• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.287-301
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• 2004

Objectives: The development of internet programs for smoking cessation was motivated to quit smoking in the large group of smokers. This personalized program consisted of tailored message to consider the smokers characteristics, and contain the informations on the outcomes of smoking cessation and the skills to be used in the quit attempts. The purpose of this study was to develop the internet management program and information push-delivery system for smoking cessation to encourage the personal intention to quit smoking. Methods: We conducted in 3 steps as developing push service to encourage intention of smoking cessation, analyzing problems of smoking cessation program through the pilot test and suggesting improvements by implication stages. Results: This program is delivered for 30 days. if the participants do not fail to quit smoking. The contents consisted of 13 stages which were divided on starting period. practical period, maintenance period and success period. And push service afforded the tailored message to participants using their e-mail. According to the evaluation of pilot test, the problems of internet information push-delivery service for smoking cessation were the over-tasks per visiting time, recording style of participants, difficulty of terms and sentences, lack of visual effects, absence of follow-up module and unsuitable link with main homepage. Improvements were divided on 3 stages by implication period. The first stage included the immediate improvements as improving link with homepage, modifying menu of smoking information and upload file of notice part. The second stage included the short term improvements as alleviating condition of withdrawal, coordinating start stage of retrial, modifying errors of information push-delivery service and addition of educational materials. The third stage included the long term improvements as development of follow-up module, cost-effectiveness evaluation, reducing contents quantity, introduction of checking style, compensation of graphics effect and review for SMS utilization. Conclusions: This program contribute to improving smoking cessation rate. Therefore this program should be tested in a community to evaluate the effectiveness. To promote the effectiveness, this program should be developed the contents and the strategies for various targets, and established the follow-up system for ex-smokers.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.251-258
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• 2009

Purpose: The study aimed to compare characteristics associated with smoking and smoking cessation of those who had succeeded in smoking cessation. Methods: Data were collected from January to June, 2008. The subjects were 9,819 smokers who were registered at the smoking cessation clinic of public health centers in Incheon. Four characteristics (demographic, health promotion, smoking, smoking cessation) were compared between 6-week (short-term) and 6-month (long-term) success groups. Results: There was a significant difference between the 6-week and 6-month success groups for smoking cessation in demographic characteristics (gender, age, job, social security), health promotion (BMI, alcohol dependency, BP), smoking (first smoking age, smoking duration, expiration CO concentration, nicotine dependency), and smoking cessation (attempt to quit smoking, reason for smoking cessation, information source for registration). Conclusion: The group of short-term smoking cessation success was younger than the other. Also, short-term success group was of lower socioeconomic class than the other. The 6-month success group had a larger number of attempts to quit smoking. Therefore, smoking cessation policy should be focused more on younger people and those in lower socioeconomic status. These groups should be given advice on smoking cessation motives and more frequent counseling for smoking cessation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2011

This study aimed to identify success factors of smoking cessation for 6 months in Adolescent smokers. Data were collected from January to December, 2008. The 925 adolescent smokers were registered smoking cessation clinic at public health center in Incheon. Data(demographic, smoking, smoking cessation) were analyzed by logistic regression. Major factors are attempting to quit smoking(no trial, OR=9.48), alcohol drinking(yes, OR=4.61), information source for registration(family, friends's ask, OR=3.94), cessation methods(cognitive+behavior+ nicotine alternative therapy, OR=2.45), gender(male, OR=1.78), grade in school(high schooler, OR=1.65), expiration CO concentration (OR=0.95), and nicotine dependency(OR=0.76). Therefore, smoking cessation policy for adolescence should be emphasized on smoking prevention as well as smoking cessation. We have to help the adolescent to succeed in smoking cessation when they attempt to quit smoking at first time. Female student smokers and middle school smokers should be given advice for smoking cessation motives and more times of counselling for smoking cessation. If adolescent smokers have high expiration CO concentration and high nicotine dependency, they should not only take cognitive-behavior therapy but also nicotine alternative therapy.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.246-254
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• 2008

