• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.347-355
• /
• 2021

During the earthquake, for multi-story structure, if the first floor is soft, the deformation will concentrate on that floor causing a serious damage to the column members which might leads to the collapse of the whole structure like Piloti structure during the Pohang earthquake in Korea. According to the 2016 National Disaster Management Research Institute's "Investigation of Seismic Reinforcement and Cost Analysis of Domestic Non-seismic Buildings", the rate of seismic resistance of private reinforced concrete buildings was 38.3 %. Among them, it was reported that the seismic-resistance ratio of the two to five-story structures was less than 50 %. Accordingly, the government is trying to improve the seismic rate through support projects, but the conventional seismic reinforcement methods are still expensive, and emergency construction is difficult. Therefore, in this study, the field applicability was evaluated by improving the reinforcement method using Velcro, which was developed through the research project of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs in 2014. In order to improve the performance of the Velcro reinforcement method, introducing the initial tension of Velcro using high foaming rigid urethane filling between the Velcro and concrete of the columns was applied. Additionally, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the ductility of Velcro specimen from the concrete confinement effect. As a result, the ductility of the Velcro specimen was improved compare to Normal specimen. However, the energy dissipation capacity of VELCRO2 is better than VELCRO1, yet the maximum ductility of those two specimens did not show a significant difference. Therefore, the improvement of the internal filler material is still needed to have a better maximum ductility.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
• /
• no.23
• /
• pp.63-103
• /
• 2011

This paper inquires closely into the background of pansori gosu(drummer) and his social position based on documents and oral materials and the performance features of gosu in the entire process of pansori performance, 'preparation', 'performance' and 'aftermath', focused on the relationship between the changja(singer)-gosu. In the past, some gosus were ex-tightrope performers. Their social position and working conditions were better than that of the ex-tightrope performers but were worse than that of the pansori singer. After 1910's, people formed some special sense about the gosu due to the change of the space for pansori performances and the technological advances on the media, and gosu's conditions improved. The theory of pansori drum gradually began to be established well. The function and the role of gosu in the whole process of pansori performance may be summarized as follows. To begin with, the training with various and a lot of singers is required in the 'preparation'. Rehearsals are divided into individual practices and joint practices, and the latter can be controlled by the level of the capacity of gosu and the degree of the experience between chanja-gosu. Next, bobiwi(flattering drumming) and chuimsae(encouraging remarks) are important in tbe 'process'. The gosu has to share the speed of one jangdan(rhythmic patterns) and the accent of the sori and adjust his enery. Besides, he has to acknowledge the naedeureum(beginning sign) and reply with changja's singing. In formal performances, working in harmony with changja and gosu and their joint experiences are necessary for the gosu; in pansori contests, giving chanja a stability; in contests for gosu, drumming skill, position, chuimsae; in small performances and new adaptation of pansori, cheap fees and positive response of the transformational play or ad-lib; in lecturer concerts, reacting quickly to rapidly changing situations. Chuimsae is way which gosus and audiences express their feeling together, however, its context and sound are different. Finally, 'aftermath' is a process the pair of chamgja and gosu mutually evaluates about performance or audiences estimate that.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.431-438
• /
• 2006

Purpose : Insulin-like growth factor binding protein(IGFBP)-3 has been known as a tumor suppressor gene, and its anti-tumor function was divided into insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-dependent and IGF-independent mechanism. In IGF-independent mechanism, IGFBP-3 directly interacts with a cell without binding of IGFs, becoming an interesting object in oncology. Several studies demonstrate that one of the well-known tumor suppressor genes, p53, induces directly IGFBP-3 transcription, and the increment of IGFBP-3 expression induces apoptosis of many cancer cells. Recently, the anti-tumor mechanisms of IGFBP-3 have been reported, but post-translational modification of IGFBP-3 and its anti-tumor mechanism are not well known. In this study, we examined whether p53 regulated the glycosylation of IGFBP-3, and analysed the meaning of IGFBP-3 glycosylation related to the apoptosis of cancer cell. Methods : The p53-mutated status of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells was used in this experiment. The expression and glycosylation of IGFBP-3 were tested by Western blot analysis after infection of adenovirus mediated Ad/p53 and/or Ad/IGFBP-3. Results : Ad/p53 infected cells resulted in growth retardation and the induced apoptosis. p53 induced direct expression and glycosylation of IGFBP-3. The increase of glcosylated IGFBP-3 was able to promote cellular apoptosis, and the glycosylation of IGFBP-3 was more activated by the double treatment of Ad/p53 and Ad/IGFBP-3. Conclusion : From this study, the anti-tumor activity of IGFBP-3 was shown to improve the stabilization of IGFBP-3 through the increment of glycosylation of IGFBP-3 by p53. This result suggests that the combined gene therapy of p53 and IGFBP-3 may appropriate treatment of cancer.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.197-219
• /
• 2005

