• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.189-197
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• 2008

Purpose: Peritoneal lavage cytology is regarded as a useful diagnostic test for detecting intraperitoneal micrometastsis. However, there are currently no reports about cytological examination with $ThinPrep^{(R)}$ (CY), a newly introduced fluid-based diagnostic system, in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC). This study was performed to analyze the clinical significance of intraoperative peritoneal lavage for CY in AGC patients. Materials and Methods: 424 AGC patients were suspected to have serosal exposure macroscopically during surgery and they underwent intraoperative peritoneal lavage for CY between 2001 and 2006 at Korea Cancer Center Hospital. The clinical data, pathological data and CY results were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results: The percentage of cytology positive results was 31.1%, and this was well correlated with the T-stage, N-stage and P-stage. The 3-year survival rates of CY0 and CY1 were 68.1% and 25.9%, respectively. According to the P-stage and CY, the 3-year survival rates were 71.1% in P0CY0, 38.9% in P0CY1, 38.5% in P1/2/3CY0 and 11.0% in P1/2/3CY1. Interestingly, both the P0CY1 and P1/2/3CY0 survival curves were similar figures, but they were significantly different from those of the other groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that CY was an independent, strong prognostic factor for survival, as well as sex, the T-stage, N-stage, P-stage, other metastasis and the serum CEA. CY1 was revealed as a risk factor for peritoneal recurrence in the curative resection group. Conclusion: The results certify indirectly that cytological examination using $ThinPrep^{(R)}$ is a very reliable diagnostic method for detecting intraperitoneal micrometastasis from the fact that it is not only a strong prognostic factor, but it is also a risk factor for peritoneal recurrence in AGC patients. Therefore intraoperative peritoneal lavage should be included in the routine intraoperative staging workup for AGC, and its result will provide a good target for the treatment of peritoneal micrometastasis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.324-330
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• 2009

This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of poloxamer/sodium alginate mixture(PX/SA) barriers on prevention of post-operative peritoneal adhesion in dogs. Fifteen mongrel dogs were divided into three experimental groups: non-treated group, 2% Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) treated group and PX/SA treated group. In order to induce adhesions, the anti-mesenteric serosa of the ileum was exteriorized and then abraded in a standard manner by scraping with a scalpel blade to create homogeneous petechial hemorrhagic surface over a 1 ${\times}$ 1 cm area. Solution of SCMC was allowed to spread across the intraperitoneal organs through a catheter using a syringe. PX/SA was simply coated over the abraded tissues. On day before and day 1, 4, 7, and 14 after operation, venous blood specimens were collected for measurement of RBC, total WBC and fibrinogen. The adhesions were blindly assessed 3 weeks later by using a computerized tensiometer. The RBC, total WBC and fibrinogen values of three groups showed no statistical significances. The mean tensile strength(gram force, gf) of formed adhesions on day 21 after surgery was 173.05${\pm}$113.48 in the non-treated group, 111.42 ${\pm}$ 38.25 in the SCMC group, and 69.00 ${\pm}$ 45.07 in the PX/SA group. The tensile strength values for adhesion seperation in PX/SA group was lower than those in SCMC group(p < 0.05) and significantly lower than those in the non-treated group(p < 0.05). Our data suggested that PX/SA should be effective on reducing peritoneal adhesion formation in dogs compared with SCMC. PX/SA may be applicable to preventing post-operative intraperitoneal adhesion in dogs.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2006

