• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.115-123
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory properties of root bark extract of Cudrania (C.) tricuspidata on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in macrophages of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (ApoE^-/-) mice, murine model of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease. C. tricuspidata is a small tree of the Moraceae family and its extract has anti-inflammatory activities. However, its role in the progress of atherosclerosis is not yet clear. To determine anti-inflammatory effects of C. tricuspidata in atherogenesis, we applied LPS in peritoneal macrophages of ApoE^-/- mice and measured cell viability by CCK-8 and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by qRT-PCR following treatment with root bark extract of C. tricuspidata. Research data was expressed as differences between the cells treated with LPS and root bark extract and the cells treated with LPS alone (control) by a two-tailed non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test using GraphPad Instat program. No cytotoxic effect was observed when the cells were treated with the extract at concentrations ≤ 100 ㎍/mL. The expression of inflammatory cytokines, including MCP-1, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6 were inhibited by the extract. These results indicated that the extract has an anti-inflammatory effect and therefore a possible role in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.520-524
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• 2002

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Stachys Sieboldii MIQ as a new natural antitumor agent or immunomodulator. To obtain the above objectives, Stachys sieboldii MIQ was extracted with ethanol. Stachys sieboldii MIQ accelerated mouse spleen cell growth, but inhibited FM3A/S°-cell growth. However, no significant difference was found for CD4+ / CD8+ cells. The growth rates of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were accelerated more than those normal mouse group. Stachys sieboldii MIQ fed mice showed a significant enhancement of IL-2 receptor expression, increased numbers of CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. Stachys sieboldii MIQ also stimulated the production of NO by peritoneal macrophages and the production of NO by and the growth of mouse spleen cells. On the other hand, lung localization of Bl6Fl0 melanoma cells was inhibited by ethanol extract of Stachys sieboldii MIQ. These results show that Stachys sieboldii MIQ is a useful new functional antitumor agent or immunomodulator.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.510-517
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• 2002

Effects of wheat arabinoxylan on mouse spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages were examined in vitro. Among three wheat arabinoxylans (A1: low MW, A2: medium MW, A3: high MW), A3$(50{\sim}100\;{\mu}g/mL)$ increased the viability of spleen lymphocytes up to $114{\sim}125%$ of the control. A1 and A3 $(20\;{\mu}g/mL)$ increased the viability of lipopolysaccharide-treated lymphocytes synergistically. Viability of murine peritoneal macrophages treated with wheat arabinoxylans $(10{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL)$ was increased up to $135{\sim}175%$ of the control. The cytotoxic activity of macrophages against murine lymphocytic leukemic cell increased in the presence of wheat arabinoxylan. Phagocytic index of macrophages treated with wheat arabinozylans $(20\;{\mu}g/mL)$ significantly increased $197{\sim}232%$ compared with the control, and lysosomal phosphatase and myeloperoxidase activities also increased significantly (p<0.05). Treatment of wheat arabinoxylans tended to decrease nitrite production, but significantly stimulated $H_2O_2\;and\;O_2$ productions of macrophages (p<0.05). These results indicate that the immunostimulating effect of wheat arabinoxylan may be closely related with lysosomal enzyme activity and reactive oxygen intermediate production of macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.68-72
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• 2014

The effect of cordycepin purified from Cordyceps militaris on macrophage activation was investigated in peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57BL6 mice. Lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse peritoneal cells showed that cordycepin treatment increased the expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), leading to early inflammation-mediated reactions, the activation of immunological responses, and T lymphocyte activation. T lymphocytes, activated by a greater production of IL-6, resulted in antibody-generating immune reactions, suggesting that cordycepin was effective at inducing immunological responses. Consistent with the increase in the inflammation-mediating factors including nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), the toxic response of macrophages was activated and effectively induced inflammation. These findings demonstrate that cordycepin is involved in reducing cell injury provoked by inflammatory reactions. Therefore, these results suggest that cordycepin treatment of mouse peritoneal cells induces inflammation-mediated immunological responses and immunostimulation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.779-788
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• 2013