This study attempted, in accordance with the National Educational Curriculum, to develop achievement assessment standards for a course within the field of home economics which has been widely adopted by Korean vocational high schools, namely, the food and nutrition subject. Focus was also placed on strengthening the management of the curriculum for this food and nutrition course, as well as on establishing proper assessment standards by developing model assessment tools which can be used to assess the subject. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : First, based on an analysis of the related literature and materials. the desired notion of the achievement and assessment standards was established, and their significance ascertained the achievement and assessment standards for the food and nutrition course were set and the type of model assessment tool which should be developed, as well as the method in which it should be applied. was established Second. by analyzing the curriculums and the contents of the textbooks used in the food and nutrition subject, the researcher was able to compile the 70 factors which could to be used to develop the achievement and assessments standards, and then classify these into 6 main categories and 32 sub-categories. Based on the characteristics of these factors and learners' academic performance levels the number of factors was expanded to 89 in order to establish the achievement standards. In turn, these achievement standards were used, in accordance with the learners' achievement and teaming activity levels, to develop three different levels of assessment standards. namely, upper, middle, and lower ones. Third. a model assessment tool was developed which could be used by individual school units as a reference in terms of achievement and assessment standards, and that could be modified to meet each school's circumstances. In order to create the model assessment tool a 100-question questionnaire was formulated that contained various types of questions, such as essay, report, theoretical and practical, portfolio, as well as multiple choice-type questions. Lastly, the researcher introduced measures to effectively use the achievement and assessment standards developed for the food and nutrition course, as well as the model assessment tool in school units.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.266-274
• /
• 2010

This study aim to investigate fundamentally the growth and physiological responses of tomato plants in responses to two different levels of water deficit, a weak drought stress (-25 kPa) and a severe drought stress (-100 kPa) in soil. The two levels of water deficit were maintained using a micro-irrigation system consisted of soil sensors for the real-time monitoring of soil water content and irrigation modules in a greenhouse experiment. Soil water contents were fluctuated throughout the 30 days treatment period but differed between the two treatments with the average -47 kPa in -25 kPa set treatment and the -119 kPa in -100 kPa set treatment. There were significant differences in plant height between the two different soil water statuses in plant height without differences of the number of nodes. The plants grown in the severe water-deficit treatment had greater accumulation of biomass than the plants in the weak water-deficit treatment. The severe water-deficit treatment (-119 kPa) also induced greater leaf area and leaf dry weight of the plants than the weak water-deficit treatment did, even though there was no difference in leaf area per unit dry weight. These results of growth parameters tested in this study indicate that the severe drought could cause an adaptation of tomato plants to the drought stress with the enhancement of biomass and leaf expansion without changes of leaf thickness. Greater relative water content of leaves and lower osmotic potential of sap expressed from turgid leaves were recorded in the severe water deficit treatment than in the weak water deficit treatment. This finding also postulated physiological adaptation to be better water status under drought stress. The drought imposition affected significantly on photosynthesis, water use efficiency and stomatal conductance of tomato plants. The severe water-deficit treatment increased PSII activities and water use efficiency, but decreased stomatal conductance than the weak water-deficit treatment. However, there were no differences between the two treatments in total photosynthetic capacity. Finally, there were no differences in the number and biomass of fruits. These results suggested that tomato plants have an ability to make adaptation to water deficit conditions through changes in leaf morphology, osmotic potentials, and water use efficiency as well as PSII activity. These adaptation responses should be considered in the screening of drought tolerance of tomato plants.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.97-107
• /
• 2011

