• Title/Summary/Keyword: 보신장

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Transforming the Wongaksa Bell[Buddhist Bell] to the Bosingak Bell[Court Bell]: An Example of the Debuddhismization during the Joseon Dynasty (원각사종(圓覺寺鐘)에서 보신각종(普信閣鍾)으로 -조선시대 탈불교화의 일례-)

  • Nam Dongsin
    • MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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    • v.104
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    • pp.102-142
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    • 2023
  • The Bronze Bell of Wongaksa Temple, also known as the Bosingak Bell, was produced in 1468 during the reign of King Sejo for dedication at Wongaksa Temple in the middle of the capital Hanyang in celebration of the tenth anniversary of his accession to the throne. It is currently heavily damaged and cannot be struck. This paper focuses on the man-made damage inflicted on the Bosingak Bell and explores when, why, and by whom the bell was damaged along with the historical significance of this damage. In the first section, the relevant literature is reviewed and the problems concerned, research perspective, and methodology are presented. The history of related theories is investigated focusing on the relationship between Bosingak Bell and Wongaksa Bell. The perspective that Bosingak Bell and Wongaksa Bell are the same is introduced. My discussion will be developed from this perspective. In the second section, the background to King Sejo's construction of Wongaksa Bell is examined. Specifically, the bells commissioned by the kings of the early Joseon era are divided into court bells (jojong) and Buddhist bells (beomjong). They total four court bells and three Buddhist bells. The former are the Jongnu Tower Bell commissioned by King Taejo, Donhwamun Gate Bell by King Taejong, Gwanghwamun Gate Bell by King Sejong, and Sajeongjeon Hall Bell by King Sejo. The latter are the bells of Yongmunsa, Heungcheonsa (or Jeongneungsa) and Wongaksa Temples, all of which were made during the reign of King Sejo. Sejo also made Wongaksa Bell and gave it the meaning that the monarch and the Buddha both wish to enlighten the people through the sound of the bells. In the third section, traces of the man-made damage done to Bosingak Bell are closely examined. By observing the current condition of Bosingak Bell and comparing it with the contemporaneous Heungcheongsa Bell (1462) and Bongseonsa Bell (1469), the components of Bosingak Bell that were damaged can be identified. The damaged parts are again divided into Buddhist elements and non-Buddhist elements. The former includes the reversed lotus petals on the shoulder band, four standing bodhisattvas, and the inscription of the bell composed by Choe Hang. The latter includes lists of chief supervisors (dojejo). I describe the phenomenon of deliberately damaging Buddhist elements on bells as "effacement of Buddhism," meaning Buddhist images and inscriptions are eliminated, and I note the prevailing rejection of Buddhism theory among Neo-Confucianists as its ideological root. The erasure of non-Buddhist images was probably caused by political conflicts such as Yeonsangun's purge in 1504. Since both ideological and political factors played a role in the changes made to Bosingak Bell, the damage was possibly done between the Purge of 1504 and the abdication of Yeonsangun in 1506. Chapter four traces the transformation of the Buddhist bell of Wongaksa Temple into the Bosingak court bell. Finally completed in 1468, the Wongaksa Bell only served its role as a Buddhist bell at related services for a relatively brief period of 36 years (until 1504). Wongaksa Temple was closed down and the bell lost its Buddhist function. In 1536, it was moved from Wongaksa Temple to Namdaemun Gate, where it remained silent for the next 90 years until it was struck again in November 1594. However, after the destruction of the Jongnu Bell in a fire during the Japanese Invasions of Korea (1592-1598), the Buddhist bell from Wongaksa Temple became a court bell. The Wongaksa Temple bell was relocated to Jongnu Tower in 1619, traveling through Myeongdong Pass. From then on, as the official Jongnu Bell (later renamed Bosingak Bell), it was regularly rung at dawn and dusk every day for nearly 300 years until 1908, when Japanese authorities halted the ritual. The transformation of the Wongaksa Bell (a Buddhist bell) to Bosingak Bell (a court bell) means that the voice of the Buddha was changed to the voice of the king. The concept of "effacement of Buddhism," evident in the transformation of Wongaksa Bell to Bosingak Bell, was practiced widely on almost every manifestation of Buddhism throughout the Joseon period. In short, the damage evident in Bosingak Bell underscores the debuddhismization in Korean society during the Joseon Dynasty.