This study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet on macrophage immunocompetence in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 male mice (4 weeks aged, n=16) were divided into two groups. HD groups fed high-fat diet (45% of fat) and ND groups fed chow diet (10% of fat). Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from each mouse intra-peritoneal by sterile lavage method. Macrophage were stimulated with $1{\mu}g/ml$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hr. Body weight was significantly increased by high-fat diet. Macrophage phagocytosis of HD was significantly lower than that of ND. After 24 hr of LPS stimulation, NO, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ production of HD were significantly lower than those of ND. There were no significant differences in the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-12 between HD and ND. These findings suggest that high fat diet-induced obesity is associated with decreased Immunocompetence and antigen-stimulated sensitivity of peritoneal macrophage, and lower production of NO, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ may contribute to these changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2005

Houttuynia cordata THNUB (He; Uh-Sung-Cho) is a medicinal plant which has been widely used as a component of blood-building decoctions. This study was performed to investigate the immunomodulative effect of He in mice. In vitro experiment, the mice splenocytes proliferation and three kinds of cytokines (IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF- $\alpha$) production by mice peritoneal macrophages cultured with six (methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water) fractions of He were used to indicate the immunomodulative effect. Ex vivo experiment, the different concentrations of He water extract was orally administrated every other day for two weeks. The production of cytokines IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF- $\alpha$) secreted by activated macrophages and the mice splenocytes proliferation were used as an index for the immunocompetence. The supplementation of all six fractions of He enhanced the splenocytes proliferation at the level of 6.58$\pm$1.23∼47.82$\pm$5.48 compared to that of control in the range of 1∼50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. IL-1$\beta$ production was significantly increased with the supplementation of chloroform and water extract of He. Higher level of IL-6 production was detected by the supplementation of ethylacetate, butanol and water extract. TNF - $\alpha$ production was enhanced by the supplementation of all six fractions of He. From the ex vivo study, the highest proliferation of splenocytes was seen from the mice orally administrated with the He water extract at the concentration of 500 mg/kg bw In case of cytokines production, IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, and TNF- $\alpha$ release by activated peritoneal macrophages were augmented by the oral administration of He water extract. These results indicated that He may enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocytes proliferation and cytokines production capacity in mice.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.175-186
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• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the qualitative immunologic changes by ionizing radiation. we studied the altered capacities of the macrophages and lymphocytes to produce cytokines in conjunction with resistance to Listeria monocytegenes (LM) infection in mice Materials and Methods : BALB/c mice and Listeria monocytogenes were used. The mice were infected intraperitoneally with $10^5LM$ at 1 day after irradiation (300cGy) and sacrificed at 1, 3, 5 days after infection, and then the numbers of viable LM per spleen in the irradiated and control group were counted. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-\alpha$), interferon-gamma ($IFN-\gamma$). interleukin-2 (IL-2), and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed after irradiation. Results : Under gamma-ray irradiation with a dose range of 100-850cGy, the number of total splenocytes decreased markedly in a dose-dependent manner, while peritoneal macrophages did so slightly Cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more $TNF-\alpha$ in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation, but their capacity of $TNF-\alpha$ Production showed a decreased tendency at 5 days after in vivo total body irradiation. With 100cGy and 300cGy irradiation, cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more NO in the presence of LPS during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation than without irradiation. Activated splenocytes from irradiated mice (300cGy) exhibited a decreased capacity to Produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ with Concavalin-A stimulation at 3 days after irradiation. When BALB/c mice were irradiated to the total body with a dose of 300cGy, they showed enhanced resistance during early innate phase, but a significant inhibition of resistance to LM was found in the late innate and acquired T-cell dependent phases. Conclusion : These results su99es1 that increased early innate and decreased late innate and acquired immunity to LM infection by ionizing radiation (300cGy) may be related to the biphasic altered capacity of the macrophages to produce $TNF-\alpha$ and the decreased capacities of the lymphocytes to produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ in addition to a marked decrease in the total number of cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 1995