Nowadays there are a lot of issues about copyright infringement in the Internet world because the digital content on the network can be copied and delivered easily. Indeed the copied version has same quality with the original one. So, copyright owners and content provider want a powerful solution to protect their content. The popular one of the solutions was DRM (digital rights management) that is based on encryption technology and rights control. However, DRM-free service was launched after Steve Jobs who is CEO of Apple proposed a new music service paradigm without DRM, and the DRM is disappeared at the online music market. Even though the online music service decided to not equip the DRM solution, copyright owners and content providers are still searching a solution to protect their content. A solution to replace the DRM technology is digital audio watermarking technology which can embed copyright information into the music. In this paper, the author proposed a new audio watermarking algorithm with two approaches. First, the watermark information is generated by two dimensional barcode which has error correction code. So, the information can be recovered by itself if the errors fall into the range of the error tolerance. The other one is to use chirp sequence of CDMA (code division multiple access). These make the algorithm robust to the several malicious attacks. There are many 2D barcodes. Especially, QR code which is one of the matrix barcodes can express the information and the expression is freer than that of the other matrix barcodes. QR code has the square patterns with double at the three corners and these indicate the boundary of the symbol. This feature of the QR code is proper to express the watermark information. That is, because the QR code is 2D barcodes, nonlinear code and matrix code, it can be modulated to the spread spectrum and can be used for the watermarking algorithm. The proposed algorithm assigns the different spread spectrum sequences to the individual users respectively. In the case that the assigned code sequences are orthogonal, we can identify the watermark information of the individual user from an audio content. The algorithm used the Walsh code as an orthogonal code. The watermark information is rearranged to the 1D sequence from 2D barcode and modulated by the Walsh code. The modulated watermark information is embedded into the DCT (discrete cosine transform) domain of the original audio content. For the performance evaluation, I used 3 audio samples, "Amazing Grace", "Oh! Carol" and "Take me home country roads", The attacks for the robustness test were MP3 compression, echo attack, and sub woofer boost. The MP3 compression was performed by a tool of Cool Edit Pro 2.0. The specification of MP3 was CBR(Constant Bit Rate) 128kbps, 44,100Hz, and stereo. The echo attack had the echo with initial volume 70%, decay 75%, and delay 100msec. The sub woofer boost attack was a modification attack of low frequency part in the Fourier coefficients. The test results showed the proposed algorithm is robust to the attacks. In the MP3 attack, the strength of the watermark information is not affected, and then the watermark can be detected from all of the sample audios. In the sub woofer boost attack, the watermark was detected when the strength is 0.3. Also, in the case of echo attack, the watermark can be identified if the strength is greater and equal than 0.5.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.233-252
• /
• 1994

One of major advantages of Lumped model is its ability to simulate extended flows. A further advantage is that it requires only conventional, readily available hydrological data (rainfall, evaporation and runoff). These two advantages commend the use of this type of model for the analysis of the hydrological effects of landuse change. Experimental Catchment(K11) of Kimakia site in Kenga experienced three phases of landuse change for sixteen and half years. The Institute of Hydrology offered the hydrological data from the catchment for this research. On basis of Blackie's(l972) 9-parameter model, a new model(R1131) was reorganized in consideration of the following aspects to reflect the hydrological characteristics of the catchment: 1) The evapotranspiration necessary for the landuse hydrology, 2) high permeable soils, 3) small catchment, 4) input option for initial soil moisture deficit, and 5) othel modules for water budget analysis. The new model is constructed as a 11-parameter, 3-storage, 1-input option model. Using a number of initial conditions, the model was optimized to the data of three landuse phases. The model efficiencies were 96.78%, 97.20%, 94.62% and the errors of total flow were -1.78%, -3.36%, -5.32%. The bias of the optimized models were tested by several techniques, The extended flows were simulated in the prediction mode using the optimized model and the data set of the whole series of experimental periods. They are used to analyse the change of daily high and low-flow caused by landuse change. The relative water use ratio of the clearing and seedling phase was 60.21%, but that of the next two phases were 81.23% and 83.78% respectively. The annual peak flows of second and third phase at a 1.5-year return period were decreased by 31.3% and 31.2% compared to that of the first phase. The annual peak flow at a 50-year return period in the second phase was an increase of only 4.8%, and that in the third phase was an increase of 12.9%. The annual minimum flow at a 1.5-year return period was decreased by 34.2% in the second phase, and 34.3% in the third phase. The changes in the annual minimum flows were decreased for the larger return periods; a 20.2% decrease in the second phase and 20.9% decrease in the third phase at a 50-year return period. From the results above, two aspects could be concluded. Firstly, the flow regime in Catchment K11 was changed due to the landuse conversion from the clearing and seedling phade to the intermediate stage of pine plantation. But, The flow regime was little affected after the pine trees reached a certain height. Secondly, the effects of the pine plantation on the daily high- and low-flow were reduced with the increase in flood size and the severity of drought.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.501-501
• /
• 1997

