• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.184-191
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• 2020

Using 850 disclosures of individual executive compensation from 2014 to 2017, this study examines the impact of female auditors on the sensitivity of executive compensation-performance relation. The major findings as follow: First, Female auditors have positive effects on the sensitivity of executive compensation to performance, implying that when auditors are appointed to be females who are more ethical, of high moral development, risk averse and conservative as well, they play an efficient monitoring role in aligning executive compensation to performance. Second, the monitoring effects of female auditors on the sensitivity of executive compensation to performance are significant when they are full time employed, suggesting that gender-based differences are more likely to be realized on the condition that they are in position to commit to their jobs for their owns. The results overall support that female auditors exercise efficient monitoring roles in aligning executive compensation to performance in Korean listed firms. The research contribute to complement the study of gender effects on corporate decision making, which have been focused on gender diversity of the board, by providing empirical evidence of the impact of female auditors on the sensitivity of executive compensation-performance relation.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.419-477
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• 2017

In Space contains valuable natural resources. These provide a compelling reason for entrepreneurs, investors, and governments to pursue space exploration and settlement. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet. Article II of the Outer Space Treaty states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means." The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (CSLCA), however, makes significant advances in furthering U.S. commercial space industry, which explicitly allows U.S. citizens to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of 'space resources' including water and minerals. Thus, some scholars argue that the United States recognizing ownership of space resources is an act of sovereignty, and that the act violates the Outer Space Treaty. This paper suggests that it is necessary to guarantee the right to resources harvested in outer space. More specifically, a private ownership of extracted space resources needs to promote new space business and industry. As resources on Earth become increasingly difficult and expensive to mine, it is clear that our laws and policies must encourage private appropriation of space resources. CSLCA which addresses all aspects of space resource extraction will be one way to encourage space commercial activity.

• CRM연구
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-48
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• 2006

Internet B2C marketplace such as 'Auction', 'G Market', 'Daum onket' etc.(called open market) has grown sharply in sales about yearly 100% rate increase in recent 1-2 years in Korea. Although Open marketplace has much reputation and the customer loyalty, almost of merchants participated in open market, which size in sales are medium/small, has poor reputation and trust. Consumers, who have to get in touch with untrustworthy merchants for trade in openmarket, perceive high trade risk which undergo the monetary damages such as 'merchandise never received'. This examines what factors consumer trust develop in online marketplace. This study explores several perceived risk factors in an open market by factor analysis and multi-regression to prove the relationships between the degree of trust for the merchants and the perceived trade risk. 133 data collected from the open market user data in this survey. In this study, the consumer's trade satisfaction in open market is low by 4.2 point degree of 7 point likert scale. and perceives 4 trade risk factors such as (1) 'failure to honor warranty or guarantee' (2) 'defective/poor goods in quality' (3) 'merchandise never received or received late' (4) 'poor information'. the degree of merchant's trust has significant relationship with the degree of perceived risk(sig. = 0.0000, $R^2=.327$) We find that the open market has to enhance the relationship marketing of trust by developing the strategies.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.51-73
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• 2011

Because of the slowdown in economic growth of developed countries, emerging countries are appearing as the new global market. Each country is paying attention to the BOP market of emerging countries to substitute for the markets of import demand of advanced countries due to the global financial crisis. Europe and Japanese corporations are set on taking over the BOP markets, highly appreciating the potential of BOP market. Now it is high time that Korea should recognize the possibility of BOP market and analyze emerging countries and set up strategic planning to react to them. China and India have the highest latent ability as emerging countries in Asia. Korea is well positioned within the market thanks to the conclusion of CEPA with India. Therefore, the government and leading conglomerates need to establish an effective model with which to advance their existing market entry strategy to approach the BOP market of India in the mid to long term. That is, they have to set up a TMB model which fits India such as marketing competence, an on-site adaptability, quick decision making, and constructing a close and customized strategy for all the social stratum of India's population. Establishing a TMB model in India will be the bridgehead to advancing the BOP market to neighboring countries which will allow us to extend our reach to other countries in South Asia and the world BOP market hereafter.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.129-146
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• 2014

In order to be successful in the very changeable competitive environment, the organization has to creative not only on the research and development but also on the Value Chain. Especially for the middle and small venture companies, they have to be creative on the Value Chain to get new profit. For the value innovation, kinds of factors which initiate the value innovation such as Meaningful Work, Risk Taking, Customer Orientation, Agile Decision-Making, Business Intelligence, Open Communication, Empowerment, Business Planning, Learning Organization and other similar factors should be included in the organization culture. By focusing on the above 9 factors with value innovation culture, the study practically analysis the effect of the Value Innovation Culture on the Individual Creativity, and the followings are the result of the study. Firstly, meaningful work, empowerment and risk taking are positively associated with expert knowledge which is one component of individual creativity. Secondly, open organization is confirmed to be positively associated with creative thinking skills. Thirdly, learning organization, empowerment and innovativeness are the factors which is positively associated with Intrinsic Motivation. These results have showed the employees' individual recognized Value Innovation Culture is confirmed to be helpful on inducing Individual Creativity.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.139-157
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the competitiveness of the logistics industry of three countries - Korea, China and Japan - by looking into their logistics industry structure and the related regulations. For this aim, the paper examined the modal distribution of transportation, transport infrastructure, freight cost structure and regulation in transport sector in these countries. Furthermore, this study suggests some proposals for the further cooperation to bring sustainable progress in the logistics sector across Northeast Asia. The main suggestions of this paper are as follows: First, Korean government needs to strategize its options in the logistics industry, the most competitive in the country’s service sector, in upcoming FTA negotiations with China and Japan. Second, Korea needs to foster Busan into a strategic point for the Rail Ferry System and Road Feeder System. Third, Korea should participate in establishing shuttle flight service in Northeast Asia amid exploding flight demand from active economic interchange and tourism industry development.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.667-671
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• 2001