기생충감영시 cytokine으로 활성화된 대식세포가 방어기전의 Effector cell로 작용할 때 분비하는 nitric oxide의 양 및 TNF-$\alpha$ 와 IFN-$\gamma$의 분비정도와 nitric oxide와의 상관관계 등을 알아보기 위하여 3종의 흡충류, Fasciola, paragonimus, Schistosma의 조항원 (100mg/ml)을 마우스 복강내에 주사　 후 24시간, 72시간, 9일간격으로 마우스의 대식세포(1X10$^{6}$/ml)를 분리하여 RPMI 배지 (10% FCS 첨가)에서 48시간 배양후 Nitric TNF-$\alpha$ 및 IFN-$\gamma$를 ELISA로 정량하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Nitrite 생성정도는 Fasciola 조항원으로 24시간 감작시킨 대식세포에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 (140$\mu$M/ml) Paragonimus 항원군에서는 24시간에 최고치에 달하였다가(34 $\mu$M/ml) 시간이 경과함에 따라 점차 감소하였다. IFN-$\gamma$는 Paragonimus 항원군에서만 대조군에 비해 높았으며 9일경에 최고치를 보였다(475ng/ml). TNF-$\alpha$는 Schistosoma 항원군에서는 nitric oxide의 생성과 분비 양상이 일치하였다. 위의 결과에 의하면, 흡충류항원으로 감작된 마우스 대식세포의 nitric oxide 생성에 영향을 미치는 cytokine의 종류는 흥충류에 따라 차이를 보였으며, 이 중 Paragonimus 항원에 의해서는 IFN-$\gamma$의 분비가 촉진되는 것으로 나타났고, Schistosoma 의 경우에는 TNF-$\alpha$가 nitric oxide의 생성에 관계함을 알 수 있었다.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 1998

In the present study, We have tested the potential effects of ginseng saponin fractions on macrophage chemotaxis and intracellular calcium and F-actin mobilization. Peritoneal macrophages treated with various ginseng saponin fractions showed 28.4% to 71% of increasement of chemotaxis as compared with untreated cells. The activity of intracelluar calcium mobilization was increased up to 65% by treatment with saponins, and F-actin content also increased 10% in the cells loaded with NBD-phallacidin. When the cells were activated with calcium of PMA and treated with saponin fractions, the intracelluar F-actin content increased significantly and prolonged for 2 minutes. These results suggest that ginseng saponin fractions might be a chemoattractants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.306-313
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• 2017

Purple bamboo salt (PuBS) is commonly used as a medicinal food in Korea and has beneficial potentials such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Rubus coreanus is called Bokbunja, which is used as a traditional medicine for treating asthma, impotence, and allergic diseases in Korea. The aim of present study was to investigate the immunostimulatory effect of PuBS composed with Rubus coreanus (PuBS-R). We performed comparative analysis between PuBS and PuBS-R in Raw264.7 cells, which is a mouse macrophage cell line, and peritoneal macrophages isolated primarily from the mouse peritoneal cavity. We evaluated cytotoxicity and the immune cytokine response in PuBS- and PuBS-R-treated cells. Both PuBS and PuBS-R did not have any cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 cells up to $500{\mu}g/mL$. Gene and protein levels of immune cytokines such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$), interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-12 were significantly elevated by PuBS-R more than PuBS in Raw264.7 cells. Moreover, we evaluated the immunostimulatory effects of PuBS-R on mouse primary peritoneal macrophages. Protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-10, and IL-12 were significantly higher in PuBS-R-treated peritoneal macrophages than PuBS-treated peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest the potential immunostimulatory effect of PuBS-R for immunity against harmful infection.