당뇨병성(糖尿病性) 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)은 당뇨병(糖尿病)에서 가장 많이 볼 수 있는 삼대합병증(三大合倂症) 중(中)의 하나이다. 환자(患者)의 임상표현(臨床表現)은 사고(四股) 및 구간부(軀幹部)가 마목(麻木)하고,동통(疼痛)이 칼로 베는 듯하거나 침(鍼)으로 찌르는 듯하여 참기 힘들며, 환자(患者)로 하여금 작업능력(作業能力)을 상실(喪失)하게 하고 휴식(休息)과 수안(睡眼)에 엄중(嚴重)한 영향(影響)을 준다. 지금까지 국내외(國內外)에서는 아직 효과적(效果的)인 치료방법(治療方法)이 없다. 우리는 임상(臨床)에서 관찰(觀察)해 본 결과(結果), 이 병(病)의 임상표현(臨床表現)인 "사고마목(四股麻木), 자통(刺痛), 야간가중(夜間加重), 통처고정(痛處固定)"의 특징(特徵)이 중의임상(中醫臨床)에서 표현(表現)되는 "혈어형(血瘀型)" 동통(疼痛)과 완전(完全)히 상동(上同)하였다. 우리는 "활혈화어(活血化瘀), 통락지통(通絡止痛), 거어생신(祛瘀生新)"을 치료원칙(治療原則)으로 중약복방(中藥復方) 제제(制劑) "당말녕(糖末寧)"을 제조(製造)하여 이 병(病)을 치료(治療)하는데 만족(滿足)스러운 임상치료효과(臨床治療效果)를 거두었다. 전체(全體)의 병례(病例)는 모두 우리 과(科)의 입원환자(入院患者)로써 모두 45례(例)인데, 병기(病機)에 따라 양조(兩組)로 나누었다. 관찰조(觀察組) 30례(例) 중(中)에는 남성(男性)이 19례(例)이고 여성(女性)이 12례(例)이며, 年齡(연령)은 25세(歲)에서 68세(歲)까지로 평균연령(平均年齡)이 49.8세(歲)이다. I형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 10례(例)이고 II형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 20례(例)이며, 당뇨병(糖尿病)의 병정(病程)은 6개월(個月)에서 17년(年)사이로 평균(平均) 7.1 년(年)이다. 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)의 병정(病程)은 2주(周)에서 3년(年)까지로 평균(平均) 1년(年)이다. 대조조(對照組)는 15례(例)로 남성(男性)이 8례(例)이고 여성(女性)이 7례(例)이며, 연령(年齡)은 20세(歲)에서 65세(歲)까지로 평균(平均) 49세(歲)이다. I형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 7례(例)이고 II형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 8례(例)이며, 橋民病의 병정(病程)은 3개월(個月)에서 12년(年)까지로 평균(平均) 7.5년(年)이다. 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)의 병정(病程)은 1개월(個月)에서 3년(年)까지로 평균병정(平均病程)은 11.6개월(個月)이다. 양조(兩組)사이의 병정(病程)은 현저(顯著)한 차이는 없으나 서로 비교(比較)해 볼만하다. 당말녕(糖末寧)은 주(主)로 삼궁(三芎),원호(元胡), 당귀(當歸), 계혈승 등(等)의 약물(藥物)로 조성(組成)되었고, 약제실(藥劑室)에서 濃縮液(농축액)(매(每) ml당(當) 생약량(生藥量) 2.5g 함유(含有))으로 제조(製造)하였다. 관찰조(觀察組)는 매차례(每次例) 당말녕(糖末寧) 50ml를 하루 세번씩 복용(服用)하였고; 대조조(對照組)는 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_6$을 각각(各各) 20mg씩 하루 세차례 복용(服用)하였다. 양조(兩組) 모두 사주(四周)를 한번의 치료료정(治療療程)으로 하였다. 우리는 모두 45례(例)의 환자(患者)를 관찰(觀察)하였는데, 그 중(中) 관찰조(觀察組)가 30례(例)이고 대조조(對照組)가 15례(例)이다. 임상표현(臨床表現) 분급(分級)과 신경근전도(神經筋電圖)(운동신경(運動神經)과 감각신경(感覺神經)의 전도(電圖) 속도(速度))를 치료(治療) 전(前)과 후(後)의 대조지표(對照指標)로 하였고. 매(每) 4주(周)를 한개의 료정(療程)으로 총(總) 1-2개(個)의 료정(療程)을 진행(進行)하여 比較硏究(비교연구)하였다. 총유효율(總有效率)은 96.7%이고 총현효율(總顯效率)은 50%로써 대조조(對照組)보다 뚜렷하게 높았다. 치료전(治療前) MNCV와 SNCV를 측정(測定)한 것은 당말녕(糖末寧)이 당뇨병(糖尿病) 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變) 환자(患者)의 신경전도속도(神經電圖速度)를 명확(明確)하게 개선(改善)하였음을 표현(表現)하고 있다. 신경근전도(神經筋電圖)에서 자발전위(自發電位)는 눈에 띄게 감소(減少)되고 소력수축(小力收縮)의 평균시한(平均時限)은 명확(明確)히 연장(延長)되었으며 다상전위(多相電位)는 명확(明確)하게 증가(增加)되었는데, 이는 신경지측(神經支測)이 재생(再生)되고 회복(恢復)하였음을 설명(說明)하고 있다. 중약복방제제(中藥復方制劑) "당말녕(糖末寧)"이 본병(本病)을 치료(治療)하는 기전(機轉)은 여러 방면(方面)일 것이다. 그 중(中) 微循環(미순환)을 개선(改善)하고 적혈구(赤血球)의 변형성(變形性)을 향상(向上)하여 신경세포(神經細胞)에 혈액(血液)과 산소공급(酸素供給) 및 영양공급(營養供給)을 향상(向上)함으로써 神經損傷(신경손상)의 수정(修整)과 회복(恢復)을 촉진(促進)하는 것이 주요(主要)한 일환(一環)이 될 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.976-982
• /
• 1998