To evaluate the effects of ingestion of alcoholic drinks on the toxicities of industrial compounds, cyclohexane (CH) was intraperitoneally administrated to rats (1.56g/kg body weight), which had been ingested 15% ethanol for up to 6 weeks,4 times by once a day and every other day. Following the last treatment of ethanol or CH, blood and liver tissues were collected after 4 hours prior to sacrifice of animals. By the injection of CH, liver weight (% of body weight) and xanthine oxidase activity in serum were increased, and glucose-6-phasphatase (G6P) activity in liver was decreased compared to them of control group. The activities of CH metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase (CYPdAH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), were significantly increased by injection of CH, and those activities were the highest in CH-injected group after pretreated with alcohol. Ultrastructurally. both of alcohol treatment and CH injection induced transforming into the smooth-endoplasmic reticulum from rough-endoplasmic reticulum, the those rate was the highest in case of CH-injection after pretreated with alcohol. From these results, it is suggested that alcohol intake on a level without alcoholic degeneration of hepatocytes could enhance the CH metabolism of liver.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was aimed at evaluating the diagnostic validity of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer cells by performing multiple genetic marker analysis via quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in gastric cancer cell lines and gastric cancer tissues. Materials and Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 12 human gastric cancer cell lines and 10 gastric cancer tissues with four mRNAs of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Cytokeratin 20 (CK20), dopa decarboxylase (DDC), and L-3-phosphoserine phosphatase (L3PP). Results: Out of the 12 human gastric cancer cell lines we tested, CEA was overexpressed in four cell lines (33%), CK20 in one (8%), DDC in six (50%) and L3PP was expessed in all the lines (100%). Out of the 10 gastric cancer tissues we tested, CEA was overexpressed in nine tissues, CK20 in eight, DOC in nine and L3PP was overexpressed in all the tissues. L3PP was overexpressed in all the gastric cancer cell lines and tissues, but the levels of overexpression were lower than those of CEA and DDC. Conclusion: Multiple genetic marker analysis can compensate for the weak points of single marker analysis when testing gastric cancer, and three mRNAs of CEA, DDC and L3PP can be used as candidate genes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 2000

This study aims to demonstrate the effect of squalene (SQ), one of the natural chelator, on the ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver caused by $CdCl_2$. A total of 40 healthy ICR that weighted 30 gm $({\pm}2gm)$ was used for experiment. The experimental group was divided into two groups; group A and B. The group A administrated $CdCl_2$ (4.0 mg/kg) to the intraperitoneal. The group B administrated $CdCl_2$ (4.0 mg/kg) to the intraperitoneal treated with SQ (180 mg/kg, 2 time/day). Each group was observed at 24, 48, 72, 96 hours after injected $CdCl_2$. The results were as follows: 1. Group A Nuclear membrane was observed very irregular at the 24 hours and keep rounded-shape from 48 hours. Mitochondria were observed destruction of inner cavity to the 72 hours and some showed inner cavity destruction at 96 hours. RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) showed the dilation of inner cavity all the around and reformed typical lamellae from 72 hours. Lysosome were observed in the cytoplasm from 24 hours. From 72 hours, glycogen showed over cytoplasm. 2. Group B Nuclear membrane was observed regular at overall the time. Mitochondria showed normal shapes (round, rod) at overall the time. To 48 hours, inner cavity of rER dilated and destructed lamellae. But from 72 hours, observed typical lamellae of rER Lysosome were observed from 24 hours. And glycogen showed from 24 hours. These results suggest that squalene attenuates the toxic effect of the $CdCl_2$ in the mouse liver.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.276-284
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• 2005

Backgraound : There have been many reports on the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) but, the precise mechanism has not been elucidated. This study examined the protective effect of an inhibition of platelet activating factor(PAF) remodeling and the adhesion molecule on the oxidative stress of the lungs in rats with an endotoxin induced acute lung injury(ALI). Methods : ALI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by instilling an E-coli endotoxin into the trachea. Ketotifen and fucoidan were used respectively to inhibit PAF remodeling and adhesion molecule. The lung leak index, lung myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity, bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) fluid neutrophil count and lyso PAF acetyltransferase activity(AT), were measured and an ultrastructural study and cytochemical electron microscopy were performed. Results : The lung leak index, lung MPO activity, BAL fluid neutrophil count and lyso PAF AT activity was higher in the endotoxin-treated rats. In addition, severe destruction of the pulmonary architecture and increased hydrogen peroxide production were identified. These changes were reversed by ketotifen. However, fucoidan did not appear to have any protective effects. Conclusion : The inhibition of PAF remodeling appeared to be effective in decreasing the endotoxin-induced ALI. In addition, this effect might be derived from the inhibition of neutrophilic oxidative stress. However, the inhibition of the adhesion molecules by fucoidan appeared to be ineffective in decreasing the endotoxin-induced ALI.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.421-429
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• 2003