Purpose: In order to assess the effects of smoking cessation counseling provided by a public health center in terms of smoking temptation, smoking cessation self-efficacy, and satisfaction with smoking cessation counseling, and also to provide baseline data for the improvement of smoking cessation counseling programs. Methods: A total of 52 current and former smokers who utilized smoking cessation counseling provided by the health center at least once participated in this study. Using a self-report survey method, data were collected in November 2005. Results: The mean age and duration of smoking of the participants were 49 and 28 years, respectively. Seventy-one percent had experienced smoking cessation trials prior to using the counseling services, and most of the participants had utilized smoking cessation counseling less than 5 times. Mean scores of temptation, self-efficacy, and satisfaction with counseling were $3.39{\pm}0.75,\;3.80{\pm}0.66$, and $4.38{\pm}0.55$ (range,1-5), respectively. The participants were largely vulnerable to smoking temptations under conditions of anxiety or stress. The duration of counseling was associated negatively with smoking temptation, but was associated positively with self-efficacy. Conclusion: To help adopt and maintain smoking cessation, smoking cessation counseling should emphasize methods for coping with smoking temptations and to increase smoking cessation self-efficacy in various tempting situations.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.742-750
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to identify which factors are likely to influence the effectiveness of smoking cessation on adults who smoke in Metropolitan Incheon. Method: Data from 9,083 smokers, who visited a smoking cessation clinic of a public health center from Jan. to Oct. 2005, were provided by the Korean Health Research Society, Among 9,083 smokers, 1,495 people were selected for follow up care at 6 months in order to analyze the differences between two groups one is a successful group and the other is a failure group. Results: The successful group included 639 people and the failure group 856 people. In the demographic profiles such as sex, age and motive registration, there was a significant difference between the two groups. In the view of smoking pattern and factors such as the expiratory CO level, the age of starting to smoke, the duration of smoking, alcohol, and dependence on alcohol use and nicotine, there were significant differences between the two groups. The smoking cessation method, results of uni variate analysis, the total number of visits to the smoking cessation clinics, and the use of nicotine gum or a patch(stage 1, stage 2) were significantly different in the two groups. Conclusion: The results of multi variate analysis have shown that the factors associated with the success for smoking cessation is the total number of visits to the smoking cessation clinic, and the dependence on alcohol.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.292-302
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• 2008

- Abstract - Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to determine an efficient operation plan for a smoking cessation clinic in public health centers. To do so, the primary success factors in smoking cessation have been analyzed after classifying the smoking cessation programs of public health centers into urban and rural areas. Methods: A study was conducted with 262,837 smokers age 19 or older who were provided with smoking cessation services for more than 6 months through smoking cessation clinics at public health centers(250 clinics nationwide) from July 16, 2006 to July 15, 2007. Results: Urban areas indicated that gender, age, social security, the frequency of counseling, re-enrollment in the program, the number of cigarettes per day and alcohol problems were all factors that influenced the success of smoking cessation. On the other hand, in the rural areas the total number of counseling, re-enrollment in the program, the number of cigarettes per day and alcohol problems were the influential factors. Furthermore, the urban area confirmed that the frequency of counseling, re-enrollment in the program, the number of cigarettes per day and alcohol problems affected traveling while the rural area was affected by social security, the frequency of counseling and re-enrollment. Conclusions: It has been confirmed that the success rate and factors of smoking cessation clinics can vary depending on the region and enrollment method.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

This study has comparatively analyzed the primary success factors in smoking cessation among new enrollees and re-enrollees of a smoking cessation clinic in order to find out how to efficiently operate smoking cessation clinics at public health centers. The study was conducted with 262,837 smokers aged 19 or over who were provided with smoking cessation services for more than 6 months after being registered with the smoking cessation clinic at public health centers(250 clinics nationwide) from July 16, 2006 to July 15, 2007. After dividing smokers into re-enrollees and new enrollees of the smoking cessation clinic, the success rate of and success factors for smoking cessation over 6 months have been investigated. The success factors in smoking cessation have been compared between new enrollees and re-enrollees of smoking cessation clinics. The results can be summarized as follows: First, the success rate of smoking cessation for 6 months at smoking cessation clinics of public health centers was higher in new enrollees (46.3%) than in re-enrollees (41.1%). Second, the common factors that had an influence on the success of smoking cessation of both new enrollees and re-enrollees of the smoking cessation clinic included age, social security, service, frequency of counseling, number of cigarettes per day, and alcoholic problems. Third, compared to new enrollees, re-enrollees had a higher success rate of smoking cessation as they got older. In terms of the success rate of health insurance, on the contrary, new enrollees were better than re-enrollees. Fourth, the study showed a higher success rate in smoking cessation in both new and re-enrollees if they had no alcoholic problems. In particular, a higher success rate was observed in re-enrollees when there were no alcoholic problems. To efficiently operate smoking cessation clinics at public health centers, this study confirmed that counseling should be tailored depending on the types of enrollees in the program.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-38
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• 2008