The effects of the glycoprotein (PAG) isolated from Pteridium aquilinum on the immune function was examined in mice. PAG was intraperitoneally administered into BALB/C mice for 14 days and the antibody forming ability to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and the blastogenic responses of splenocytes were measured. PAG treatment significantly increased antibody formation to HEL in a dose-dependent manner. Blatogenesis of splenocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, B-cell specific mitogen) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA, T-cell specific mitogen) was also increased after treatment with PAG, indicating that the PAG increases both humoral and cellular immunities. To examine whether the immune function of PAG was via a direct effect on the lymphocytes, splenocytes were isolated from BALB/C mice, exposed to various concentrations of PAG in vitro and the blastogenic responses were measured. In vitro exposure to PAG significantly increased blastogenesis of splenocytes to LPS up to $500{\;}{\mu}g/kg$, whereas the blastogenic response to PHA was not altered by PAG treatment. To identify the fraction responsible for the increase in the immune function, the effect of periodate digest, pronase digest or purified polysaccharide on the antibody production to HEL was examined. Crude protein fraction of PAG significantly increased the antibody formation to HEL. On the other hand, both crude and purified polysaccharide fractions did not have any effects on the antibody production ability. These data indicated that 1) PAG increased both humoral and cellular immune functions, 2) the increase in humoral immunity was probably via a direct action of PAG on lymphocytes and 3) the protein portion of PAG was responsible for the increase in humoral immunity.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
• /
• no.43
• /
• pp.7-31
• /
• 2011

Danjong had suffered the worst misfortune in the history of Lee Dynasty. His throne was usurped by Sejo, his uncle and he was banished to Youngwol where he ended his life for good. Youngwol remembers the last moment of this tragic person clearly through the various traditional stories passed down from the past. In this study, the works assumed to be formed in the contemporary times among Danjong-related stories were targeted. Time of story creation is not known but it could be assumed that the time when heroine of the story was lived may be coincided with the time of traditional story creation, in this story created in a form of experience story. If any objects or elements that may lead to time of traditional story are contained in the story, we may be able to identify the time of traditional story. All of , and were created in the contemporary times. However, these traditional stories are not new at all. If any personal experience story is added on the existing transmitted traditional story, deviation of traditional story near to recreation is taken place. Traditional Danjong story created like this in the contemporary times have some characteristics. First, transmission power of maintaining Danjong story up to the present times was expanded from a nature of misfortune and holiness to general eccentricity. Ability of deity derived from Danjong's grief and grudge is weakened as time goes by and this story is substituted by an amazing things that can be experienced by anybody. Second, at present, Danjong story is transformed to a form of folktale. Danjong story has developed into a myth through deification from a personal legend. This myth is transformed into a folktale everybody can experience in the contemporary times. Third, this story has been recreated in a form of experience story, not a modification. It is said that as the personal experience story is combined with existing traditional stories, a new work of traditional story is created. It could be observed that through contemporary Danjong story, traditional story of historical person could be created in the contemporary times as well and additionally, a process that personal experience story is positioned as a traditional story could be observed. Now is the time to pay attention to various traditional stories being created in the contemporary times like experience stories.