adherence reaction and by the use of vital dyes. frypan blue dye exclusion proved to be a reliable indicator of judging metacercarial viability. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that macrophages reacted with fusty material on the tegumental surface and fine structures in the syncytium of the parasites. The tubular tunnels formed between the basement membrane and muscle layers of the damaged parasites were also noticeable. The relevance of these findings to cellular immunity in the early paragonimiasis was discussed.