• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.229-236
• /
• 2019

Background: Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators. Methods: Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes. Results: Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from $4.1{\times}10^{10}$ (Ultem filament) to $2.2{\times}10^{11}$ [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (${\mu}g/min$) ranged from $1.9{\times}10^4$ (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to $9.4{\times}10^4$ (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open ($2.3{\times}10^{10}number/min$) than when the lid was closed ($1.5-5.5{\times}10^9number/min$); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels. Conclusion: Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.605-611
• /
• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 여러 가지 하지입식검사에 적용할 수 있는 Multi-Function Device(MFD)를 제작하여 기존에 사용하던 Weight Bearing Platforms(WBPs)들과 X 선 영상의 비교를 통해 임상 활용을 제안하고자 한다. MFD는 단상(보조기구)를 이용한 Weight Bearing Foot/Ankle, Hindfoot Alignment View 검사시 X선 장치의 X선 관구의 최하 조절 높이를 고려하여 제작하였다. 그리고 Foot/Ankle Phantom으로 MFD와 WBPs에서 Weight Bearing Lateral Foot과 Hindfoot Alignment View를 검사하여 X선 영상의 해상력을 Quick MTF(modulation transfer function)프로그램으로 비교하였다. 연구결과 MFD와 WBPs에서 검사한 두 가지 영상 모두 MTF 50(50% Contrast Spatial Frequency)과 10-90%(10-90% of Maximum Energy Rise Distance) Rise의 C/P(Cycles Per Pixel)평균과 LPH(Lines Per Image Height)평균 모두 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 연구에서 제작한 MFD는 환자의 안전과 여러 가지 검사를 복합적으로 수행 할 수 있는 유용한 보조기구로 임상 활용을 제안한다. 또한 정책적으로 보조기구의 활용을 권장한다면 전문 업체의 활성화를 돕는 길이며 의료의 질도 더욱 향상할 수 있을 것이다.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.377-383
• /
• 2019

Objectives: Exposure to fine particles in urban air has been associated with a number of negative health effects. High levels of fine particles have been detected at underground stations in big cities. We investigated the exposure conditions in four occupational groups in the Stockholm underground train system to identify high-exposed groups and study variations in exposure. Methods: $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were measured during three full work shifts on 44 underground workers. Fluctuations in exposure were monitored by a real-time particle monitoring instrument, pDR, DataRAM. Qualitative analysis of particle content was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Nitrogen dioxide was measured using passive monitors. Results: For all underground workers, the geometric mean (GM) of $PM_1$ was $18{\mu}g/m^3$ and of $PM_{2.5}$ was $37{\mu}g/m^3$. The particle exposure was highest for cleaners/platform workers, and the GM of $PM_1$ was $31.6{\mu}g/m^3$ [geometric standard deviation (GSD), 1.6] and of $PM_{2.5}$ was $76.5{\mu}g/m^3$ (GSD, 1.3); the particle exposure was lowest for ticket sellers, and the GM of $PM_1$ was $4.9{\mu}g/m^3$ (GSD, 2.1) and of $PM_{2.5}$ was $9.3{\mu}g/m^3$ (GSD, 1.5). The $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ levels were five times higher in the underground system than at the street level, and the particles in the underground had high iron content. The train driver's nitrogen dioxide exposure level was $64.1{\mu}g/m^3$ (GSD, 1.5). Conclusions: Cleaners and other platform workers were statistically significantly more exposed to particles than train drivers or ticket sellers. Particle concentrations ($PM_{2.5}$) in the Stockholm underground system were within the same range as in the New York underground system but were much lower than in several older underground systems around the world.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.30-38
• /
• 2019

Background: Police officers' stress perception, frequency of stressful events (stressors), and police work characteristics may contribute to poor sleep quality through different mechanisms. Methods: We investigated associations of stress severity (measured by stress rating score) and frequency of stressors with sleep quality and examined the influence of police work characteristics including workload, police rank, prior military experience, and shift work on the associations. Participants were 356 police officers (256 men and 100 women) enrolled in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study from 2004 to 2009. A mean stress rating score and mean frequency of stressors occurring in the past month were computed for each participant from the Spielberger Police Stress Survey data. Sleep quality was assessed using the global score derived from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index survey. Linear associations of the stress rating score and frequency of stressors with sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global score) were tested. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking status were selected as potential confounders. Results: The stress rating score was positively and independently associated with poor sleep quality (${\beta}=0.17$, p = 0.002). Only workload significantly modified this association (${\beta}=0.23$, p = 0.001 for high workload group; p-interaction = 0.109). The frequency of stressors was positively and independently associated with poor sleep quality (${\beta}=0.13$, p = 0.025). Only police rank significantly modified the association (${\beta}=0.007$, p = 0.004 for detectives/other executives; p-interaction = 0.076). Conclusion: Both police officers' perception of stress severity and the frequency of stressors are associated with poor sleep quality. Stress coping or sleep promotion regimens may be more beneficial among police officers reporting high workloads.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.398-407
• /
• 2018