Objectives: This study identified the factors associated with successful smoking cessation for 6 months at a smoking-cessation clinic of a public health center in an urban area. Methods: The subjects of this study were 670 visitors to the smoking cessation clinic of Dongjak-Gu public health center in Seoul, from September 6, 2005 to March 24, 2006. The 274 visitors of them responded to the questionnaire with registration, which contained the information related to the study except that of registered card for the clinic. A dependent variable was success or failure in smoking cessation during the 6 month-smoking cessation program, measured the status of smoking cessation in each week by self-report. Independent variable included demographic information, the characteristics in using the clinic, health status and smoking related behaviour, exposure to other smokers in daily life and motivation. Multiple logistic regression model was used to find the factors associated with success of smoking cessation. Results: The success rate in smoking cessation for 6 months was 33.6%. Five pretreatment characteristics were identified as univariate predictors of continuous abstinence. Finally, age, job, and practice oriented motivation were associated significantly with the success of smoking cessation for 6 months from a multiple logistic regression analysis. The lower socio-economic smokers such as people having lower literacy level, lower income people, unskilled workers, and recipients by Medical Assistant Program were more likely to fail in continuous abstinence for 6 months. Conclusions: In order to increase the success rate in smoking cessation clinics of public centers, counselors should activate self confidence and practice oriented motivation of participants for smoking cessation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.84-92
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• 2011

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate smoking relapse and the related factors within 1 year after discharge from the smoking cessation clinics (SCCs) of public health centers (PHCs). Methods: Data were collected with a structured questionnaire from 395 people who success fully stopped smoking at 4 SCCs in Busan between May and June 2009, and this data were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The rate of smoking relapse within 1 year after discharge from SCCs was 39.2% and this decreased rapidly over 6 months after discharge. The factors related to smoking relapse within 1 year after discharge from SCCs were being female (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.17 to 3.82), a trial of smoking cessation with any assistants (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.19 to 3.19), more than 7 ppm of exhaled CO2 on the SCCs' registration (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.64), use of pharmacotherapy after discharge from SCCs (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.36 to 2.93), alcohol drinking more than once a week after discharge from SCCs (HR, 3.32; 95% CI, 2.15 to 6.78), and a perceived barrier (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.30) after discharge from the SCCs. Conclusions: According to the results, at least 6 months follow-up after discharge from SCCs of public health centers is recommended to reduce the rate smoking relapse. It is also recommended to strengthen the education on how to overcome barriers such as drinking in the course of smoking cessation clinics.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the factors implicated when people start smoking again after a 6 month cessation, and was carried out at the smoking cessation clinic of a public health center. Methods : The study subjects were 191 males who had attended the smoking cessation clinic of a public health center for 6 months in an attempt to quit smoking. Data was collected, by phone interview, regarding individual smoking habits, if any, over the 6 month study period. The factors which may have caused an individual to smoke again were examined. This study employed a health belief model as it theoretical basis. Results : Following a 6 month cessation, 24.1% of the study group began to smoke again during the 6 month test period. In a simple analysis, the factors related to individuals relapsing and smoking again included barriers of stress reduction, body weight gain and induction of smoking by surroundings among perceived barriers factor of our health belief model(p<0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis for relapsed smoking, significant factors included barriers of stress reduction and induction of smoking by surroundings(p<0.05). The most important reason of for an individual to relapse into smoking was stress(60.9%) and the most likely place for a relapse to occur was a drinking establishment(39.1%). Conclusions : Our results indicate that both regular consultations and a follow-up management program are important considerations in a public health center program geared towards maintaining smoking cessation.