Purpose : Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used to treat cancer patients as adjunct treatment, but if the microvascular tissue transfer is performed simulataneously with cancer resection surgery, the induction chemotherapy might affect the survival rate of vascularized free flap. Our study will focus on the effect of induction chemotherapy on the free flaps which were made on white rat abdomen after injection of 5-FU. Materials and Methods: The experimental rat groups were divided into three groups (total 24 rats) as a normal control group, 24 hrs group after 5-FU injection, 3 days group after 5-FU injection. Inferior abdominal island flaps of 8 Sprague Dawley rats on each group were made and immediately were induced into an ischemic state by clamping the supplying inferior epigastric artery and vein with microvascular clamp for a hour to induce a similiar free flap circumstance, then the inferior abdominal skin flaps were reperfused by releasing the clamps. The flaps on abdomen were repositioned and sutured. The experimental data for flap survival rate was collected by digital photo taking, analysed by computer image program to compare with the flap luminosity. The rats were sacrificed at 3 days, 5 days, 7 days after flap preparation and specimens of the flap were taken and stained with H-E staining. The microscopic finding was made under magnification of 200 and 400. Results: 1. Gross findings on each groups showed the healing condition was good as following sequences; normal, 24 hrs group after chemotherapy, 3 days group after chemotherpy. 2. The values of flap luminosity for evaluation of flap survival rate also showed the same sequences as gross findings of healing state. 3. The microscopic findings of epidermis necrosis, inflammation state, dermis fibrosis, vessel change, fatty tissue layer thinning were compared with each group. The 3 days group after chemotherapy showed remarkably poor healing condition compared to other groups. Conclusion: Chemotherapy agents affected the healing process of free flap, but healing condition was recovered spontaneously as post-injection periods passed out. In opposite to our expectation, 3 days group showed the bad flap condition in comparing with 24 hours group which was considered as immatured body circulation state of chemotherapy agent. It showed that 3 weeks in human being after chemotherapy was not proper as timing of microvascular tissue transfer if 3 days group in rat was considered as same healing period of 3 weeks in human being. More delayed healing timing than 3 weeks might be required in clinical application of free tissue transfer.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2006

Purpose: The prognosis for patients with a Borrmann type IV gastric cancer is extremely poor despite an aggressive surgical approach. We evaluated the clinicopathological features for Borrmann type IV cancers to find treatment strategy. Materials and Methods: The 1098 patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent surgical resection between 1990 and 2001 were analyzed. These patients were divided into two groups: 81 patients with a Borrmann type IV carcinoma, and 1017 patients with all other types of gastric carcinomas. Results: Patients with a Borrmann type IV carcinoma were younger than those with other types, and female was prevalent (p=0.000). Of the patients with a Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma, 68 patients (84%) were classified as stage III or IV at the initial diagnosis. The histologic type was commonly undifferentiated and serosal infiltration; nodal involvement and lymphatic invasion were more frequent in patients with a Borrmann type IV than in those with other types of cancer. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the extent of lymph node metastasis was a negative prognostic factor for Borrmann type IV gastric carcinomas. The curability for a Borrmann type IV carcinoma was only 53.1%, and peritoneal dissemination rate was 25.9%. The predominant pattern of recurrence for a Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma was peritoneal dissemination, and it was significantly different with other types (93.1% vs 55.8%, P<0.05). The 5-year survival rate of patients with a Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma was significantly lower than those of patients with other types of cancer, even though a curative resection had been accomplished (26% vs 63%, p<0.005). The 5-year survival rates of patients with a Borrmann type IV carcinoma following a curative resection were 44.9%, 24%, and 0% for stages II, III and IV, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: Because the prognosis for patients of a Borrmann type IV gastric cancer is extremely poor despite a curative resection, preoperative and/or intraperitoneal chemotherapy should be considered. And diagnostic laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology may be used to play an important role in accurate staging workup. (J Korean Gastric Cancer Assoc 2006;6:97-102)