Background: Occupational skin diseases (OSDs) are frequent in professions with exposure to skin hazards. Thus, a health educational intervention for apprentices of high-risk professions was conducted. It was the aim of this study to gain insight into possible effects of this intervention. Methods: A one-time skin protection seminar was conducted in 140 apprentices of health-related and non-health-related professions [trained cohort (TC)]. In addition, 134 apprentices of the same occupations were monitored [untrained cohort (UTC)]. The OSD-specific knowledge and the skin condition of the hands were assessed at baseline (T0), after the seminar (T1), and after 6 (T2) and 12 months (T3). Results: The OSD-specific knowledge increased in all cohorts from T0 to T3, but we found a significantly higher knowledge in the TC at T2 (p < 0.001, t = 3.6, df = 196, 95% confidence interval = 0.9, 3.3) and T3 (p < 0.001, t = 3.8, df = 196, 95% confidence interval = 1.0, 3.2) compared to the UTC. Our results indicated a better skin condition of the hands in the TC of the health-related professions but not in the non-health-related professions. Conclusion: The study indicates that an educational intervention may positively influence the disease-specific knowledge and the prevalence of OSD in apprentices. However, definite conclusions cannot be drawn because of the heterogeneous study cohorts and the study design. Future research should aim at tailoring primary prevention to specific target groups, e.g., in view of the duration and frequency of skin protection education, different professions, and gender-specific prevention approaches.

• 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.355-361
• /
• 2018

Mold grows more easily when humidity is higher in indoor spaces, and as such is found more often on wetted areas in housing such as walls, toilets, kitchens, and poorly managed spaces. However, there have been few studies that have specifically assessed the level of mold in the indoor spaces of water-damaged housing in the Republic of Korea. We investigated the levels of airborne mold according to the characteristics of water damage types and explored the correlation between the distribution of mold genera and the characteristics of households. Samplings were performed from January 2016 to June 2018 in 97 housing units with water leakage or condensation, or a history of flooding, and in 61 general housing units in the metropolitan and Busan area, respectively. Airborne mold was collected on MEA (Malt extract agar) at flow rate of 100 L/min for 1 min. After collection, the samples were incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 120 hours. The cultured samples were counted and corrected using a positive hole conversion table. The samples were then analyzed by single colony culture, DNA extraction, gene amplification, and sequencing. By type of housing, concentrations of airborne mold were highest in flooded housing, followed by water-leaked or highly condensed housings, and then general housing. In more than 50% of water-damaged housing, the level of airborne mold exceeded the guideline of Korea's Ministry of Environment ($500CFU/m^3$). Of particular concern was the fact that the I/O ratio of water-damaged housing was greater than 1, which could indicate that mold damage may occur indoors. The distribution patterns of the fungal species were as follows: Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. (14%), Aspergillus spp. (13%) and Alternaria spp. (3%), but significant differences of their levels in indoor spaces were not found. Our findings indicate that high levels of mold damage were found in housing with water damage, and Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium brevicompactum were more dominant in housing with high water activity. Comprehensive management of flooded or water-damaged housing is necessary to reduce fungal exposure.

• 한국환경기술학회지
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.576-585
• /
• 2018

