• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.305-323
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• 2016

The scope of umbrella clause is very important because it is possible to extend or reduce the range of protection of the investment. Umbrella clause stipulated in the majority of BIT is often controversial, since there is no established criteria for the scope. So, this study considered ICSID arbitration cases related to the scope of umbrella clause. There are two different approaches for the scope of umbrella clause by arbitral tribunals. First, all of the disputes on the investment contract elevated to the disputes on the BIT. And umbrella clause can be applied that the host state entered into investment contract not only as a sovereign but also as a merchant. Second, all of the claims on the investment contract don't elevate to the claims on the BIT. Umbrella clause can be applied only if the host state violates the protected investment contractual rights and obligation under the BIT. And umbrella clause can be applied that the host state entered into investment contract as a sovereign but not as a merchant. Therefore, this study suggests to concretely specify the scope of umbrella clause under the BIT. And it is necessary to improve predictability by establishing continual database of the scope of umbrella clause and to prepare for investment disputes related to the scope of umbrella clause.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.213-236
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• 2017

World trade has entered a stagnant state, protection trade measures are spread due to delayed economic recovery in developed countries, sluggish investment in emerging economies such as China, economic recession in resource exporting countries, and geopolitical and political uncertainties along with the election period in the US and other major industrialized countries. Thus, in the economic structure of our country with a focus on export, for small and medium enterprises to grow, efforts for having various markets are necessary. The importance of the trade insurance system, which can support the risk management of enterprises, is emphasized by the fact that the majority of SME exporters have a risk management level and a lack of corporate capacity to enter the global market. This study was surveyed with 87 small and medium export companies in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to verify the effect relationship how service quality of trade insurance and utilization of trade insurance impact on the risk management of trade payment and export performance. The research hypothesis and model was derived from the basis of existing theory and empirical research, and obtained the following results. Firstly, Service Quality of Trade Insurance showed positive (+) effect on Export Performance. Secondly, Utilization of Trade Insurance showed positive (+) effect on Risk Management of Trade Payment. Thirdly, Risk Management of Trade Payment showed positive (+) effect on Export Performance. This study is differentiated from previous research information by empirically evaluating the relationship between the risk management of trade payment and export performance through utilization of trade insurance. This study contributed to academic by examining the research on the risk management of trade insurance and also practically suggested the direction how small and medium export company is to take the advantage of the trade insurance.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.7-10
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• 1986

우리나라 기계공업은 세계적인 보호무역주의와 경기불황으로 고전을 면치 못해 왔으나 국제유가하락, 일본엔화의 강세 그리고 국제금리의 하락추세라는 이른바 "3저시대"를 맞이하게 됨으로써 모처럼 호전의 기회를 맞이하고 있어 '85 년도에 생산이 8.7%수출 12% 증가 했으며 수입은 15%나 감소하여 기계류의 국산화가 점차 이루어지고 있는 현상을 나타내고 있으나 우 리의 주종수출시장인 미국의 보호무역주의 추세는 구조적인 요인으로 말미암아 앞으로도 크게 완하되리라고 기대하기는 어려워 부정적인 측면도 없지않다. 더구나 상기의 3가지 호재가 언제 까지나 지속횐다는 보장도 없으니 만큼 정부와 기업은 이 기회를 최대한 활용함으로써 우리나라 기계공업의 경쟁체질을 강화하는 계기를 마련해야 할것이다.마련해야 할것이다.

• Life and Agrochemicals
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• v.28 no.5 s.228
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• pp.18-21
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• 2007

• Korea Petroleum Association Journal
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• no.1 s.59
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• pp.102-103
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• 1986

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.90-105
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• 1980

• 비료회보
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• s.324
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• pp.29-37
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• 1987

• Life and Agrochemicals
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• s.268
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• pp.32-34
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• 2011

2006년 도입 5년째 맞는 독립적 MRL 설정도구인 PLS, 비교적 잘 실행. 무역장벽 해결 위한 수입허용량, 반드시 MRL positive List와 병행돼야.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.593-602
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• 1995

수출주도형 산업구조를 가지고 있는 우리 나라의 경제여건은 1960년대 초 경제개발 5개년 계획을 수립한 이래 지속적인 성장을 기록하여 왔다. 그러나 1986년도에 3저라는 국제경제여건을 호기로 삼아 국제무역수지 흑자를 기록한 이후 선진국의 보호장벽 강화, 세계적인 BLOCK 경제화, WTO 출범에 따른 국내시장 개방압력, 국내임금의 급속한 상승 등 수많은 대내외적 여건으로 인하여 우리경제의 성장에 큰 부담으로 작용하고 있다. 1994년의 경우 전체무역적자가 63억 3천만 달 러를 기록함으로써 한국경제의 계속적인 무역역조현상이 큰 문제점으로 대두되고 있고 1994년 기준으로 전체무역적자의 188%이상에 해당하는 118억 7천만 달러가 대일무역에서 발생한 대일 역조라는 사실과 최근 몇년간 대일무역적자는 다소 개선되고 있으나 전체 무역적자에서 차지하는 비중이 더욱더 높아가고 있는 것에 대한 대책이 시급한 실정이다. 이같은 대일무역적자 문제는 1960년대 이후 급속한 경제성장만을 추구하여 노동집약형 사업이 주가된 경제성장의 결과이며, 산업재, 특히 기계분야에 대한 기술축적의 부족으로 대부분의 자본재 및 중간재와 기술력에 대한 대일의존도의 심화 등에 그 원인이 있다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 수출 주도형의 한국경제 하에서는 대일무역역조 특히 기계공업분야의 역조현상은 반드시 해결해야 할 중요한 정책과제 임을 인식해야 하며, 이 글에서는 이에 대한 다각적인 대책을 검토하여 해결방안을 제시해 보 고자 한다.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.73
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• pp.91-110
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• 2017

Recently, world wide trading which support free trade will increase the economic volume size. It will grow the quality of life. But, the reduce of gap between the rich state and the poor one has always been risen the problem of one of welfare. Trough unregulated trade activities, multinational corporations succeeded in expanding the market globally. However, there were unfair acts such as infringement of serious rights of producer of low development countries. Fair trade has begun to pay fair value to them and to ease inequality, but, as time went by, the its idea became thinner, distorted in the market, or became a marketing tools. So, In this paper, I analyze the limitations and causes of fair trade and suggest directions for fair trade. This Study provided a causes of the limitation of fair trade and for the future, I'll suggest an alternative of limitation of fair trade.