The Instant Messenger(IM) is the most popular personal communication tool today. IM is a tool that can substitute E-mail for a person, and can secure the user for a company. Further, it is claimed as it has a limitless potential. However, there has been several reports on security issues. It has known that the transmitting message is not secured for the attacks, and hacking tools has been developed. In addition, several reports has been made regards to the vulnerability. In other words, anyone can been through and manipulate the messages that are sent or received via IM. This is a barrier for the IM to be developed as a corporate's strategic tool, and furthermore, it will create serious personal privacy issue. IETF IMPP Working Group is preparing a standard mutual relationship between IM. However, it is complicated due to the American On-Lines's absence, whom has ensured the most number of IM users. There was a discussion only about the form of the transmitting data, but it is insufficient state to discuss the security service for general. In this paper, I design and implement the Secure Instant Messaging System, to solve the IM's vulnerability and the security issue presented above.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.75-80
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• 2016

Purpose - A growing demand for sustainability reporting has placed pressure on firms with non-financial information that affects firm valuation, growth, and development. In particular, a number of researchers have investigated various topics in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), non-financial information. Prior studies suggest that CSR may affect corporate outcomes like corporate reporting, financial performance, and disclosures. However, the results from prior studies are not clear whether CSR affects corporate outcomes. This is partially due to the measurement issues with CSR. In this study, we examine whether CSR affects the quality of corporate reporting, one of the popular measures in corporate outcomes. We find an evidence that CSR positively affects the quality of corporate reporting. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, we collected a unique dataset of CSR from MSCI. Total 169 firms listed in the Korean Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2014 were collected and analysed with the detailed CSR reports. Using a correlation test, we found a weak association between CSR and the quality of corporate reporting. However, the regression tests provided a strong relationship between CSR and the quality of corporate reporting after controlling for other variables that may affect the quality of corporate reporting. Additionally, we calculated the t-statistics based on heteroskedaticity-consistent standard errors (White, 1980). Results - Before we run the regression test, we sort the measures of the two dependent variables into each rating of CSR (from AAA to CCC). The results indicate that the quality of corporate reporting measured by discretionary accruals and performance-matched discretionary accruals monotonically decrease as the CSR ratings increase. This supports our hypothesis. In the regression tests, the coefficient on MJDA (PMDA) is -0.183 (-0.173) and significant at the 5% level. We can interpret the results as CSR affecting the quality of corporate reporting in positive ways. Other coefficients on control variables are consistent with prior studies. For example, the coefficients on both LOSS and LEV are positive and significant at conventional level, meaning that firms with financial difficulty may harm their quality of corporate reporting. Conclusion - We found an evidence that CSR is positively associated with the quality of corporate reporting. This study contributes to the literature in various ways. First, this study extends the line of CSR research by providing additional evidence in the setting of ethical behaviors by managements. This is consistent with the hypothesis and supports the results of prior studies. Second, to the best of my knowledge, this is the first study using the MSCI CSR ratings. In contrast with prior studies using different measures of CSR, the MSCI CSR ratings allow us to provide in-depth analysis. Third, the additional measure of dependent variable (PMDA) allows us to improve the robustness of our results. Overall, the results provided this study to extend the findings in prior studies by providing incremental evidence.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.2677-2687
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• 2013

Entrepreneurship of a founder and psychological characteristics are very important factors for the start-up success. To understand the importance like this, this study investigated effect relationships of the entrepreneurship and psychological characteristics on the start-up success. For this, 122 copies of the questionnaire were empirically analyzed for the youth entrepreneurs who entered the youth founder academy which is founded and managed by the Small and Medium Business Corporation. According to results of analysis, both the entrepreneurship consisting of proactivenss, risk taking and autonomy, and the internal locus of control, the psychological characteristics were found to have positive effects on the start-up success. Therefore, this study suggested theoretical and practical implications, as below, according to the results. Firstly, we must be aware of the importance of the entrepreneurship from the perspective of a successful establishment, and, prospective entrepreneurs, who are planning to the start-up, have to judge their entrepreneurship and, only then, make a decision. Secondly, we have to put our best efforts into developing more effective education on start-up, which deals with improving youth founder's entrepreneurship. Therefore, education institutions for start-up are needed in order to develop educational programs such as "Entrepreneurship Training Programs". Thirdly, we must recognize that the role of family is important because most entrepreneurship and psychological characteristics are formed in a person's childhood. Forth, the entrepreneur, themselves, must realize that they has to make an effort to improve their entrepreneurship. Lastly, youth founder's internal locus of control has to be enhanced. Thus, greater attention is required from both the entrepreneur themselves, and educational institutions for start-up.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3373-3383
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• 2009

The aim of the current study is to look at the mediating effects of structural features (i.e. decentralization, formalization, and specialization) on the relationship between product variety and the performance of product family. This study investigates the impact of decentralization and formalization for platform and derivative projects separately and in the context of the performance of the product family as a whole, as opposed to individual projects. In addition to relationships between people and groups, the current study considers physical element of an organization such as geographical location in which business tasks are conducted. The current study focuses on spatial differentiation which refers to the number of different sites or locations operated by an organization. Based on a cross-industry sample of 103 Korean manufacturers, this study examines the role of organizational structure features in which firms successfully increase product variety. The study examines that formalization in platform projects and decentralization in derivative projects enhance high variety firms' product family performance. The study finds significant mediating effect of spatial proximity on the relationship between product variety and product family performance.