상하수도를 포함하는 7대 지하매설배관(상수도, 하수도, 전기, 통신, 가스, 난방, 송유)은 시공에서부터 운영 및 유지관리에 걸친 전 생애 주기 동안 체계적인 관리가 매우 중요하다. 특히, 지하매설배관의 전생애주기에 가장 큰 영항을 미치는 것은 시공과정이다. 새로운 도시를 건설하거나 서로 다른 지하매설배관을 유지관리하기 위해서는 매번 땅을 파고 시공 및 관련 작업을 수행해야 한다. 이 과정에 먼저 시공한 배관은 후에 시공하는 배관 시공 과정에 2차 및 3차 파손이 빈번하게 발생할 수 있는 가능성이 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 시공 과정에 일어나는 파손을 실시간으로 감시할 수 있는 시스템이 필요하다. 또한 지하매설배관의 환경에 따라 시스템의 지속적으로 운영하기 위한 전력의 공급이 제한되는 경우가 많아 기존 전력이 아닌 자연에너지를 이용한 안정적인 전력공급 시스템의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 풍력과 태양광을 이용한 자연에너지를 이용하여 배관감시 시스템을 장기간(24시간 15일) 안정적으로 운영이 가능한 장치를 개발하였으며 이를 현장시험을 거쳐 운전성능을 확인하였다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.503-512
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to check the extent to which "instruction of physician or dentist" defined in the Medical Service Technologists, etc. Act is applied in relation to radiography examination procedures for radiological technologists. In addition, it is intended to present basic data on the requirement to revise the Medical Service Technologists, etc. Act in the radiological technologist's duty area and scope of work, The subjects of this study were radiological technologists with license, and the response data were collected after sending the questionnaire link written on the online questionnaire form. The final number of respondents were 1,018, and the response rate was 6.8%. Most of the negative responses were "I have never received 'instruction' for radiologic examination by a physician or dentist, including a radiologist in a medical environment." There were a high perception that "the professionalism in radiation examination on radiological technologists are higher than that of a physician or dentist." They answered that the current continuing education has a great impact on maintaining and continuing professionalism and learning new knowledge in the radiology field. In addition, the radiological technologists provide a very high level of education in areas related to radiography procedure ethics such as patient care, patient safety, and patient privacy protection, as well as specialized fields such as radiation-related examination methods, radiography examination dose, and patient exposure dose. Radiological technologists replied that they were receiving it consistently. In conclusion, in the current medical environment, the 'instruction' of a physician or dentist cannot be seen as being realistically performed. The phrase 'instruction' of a physician or dentist as defined in the Medical Service Technologists, etc. Act is considered inappropriate in respect of the fact that the state recognizes the qualifications of the medical service technologist through a license. It is thought that revision to a new term suitable for the current medical environment is necessary.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제18권12호
• /
• pp.445-457
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 최근 정부가 시행하고 있는 원격의료에 대한 규제 완화로 인해 발생할 수 있는 다양한 쟁점들에 대해 분석하여 원격의료 정책 추진 시 선제적으로 준비해야 할 사항을 제안하고, 원격의료 규제 완화시 기본전제와 방향성에 대해 시사점을 제시하는 것이 연구목적이다. 최근 원격의료에 대한 규제 완화 정책 사례로는 강원도 규제자유특구 의사-환자 간 원격의료 허용, 코로나-19 사태에서 전화상담 및 처방 사례를 들 수 있다. 이러한 원격의료 규제 완화와 관련하여 발생할 수 있는 쟁점들은 크게 4가지로 안전성, 유효성, 보건의료와 경제산업 접근 차이, 법적 책임소재로 정리하였다. 본 연구에서는 선제적 준비사항으로 원격의료 시범사업과 대면진료 보완 수단 지원 강화, 원격 협진 활성화, 의료전달체계를 교란시키지 않는 정책 모형, 법적 정비를 제안하였다. 결론에서는 원격의료 규제 완화 추진시 기본 전제와 방향성에 대한 시사점으로 원격의료에 대한 쟁점들을 해결하기 위한 선제적 조치 수행, 원격의료 추진시 고려해야 할 제한조건 검토와 규정화, 의료공급자와의 긴밀한 소통과 협력 구조 마련을 제시하였다.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.430-440
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 미국 외부공간의 지속가능성 인증지표 가운데 물과 토양 및 식생 평가항목의 필수 및 핵심지표를 심층적으로 검토하여 우리나라의 관련 법 제도적 지침과 기준의 관점에서 비교, 고찰함으로써 실제적인 적용을 위한 관련 내용과 절차, 시사점을 도출하였다. 미국 외부공간의 지속가능성 인증시스템의 경우에 관련된 법제도적 지침 및 기준과 연계되어 있으나 시행의 절차는 민간차원의 독립된 평가시스템으로서 생태계 서비스의 핵심요소인 물과 토양+식생 평가항목의 경우 자연지반의 보전을 전제로 지속가능한 물 순환 및 자생식물의 보전과 활용을 위한 표준화된 정량적 기준의 적용이 특징적이었다. 반면 우리나라의 경우 국가차원의 법 제도적 절차에 따른 녹색건축의 인증기준의 한 부문으로서 생태면적율 제도는 인공녹지의 조성을 통한 어메니티자원 확보 차원, 그리고 물 순환관리시스템의 미흡 등으로 매우 제한된 역할에 머물러 있는 수준이었다. 따라서 국가차원에서 다양한 토지의 용도 및 개발사업 유형에 따른 물순환과 자연지반의 토양 및 식생의 조성관리를 기반으로 한 통합적이고 실효성 있는 외부 공간의 지속가능성 평가체계 구축이 매우 시급한 것으로 판단되었다.