Longitudinal Elongation of Slender Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Cyclic Loading (주기하중을 받는 세장한 철근콘크리트 보의 길이방향 인장변형)

  • Eom, Tae-Sung;Park, Hong-Gun
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.785-796
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    • 2008
  • Longitudinal elongation develops in reinforced concrete beams that exhibit flexural yielding during cyclic loading. The longitudinal elongation can decrease the shear strength and deformation capacity of the beams. In the present study, nonlinear truss model analysis was performed to study the elongation mechanism of reinforced concrete beams. The results showed that residual tensile plastic strain of the longitudinal reinforcing bar in the plastic hinge is the primary factor causing the member elongation, and that the shear-force transfer mechanism of diagonal concrete struts has a substantial effect on the magnitude of the elongation. Based on the analysis results, a simplified method for evaluating member elongation was developed. The proposed method was applied to test specimens with various design parameters and loading conditions.

Ilong Choehuilyang's life and poetry as warrior (일옹(逸翁) 최희량(崔希亮)의 무인(武人)의 삶과 시세계(詩世界))

  • Kwon, Hyok Myong
    • (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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    • no.68
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    • pp.9-34
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this paper is to examine the unmanned life and poetic world of Ilong Choehuilyang. Choehuilyang is uninhabited and rarely left 227 poems and being recognized for his poetic achievements by later writers. Therefore, it would be meaningful to look at Choehuilyang's poetic world in the point of studying the unmanned poetry system. In Chapter 2, I looked at life as a base stage to understand Choehuilyang. Choehuilyang from his youth while studying at the age of 21, but turned to 武科. This is due to the gauntlet of the family who does not care about the 文武, Choehuilyang's grand physical condition and the resulting unattended temperament. Choehuilyang passed the exam in the past. And he won the war seven times under General Admiral Yi. However, when Admiral Yi Sun - shin was killed in Noryang, Choehuilyang returned to his hometown. After that, he died without going out until he was 92 years old. In Chapter 3, we examined Choehuilyang's spoetic world based on Chapter 2. Choi 's poetry can be divided into revealing the temperament of the unmanned, living peacefully in his hometown after returning home, and revealing his concern for the country. The poems revealing the unattended temperament are created by sensuous sheer or direct narrative when they are on the battlefield, when they watch the war after returning home. Peaceful life in Kangho was created in Naju, the hometown. And the poem that worried about the country was created by seeing the sick horan. I hope that the research that has been discussed so far will help to understand Choehuilyang's life and world.

A Variation of Pharamcokinetic Parameters of Digoxin in Elderly Patients (노인환자에서 Digoxin의 약동학적 매개변수 변화)

  • 배성미;양성희;황보신이;박창선;홍경자;장춘곤;이석용
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.30-38
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    • 2002
  • The elderly patients are the most frequent users of digoxin because of increased prevalence of the two primary indications for digoxin therapy, fibrillation (AE) and congestive heart failure (CHF). This study performed to observe a variation in digoxin pharamcokinetic parameters in advancing age and changing kidney function and to compare the measured clearance with the calculated clearance. The 123 drug monitoring records of inpatients who had achieved steady state concentration of digoxin at a tertiary hospital from April 1999 to October 2001 were reviewed. In advancing age, measured digoxin clearance, volume of distribution and creatinine clearance were reduced. Compared with the calculated digoxin clearance, the measured digoxin clearance was more reduced in patients without CHF Especially, in elderly patients without CHF the measured digoxin clearance was lower than the calculated digoxin clearance. In contrast to nonCHF patients the measured value was greater than the calculated value in all CHF patients. Findings from this study indicate that the calculated digoxin clearance in elderly patients without CHF substantially overestimated the true clearance. Thus, it appears that the use of calculated digoxin clearance to estimate serum digoxin concentration may result in underestimation of the true serum concentration in a number of elderly patients without CHF.